Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Gene Encoding LipL32 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptospira interrogans</Emphasis> Serovar Sejroe

Leptospira, a member of the order Spirochaetales, is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an important zoonosis encountered worldwide. The Leptospira interrogans serovar Sejroe was grown in EMJH medium and its DNA was isolated using standard techniques. The LipL32 gene was amplified using the reported primer of Kirschneri of LipL32. The amplified product was found to comprise 756 base pairs. This amplified gene fragment of LipL32 lipoprotein was cloned in E. coli (DH5α) cells using pDrive plasmid as a vector. The recombinant cells were selected on LB agar medium containing ampicillin, X-gal and isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. Plasmid was extracted from the recombinant white colonies, and restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis was carried out using PstI and SalI. On partial sequence analysis, the product exhibited 756 base pairs, corresponding to 251 amino acids. The cloned gene could be further used for expression of recombinant protein for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.     

雏番鸭细小病毒病诊断技术和试剂的研究

根据番鸭细小病毒单克隆抗体（ＭＰＶ－ＭｃＡｂ）致敏的胶乳可与ＭＰＶ产生特异性凝集反应,而这种特异性凝集反应可被ＭＰＶ抗体所抑制的原理,建立了胶乳凝集试验（ＬＰＡ）和胶乳凝集抑制试验（ＬＰＡＩ）。致敏抗体蛋白浓度为０．５ｇ／Ｌ时,ＬＰＡ可检测出ＭＰＶ最小蛋白量为２μｇ／Ｌ。对ＬＰＡ与ＦＡ、ＬＰＡＩ与ＡＧＰ作了比较,结果：ＬＰＡ阳性率９０．５％,ＦＡ阳性率９２．４％,两者的符合率９２．４％;鸭血清ＬＰＡＩ抗体效价在Ｌｏｇ２５以下时,ＡＧＰ试验均阴性,前者比后者敏感性高３２～６４倍。ＬＰＡＩ抗体效价与保护力相关性试验结果表明,当鸭血清中ＬＰＡＩ抗体效价在Ｌｏｇ２１以上时,雏番鸭均能耐受强毒的攻击,两者呈正相关。致敏胶乳和抗原保存时间在４～８℃时,分别为５个月和６个月;在２２～２８℃时,分别为７ｄ和１５ｄ。     

Evaluation of ELISA for the detection of Toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT) and the latex agglutination (LA) test for the detection of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera. The 100 swine sera examined represent ELISA values from greater than 0 to 154 EIU. The agreement was highest (0.67) between ELISA and IFAT with an ELISA cut-off value of 30 EIU, and between ELISA and the LA test with an ELISA cut-off value of 50 EIU (0.74). All sera giving less than 10 EIU were negative in the other tests, and all those with greater than 70 EIU were positive in 1, 2 or all of the reference tests. In order to avoid false positive results with ELISA, all sera giving 10-70 EIU should be confirmed with a test which has a good specificity, e.g. IFAT. ELISA is a sensitive test and is highly suitable for the screening of large amounts of samples, but it may be too complicated for screening toxoplasma antibodies in the laboratories of abattoirs.     

Prevalence of antibodies of Leptospira serovars in beef cattle in central Queensland.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain up-to-date data on the prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira serovars in central Queensland beef herds preliminary to assessing their role in bovine subfertility and the role of cattle as a zoonotic reservoir. DESIGN: Sera from 2857 female cattle in 68 central Queensland beef herds were tested for antibodies to 14 Leptospira serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. Vaccination use and age of cattle were collected to enable the calculation of crude and age-stratified seroprevalences. RESULTS: The most commonly detected antibodies were to serovars hardjo (15.8% crude seroprevalence), tarassovi (13.9%), pomona (4.0%) and szwajizak (2.2%). Vaccinates were omitted from the hardjo and pomona seroprevalence data. The seroprevalence for hardjo and pomona tended to increase with age of the animals. CONCLUSION: These results are broadly similar to those of previous serological surveys. The data suggest that serovars other than hardjo, pomona and tarassovi, are unlikely to have a significant role in bovine subfertility and that cattle are unlikely to be a source of human infection with them in central Queensland.     

广西某地区猪伪狂犬病血清学调查

采用乳胶凝集试验对广西某地区的68个养猪场和10个自然村40个散养的1 307头免疫和非免疫猪的血清进行伪狂犬病(PR)抗体检测,结果共有739头份血清抗体阳性,阳性率为56.54%,其中伪狂犬病疫苗免疫猪和非免疫猪的血清抗体阳性率分别为66.73%和18.47%.未免疫的规模猪场和散养户的血清抗体阳性率分别为21.43%和16%.结果表明,部分免疫猪的PRV抗体水平较低,应及时进行强化免疫;部分未免疫猪的血清抗体呈阳性,存在PRV感染现象,而且规模猪场感染程度比散养户严重,应及时采取必要的防控措施.     

Development of a Latex Agglutination Test Using The Major Epitope Domain of Glycoprotein E of Pseudorabies Virus Expressed in <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> to Differentiate Between Immune Responses in Pigs Naturally Infected or Vaccinated with Pseudorabies Virus

A 0.8 kb DNA fragment encoding the major epitope domain of glycoprotein E (gE) of pseudorabies virus (PRV) was inserted downstream of the T7 promoter of an expression vector, pET-28b, to yield the recombinant plasmid pETgE804. After induction by isopropy1-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), a high level expression of fusion protein was obtained. SDS-PAGE and western immunoblotting analysis showed that the fusion protein was 38 kDa and could bind with antisera against PRV. The protein existed mainly in the form of the inclusion body. After being denatured and renatured, the protein was used to prepare the latex antigen. The concentration of antigen, temperature and time for sensitization were optimized. The latex agglutination test (LAT) was able to differentiate sera of PRV-infected pigs from those of gE-deletion vaccine-immunized pigs. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the developed gE latex agglutination test (gE-LAT) were also evaluated by using sets of sera. The diagnostic specificity and diagnostic sensitivity of the gE-LAT were 96.77% and 95.76%, respectively. For comparison between gE-LAT and a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), 260 serum samples were tested. The coincidence frequency of both assays was 96.94% (252/260). No significant difference was found between the two methods (p>0.05). For comparison between the abilities of gE-LAT and gE-ELISA to detect sera with low titres of gE-specific antibody, 66 sera from 22 pigs were tested. The data indicate that the gE-LAT is of similar sensitivity to gE-ELISA. These results indicate that gE-LAT using recombinant gE might be very useful as a routine screening method for the differential diagnosis of PRV infection.     

The Development and Application of the Latex Agglutination Test to Detect Serum Antibodies against Japanese Encephalitis Virus

The attenuated SA14-14-2 strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was cultured in BHK-21 cells. The viral supernatant was purified and concentrated with PEG (MW 20 000). A suitable concentration of JEV antigen was used to sensitize latex to prepare the latex antigen. The specificity, sensitivity and stability of the antigen were assessed. A latex agglutination test (LAT) was developed for rapidly detecting antibody against JEV infection. The LAT and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay were compared by simultaneously testing 35 porcine serum samples from five farms. Ninety per cent (20/23) of the samples were seropositive by both assays. No significant difference was found between the two methods (p > 0.05). Furthermore, when 1613 porcine sera from 120 farms were tested by LAT, the number of positive sera was 652, while that of negative sera was 961, ranging from 20% to 50% positive throughout the year. These results indicate that LAT is an appropriate candidate method for epidemiological surveys for and diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis.     

Evaluation and comparison of native and recombinant LipL21 protein-based ELISAs for diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis

A 21-kDa leptospiral lipoprotein (LipL21) was evaluated for its diagnostic potential to detect bovine leptospirosis by ELISA. Both native LipL21 (nLipL21) and recombinant LipL21 (rLipL21) proteins were tested and compared regarding diagnostic efficiency, and no statistically significant difference was observed. The sensitivity of rLipL21 ELISA for 62 microscopic agglutination test (MAT) positive sera was 100% and the specificity with 378 MAT negative sera was 97.09%. Thus, rLipL21 protein-based ELISA could be used as an alternative to MAT for the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis.     

牛布鲁菌单克隆抗体乳胶凝集试验方法的建立

建立了用纯化好的牛布鲁菌(B.abortus)单克隆抗体致敏乳胶的检测方法。通过试验确定了抗体致敏乳胶最佳偶联蛋白量为1.23 mg/mL,最佳致敏时间4 h,最佳的乳胶浓度为1%。水样模拟样本的制作,取含1.0×109cfu/mL灭活的B.abortus544A生理盐水菌悬液各1 mL,加入9 mL自来水中,充分混合均匀,各取1 mL,土样、奶样模拟样本制作同上。最低检出率水样为3×104cfu/mL~1.0×105cfu/mL,土样、奶样为5×104cfu/mL~1.0×105cfu/mL。     

乳胶凝集试验检测番鸭呼肠孤病毒方法的建立

用纯化的抗番鸭呼肠孤病毒病抗体致敏乳胶成功地建立了检测番鸭呼肠呼病毒的方法。通过试验，确定了抗体致敏乳胶的最佳浓度1：10(0．4242mg/mL)，最佳致敏温度37℃，最佳致敏时间2个小时。人工攻毒雏番鸭30只，用所建立的方法检测粪便。结果表明，攻毒后的第3天粪便中即可检测到病毒，直至攻毒鸭全部死亡都可从粪便中检测到病毒抗原；同样攻毒1日龄雏番鸭30只，剖检取心、肝、脾按常规方法处理，用所建立的方法的检测。结果表明，首先是脾脏在攻毒后第4天3只中有2只检测结果阳性，第5天2只死亡鸭中有一只肝检测结果阳性，脾脏2只都呈阳性，此后的病死鸭脾和肝均为阳性，而心脏则未见有阳性。这对，临床上诊断与防治番鸭呼肠孤病毒感染具有重要的参考意义。     

检测猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxⅣ抗体乳胶凝集试验方法的建立

采用Ni-NTA His.Bind方法纯化pET-28a-ApxⅣ2表达蛋白,以羧化乳胶为载体,经化学交联法致敏乳胶,对致敏条件优化后进行质量检测。结果显示,在pH 4.7的PBS缓冲液中,乳胶浓度为2%、蛋白质量浓度为1.5g/L,偶联8h后制备的致敏乳胶凝集反应最好,致敏乳胶抗原无自凝现象;与副猪嗜血杆菌、猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、大肠杆菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性血清不发生凝集;批内重复、批间重复试验很稳定;阳性血清敏感性可达1∶32。对比试验中与ELISA方法的符合率为80%,2种方法检测的结果基本相符。结果表明,试验初步建立了检测猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxⅣ毒素抗体的乳胶凝集方法,为猪传染性胸膜肺炎的快速诊断提供了技术支撑。     

Experimental Detection of Canine Haemoglobin (Occult Blood) in Canine Faeces by Reversed Passive Latex Agglutination

A reversed passive latex agglutination test (RPLA) using anti-canine haemoglobin (Hb) antibody was developed for detecting bleeding in the lower digestive organs in dogs, and its applicability as a simple test for faecal occult blood was assessed. In Ouchterlony's gel immunodiffusion test, the anti-canine Hb antibody used to sensitize the latex reacted with canine Hb but not with Hbs, plasmas or meat extracts from pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses or chickens, or with fish extracts. Using latex sensitized with 50 µg/mg of anti-canine Hb IgG antibody, the lowest limit of detection for canine Hb was 21 µg/ml, and the latex reacted negatively with all test specimens other than canine Hb. In an in vitro experiment with a mixture of canine faeces and erythrocytes, the antigenicity of the Hb was found to undergo only very slight changes even when the specimens were allowed to stand for 12 h at room temperature. Hb could not be detected by RPLA in any of four successive faecal samples from three experimental dogs after infusion of autologous blood (5, 3 or 1 ml) into the stomach. In 3 other experimental dogs given an infusion of autologous blood (5, 3 or 1 ml) into the ascending colon, the presence of Hb was confirmed by RPLA in all four successive faecal samples obtained from those which received 5 or 3 ml of blood and in all except that obtained following the first defecation from the animal which had received 1 ml of blood.     

北京地区犬猫弓形虫病血清学调查

比较了酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和乳胶凝集试验对犬猫进行龚地弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii）抗体检测的结果.在66只犬猫的血清中,ELISA方法检测的阳性率为24.0%,乳胶凝集试验阳性率为21.0%,二者的检测结果差异不显著（P＞0.05）.后采用ELISA方法对北京地区家养的159只犬和128只猫进行了弓形虫IGg抗体的检测,共有21只犬（13.21%）和18只猫（14.06%）检测结果为阳性.1岁以下犬（3.70%）、猫（4.35%）低于1至3岁犬（11.29%）和猫（6.98%）的感染率.3～6岁犬猫的感染率分别是27.27%和16.22%,6岁以上犬（30.0%）、猫（32.0%）的感染率最高.不同性别之间感染无明显差异（P＞0.05）.     

猪乙型脑炎乳胶凝集试验与血凝抑制试验方法的比较

用血凝抑制试验 (HI)和乳胶凝集试验 (LAT)两种方法检测乙型脑炎弱毒疫苗免疫猪血清 ,结果均呈阳性反应。用LAT对来自 12个猪场的 94份猪血清进行了乙型脑炎病毒 (JEV)抗体检测 ,并与HI进行了对比 ,两种方法检测结果阳性符合率和总符合率分别为 90 .3% (5 6 /6 2 )和 88.3% (83/94 ) ,两种方法检测结果差异不显著 (p >0 .0 5 )。对来自无乙型脑炎的 12头健康猪血清进行检测 ,两种方法检测结果均为阴性。结果表明 ,用LAT与HI检测乙型脑炎结果符合 ,前者更为简便和实用。