下沉式日光温室内温光环境分析

对下沉式日光温室内气温、后墙内表面温度和太阳总辐射进行多点连续测定,以了解其温、光环境特点,并与非下沉式日光温室进行对比分析.结果表明,晴天下沉式日光温室内气温和后墙内表面温度至13:00达到最高,分别为35.53℃和41.80℃,气温升高速率为6.48℃/h,室内外平均温差为17.47℃,差温为14.20℃.阴天下沉式日光温室内气温和后墙内表面温度至14:00达到最高,分别为15.83℃和15.35℃,气温升高速率为1.27℃/h,室内外平均温差为9.78℃,差温为2.47℃.小雪天下沉式日光温室内后墙内表面温度在13:00最高,为18.71℃,气温下降速率为0.10℃/h,室内外平均温差为5.67℃,差温为-0.19℃.冬季下沉式日光温室内平均最低温度为7.35℃.晴天下沉式日光温室内太阳总辐射透过率为25％～80％,室内外太阳总辐射呈直线正相关,室内太阳总辐射的日变化呈抛物线趋势,室内太阳总辐射在空间分布上比非下沉式日光温室更复杂,需要采取合理措施改善温室内光照环境并合理利用空间.试验结果可为下沉式日光温室的管理以及指导日光温室内作物生产提供依据.     

短期昼间亚高温胁迫对番茄光合作用的影响

为了探讨日光温室春末夏初亚高温环境对番茄光合作用的影响,采用人工气候室模拟环境,在番茄第1花序第1花开花当天,以25℃为对照,研究35℃昼间亚高温处理对番茄光合作用日变化的影响。结果表明：在适宜光照度条件下,3 d以下35℃昼间亚高温处理可提高番茄净光合速率,而6 d以上昼间亚高温处理可明显降低番茄的净光合速率;同时适宜温度（对照,25℃）处理的番茄净光合速率日变化未出现“光合午休”现象;而35℃昼间亚高温处理的番茄净光合速率日变化出现轻度“光合午休”现象;昼间亚高温处理可提高番茄叶片气孔导度、降低气孔限制值、增加开放气孔的比率、提高胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率。这些结果说明,在适宜光照条件下,番茄遭受昼间亚高温胁迫的初期可通过调节自身一些相关反应来适应环境,避免光合速率的降低,而当胁迫时间达到6 d以上时则会对光合作用产生不良影响,同时番茄“光合午休”现象不仅与光照度有关,而且与温度有关;昼间亚高温对番茄光合速率的影响与气孔无关,是由非气孔因素限制的。     

日光温室番茄植株体温与气温差异研究

植物群体间隙的空气温度不能准确地反映植物体实际的温度。该文用热电偶测定了日光温室内番茄茎、叶、果实的温度与同高度空气温度的差异。结果表明,日光温室番茄植株体温与同高度空气温度有明显的差异。不同部位二者差异不同。果实与空气温度差异最大,其次是茎、叶。这样环境温度测定后,结合植物体温与气温差异便可知植物体温。对番茄叶片测定了热时间常数,其均值为174 s,绝对偏差为73.1 s。热时间常数的测定,间接测定了综合热阻项,这为较难测定的植物表面传热热阻找到了一种易于得到的方式。     

利用Elman神经网络的华北棚型日光温室室内环境要素模拟

准确模拟日光温室内环境的变化过程是实现温室环境精准调控的前提。该研究以3个生长季的日光温室室内实时气象观测资料为基础,利用Elman神经网络建模的方法,对日光温室室内1.5 m气温、0.5 m气温和CO_2浓度进行逐时模拟,对日光温室室内平均湿度、平均温度、最高温度和最低温度进行逐日模拟,建立基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境逐时及逐日模拟模型,利用独立的气象观测资料对模型进行验证,并基于逐步回归方法和BP神经网络方法结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境(1.5m气温、0.5m气温和CO_2浓度)逐时模拟值与实测值的均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)分别为2.14℃、1.33℃和55.32μmol/mol,归一化均方根误差(Normalized Root Mean Square Error,NRMSE)分别为10.01%、5.87%和10.70%,基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境逐时模拟效果和稳定性最优。2)基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境(日均空气湿度、日均气温、日最高气温和日最低气温)逐日模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为0.59%、0.88℃、2.02℃和0.98℃,NRMSE分别为0.79%、4.44%、7.02%和6.66%,基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境逐日模拟效果和稳定性最优。研究结果可以准确模拟日光温室室内逐时及逐日环境,也可以为环境模型与作物模型相互耦合提供技术支撑。     

南方塑料大棚冬春季温湿度的神经网络模拟

利用浙江省慈溪市草莓塑料大棚和南京信息工程大学农业气象试验站番茄塑料大棚的小气候观测数据及气象站资料,建立3个以棚外辐射、温度、相对湿度和风速为输入变量,棚内温度和相对湿度为输出变量的BP神经网络预测模型。结果表明,3个模型气温训练值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)都在2℃以内,相对误差都在4%左右;相对湿度训练值的RMSE都在7个百分点以内,相对误差不超过7%。利用此模型得到的气温预测值与实测值的RMSE都在2℃左右,冬季气温的相对误差较大,春季通风和不通风模型气温的相对误差不超过6%;相对湿度预测值的RMSE都在7个百分点以内,相对误差不超过9%。说明所建BP神经网络模型对于不同季节、不同通风条件、不同作物的大棚温湿度模拟都有较高的精度,能够满足棚内温湿度的预测要求,且对温度的模拟精度高于对相对湿度的模拟。     

不同番茄品种镁吸收特性比较

【目的】 通过研究不同番茄品种对镁吸收的差异,为缺镁地区番茄镁高效品种筛选提供理论依据。 【方法】 以北方日光温室主栽的3个番茄品种中杂9号、改良毛粉、金棚朝冠为研究对象,将培育苗分别于15℃和30℃下,在镁浓度为0、0.6、1.2、1.8、2.4、3.0 mmol/L的营养液中吸收 24 h,通过养分吸收动力学方法确定吸收参数来比较不同番茄品种间的差异。同时将相同的3个番茄品种在不加镁 (0 mmol/L) 和中等镁 (1 mmol/L) 浓度条件下水培45 d,比较镁吸收量、镁流入速率及番茄对镁吸收利用的差异。 【结果】 养分动力学试验结果表明,15℃时番茄对镁的吸收速率高于30℃,两个温度条件下,3个番茄品种对镁的吸收速率均表现为改良毛粉 > 金棚朝冠 > 中杂9号。3个品种最大吸收速率 (I _max) 和亲和力系数 (K_m) 均有显著差异,I_max和K_m值均为改良毛粉 > 金棚朝冠 > 中杂9号。培养45 d的结果表明,在缺镁和中等镁浓度条件下,3个番茄品种镁吸收量、镁流入速率均有显著差异,其中改良毛粉镁吸收量显著低于金棚朝冠和中杂9号,金棚朝冠和中杂9号间差异未达显著水平。 【结论】 温度影响番茄对镁的吸收,但并未改变品种间的差异。低镁条件下,金棚朝冠和中杂9号对镁具有较大吸收潜力,改良毛粉的吸收潜力显著低于前两者。      

基于WOFOST模型分析不同气候情景对辽宁典型雨养春玉米产量的影响

气温、降水和辐射是农作物生长发育必需的基本气候要素，其大小、波动及空间分布决定局部地区的种植结构和农产品产量增减，具有喜温喜水特性的玉米其生长发育对气候变化的响应更为敏感。本研究基于辽宁省新民和朝阳地区近40a气象数据分析各气候要素变化特征，根据局地气候暖干化趋势耦合气温、降水、辐射三要素构建不同气候情景，利用田间实测数据对WOFOST模型进行校准和适用性检验，并将该模型用于模拟不同气候情景下辽宁典型雨养春玉米产量变化。结果表明：（1）验证后的WOFOST模型能较好地模拟两站点春玉米产量，其模拟值与实测值的相对均方根误差分别为8.78%和5.96%，一致性系数分别为0.82和0.96。（2）新民和朝阳两地在设定的气候要素变化范围内春玉米产量与气温呈负相关，与降水呈正相关。在气温增加，降水减少，辐射增强的不同梯度气候情景下，新民（气温+1.2℃，降水量−25%，辐射+4%）和朝阳（气温+1.4℃，降水量−25%，辐射+3%）减产幅度分别达92.5%和85.9%，接近雨养春玉米绝产的警戒气候情景。（3）新民春玉米产量受降水影响显著，朝阳则对气温变化响应敏感，而两地产量对给定比例的辐射变化均未表现出明显波动。     

节能型日光温室智能加温控制系统设计1

在北方冬季节能型日光温室生产中常出现极端低温天气,气温低于作物致死温度,导致温室作物大幅减产甚至绝收.为精准调控温室温度,降低低温带来的损失,本研究设计了一套日光温室智能加温控制系统,其硬件设备由感知模块、主控模块、通讯模块、伺服模块、执行设备组成.系统实现了日光温室温度环境的智能控制,可自动采集温室内气温数据,并根据主控模块内设置的加温控制阈值实现温度执行设备的自动开关,同时可通过Android远程客户端进行数据查看及执行设备状态控制.系统应用与验证结果表明:二代砖墙日光温室最低温度维持6~8℃,则系统日开启时间需4.9h,日资金投入146元;维持10~12℃,则系统日开启时间6.1h,日资金投入194元.应用过程中系统性能稳定,实现了温度环境的精细化、无人值守智能调控,夜间加温效果良好.     

日光温室番茄单叶净光合速率模型的温度修正

番茄单叶净光合速率模型是温室番茄环境调控中的核心模型之一,而温度修正模型对于正确解析番茄单叶净光合速率模型非常重要。试验根据前人确定的植物单叶净光合速率模型中最大光合速率的温度修正模型,通过对不同的CO2浓度、光强和温度条件下日光温室番茄净光合速率的测定,明确了日光温室番茄最大光合速率的温度修正模型中修正因子C的取值公式,并经拟合检验,结果表明在不同CO2浓度、不同光强条件下日光温室番茄最大光合速率下温度修正模型的模拟值与实测值拟合良好,说明可将这一温度修正模型作为日光温室番茄光合模型的温度影响子模型应用,从而使植物单叶净光合速率模型更好地适用于日光温室番茄生产。     

用CFD方法模拟日光温室温度环境初探

日光温室温度环境为一动态变化过程，该文建立了求解晴天室内温度环境的计算模型。将室外的水平面太阳辐照度、天空辐射温度、室外空气相对湿度、空气温度、风速及室内1.0m深土壤温度作为边界条件，采用计算流体动力学技术（CFD）中的非稳态方法求解控制方程，模拟了晴天室内温度随外界气候条件的变化，结果显示模拟得到的室内空气温度及土壤温度变化规律与实测值变化规律相同，盖帘后室内空气温度及土壤0.2 m深土层的温度模拟值与实测值相差约在1℃以内；探讨了边界条件中冷风渗透、土壤表面太阳能转换显热份额及1.0 m深土壤温度的取值变化对室内温度的影响。日光温室内温度动态变化模拟模型的建立对优化温室设计参数和预测不同天气情况下室内的温度环境变化具有参考意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.