花生Rab2基因的克隆及表达分析

Rab2是小GTP结合蛋白家族成员之一,控制着蛋白从内质网到高尔基体的运输,研究发现有些Rab2基因受多种逆境胁迫的诱导表达。为了获得花生Rab2基因,本试验根据拼接的cDNA序列设计1对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR克隆了1个花生Rab2基因。测序结果显示其cDNA含有长636 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码的蛋白含211个氨基酸,推测分子量为23.4 kDa。比对分析发现花生Rab2蛋白与多种生物的Rab2的氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,荧光定量PCR研究表明AhRab2基因受低温、干旱、盐和植物激素ABA的诱导表达。这为利用基因工程手段调控花生的抗逆性奠定了基础。     

Physiological and metabolomic analysis of a knockout mutant suggests a critical role of MtP5CS3 gene in osmotic stress tolerance of Medicago truncatula

In the model legume Medicago truncatula, Δ¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), the rate-limiting enzyme of proline biosynthesis, is encoded by three closely related genes, MtP5CS1, MtP5CS2, and MtP5CS3. While MtP5CS1 is constitutively expressed, MtP5CS2 and MtP5CS3 are induced by adverse environmental conditions, of which MtP5CS3 is prevalently expressed during drought and salinity stresses. Mtp5cs3, a transposon (Tnt1) insertion mutant of MtP5CS3 that cannot synthesize a mature protein, showed decreased proline accumulation and increased sensitivity to salinity, drought, and low water potential stresses, as evidenced by decreased seedling growth and chlorophyll content and increased hydrogen peroxide content. These defective phenotypes were complemented by externally supplied proline or ectopically expressed cDNA to the wild-type gene (MtP5CS3). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based analysis of soluble metabolites revealed that some major metabolites contributing to osmotolerance, including certain amino acids, sugars, and polyols, accumulated more abundantly in the Mtp5cs3 roots than in the wild type, whereas a few other amino acids accumulated less during drought and salinity stresses. While such metabolic reconfiguration apparently fell short of compensating for proline deficiency in Mtp5cs3, overexpression of MtP5CS3 significantly increased tolerance of M. truncatula to salinity and low water potential stress. Thus, MtP5CS3 plays a crucial role in proline accumulation and osmotic stress tolerance of M. truncatula. Manipulation of this predominant proline biosynthetic gene will facilitate the development of environmentally stable legume crops.     

植物LEA 蛋白及其功能

干旱、盐碱和冻害是限制植物生长发育的主要逆境因子,胚胎晚期丰富蛋白（LEA）是一类重要的植物细胞脱水保护蛋白,在抵御干旱等非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要功能。本文介绍了植物LEA蛋白的种类、结构及其表达特性,并综述了该类蛋白在提高植物抗旱、耐盐及抗冻能力等方面的研究进展。     

茶树CsbZIP4转录因子正调控拟南芥对盐胁迫响应

bZIP转录因子是真核生物中一类多功能蛋白家族,参与种子成熟、光信号调节、胁迫响应等多种生物学过程,拟南芥中根据序列相似性和保守域主要分为10个亚家族(A-I和S)。本文以茶树的C亚家族转录因子CsbZIP4为研究对象,调查非生物胁迫下的表达模式,及转化拟南芥后CsbZIP4过表达对耐盐性的影响。结果显示,在4℃低温、外源ABA、盐和干旱胁迫处理后,CsbZIP4的表达在茶树叶片中呈上调模式,特别是在盐和干旱胁迫下其表达分别上调2.9倍和2.2倍;而在根中,低温、盐和干旱胁迫均能显著抑制CsbZIP4的表达,其中盐胁迫能将其表达抑制2倍;荧光显微镜下观察CsbZIP4-GFP融合蛋白,将CsbZIP4定位于细胞核中;CsbZIP4的过表达能够降低转基因株系种子萌发时对外源ABA、盐胁迫的敏感性,在300mmolL~(-1)NaCl盐胁迫下,转化拟南芥植株过表达CsbZIP4增强抗性,其叶片的SPAD值较高,同时过表达株系中盐胁迫响应基因AtSOS1的表达显著增强。根据CsbZIP4正调控拟南芥的盐胁迫响应,推断CsbZIP4与茶树抵御盐胁迫密切相关。     

花生中DREB类转录因子PNDREB1的克隆及鉴定

脱水响应元件结合因子(DREB)是一类对多个抗逆相关基因表达起调控作用的植物特有的转录因子,在植物抗逆能力综合改良方面具有重要作用。本研究通过筛选花生未成熟种子的cDNA文库,分离到一个DREB类基因——PNDREB1(FM955398)。该基因序列长度为687 bp,推测编码蛋白含有229个氨基酸残基,相对分子量为24.7 kD,理论等电点为5.97,与其他物种中该类转录因子序列同源性较高。利用酵母单杂交系统,对花生PNDREB1与DRE元件的特异识别和结合能力及其C-末端转录激活活性进行检测,显示,转入含有该基因及阳性对照基因的载体均可使酵母菌株正常生长,且具有显色反应,而转入空载体的酵母菌株不能生长,证明基因PNDREB1中的AP2结构域具有和DRE元件特异性结合的能力;同时,只有转入含有该基因C-末端片段及阳性对照基因的载体可使酵母菌株正常生长,并具有显色反应,而转入空载体的酵母菌株不能生长,说明其C-末端片段具有转录激活活性,该基因为DREB类转录因子。基因表达模式分析显示,PNDREB1为组成型表达,且被低温强烈、迅速诱导表达,并对干旱胁迫也有一定程度的响应,但对高盐和ABA处理没有响应。     

Development of salt tolerant IR64 near isogenic lines through marker-assisted breeding

Salt stress causes considerable damage to rice with a consequent reduction in grain yield, however, conventional breeding for this stress is time-consuming and costly. Recently, marker-assisted breeding has shown enormous potential to accelerate breeding of stress tolerant varieties because of its precision, time saving, and cost effectiveness. The present study was carried out to transfer Saltol, a major QTL on chromosome 1 associated with salinity tolerance, from FL478, a tolerant genotype, into IR64, a popular lowland variety through marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). This technique considerably enhanced the recovery rate of the recurrent parent genome within three backcross generations, which could have saved several backcrosses compared with conventional schemes to achieve the same results. By using this technique, up to 99.7% of the recurrent parent genome was recovered at BC₃F₂ generation, saving at least three backcrosses compared with conventional breeding schemes. Salinity tolerance of IR64-Saltol lines was evaluated using saline culture solution adjusted to electrical conductivity of 12 dS m^-1 using NaCl. Based on selected physiological and growth parameters, the new Saltol introgression lines showed a significantly higher tolerance of salinity than their recurrent parent IR64. The results of this study confirm the benefits of using molecular markers in plant breeding to enhance tolerance of abiotic stresses.     

转GsCBRLK/SCMRP双价基因苜蓿耐碱性及氨基酸含量分析

从野生大豆盐碱胁迫基因表达谱中筛选并克隆到GsCBRLK基因, 与人工合成的高甲硫氨酸含量SCMRP基因构建成双价植物表达载体, 将其转入苜蓿, 获得超量表达的转基因苜蓿, 并进行耐碱性分析。结果显示, 经过100、150 mmol L^–1 NaHCO₃处理14 d后, 转基因株系生长状态良好, 而非转基因对照株系萎蔫、失绿、甚至死亡;转基因株系的丙二醛含量和相对质膜透性显著低于非转基因株系(P<0.05), 而SOD酶活性显著高于非转基因对照(P<0.05), 说明超量表达GsCBRLK基因增强了苜蓿的耐碱能力;各转基因株系的甲硫氨酸含量均比对照植株高, 表明SCMRP基因的导入提高了苜蓿叶片甲硫氨酸的含量。     

Genetic Advances in Adapting Rice to a Rapidly Changing Climate

Rice, with its wide geographic distribution extending from 50°N to 35°S, is expected to be the most vulnerable cultivated crop to future changing climates. Among the different abiotic stresses, extreme temperatures coinciding with critical developmental stages, increasingly frequent floods and drought spells, and worsening sea water inundation are some of the major threats to sustainable rice productivity. Following the successful implementation of molecular marker‐assisted backcrossing to introgress large‐effect QTL for submergence tolerance in rice mega varieties, rice breeding for drought, salinity and, recently, heat tolerance is employing the same approach. Although tolerance for combined submergence and salinity has been achieved, developing rice varieties with multiple tolerance for other abiotic and biotic stresses and finding the appropriate agronomic package to exploit their performance remain a challenge. The major bottleneck is the lack of unidentified large‐effect QTL for other abiotic stresses that are strongly influenced by genotype × environment (G × E) interaction. Rapid advances in the use of molecular tools, including a plethora of SNP markers, are expected to facilitate the development of major abiotic stress‐tolerant rice. In response to the actual farmer field situation, progress achieved in understanding and developing independent abiotic stress tolerance is being exploited to combine tolerances (for example, heat and drought; salinity and submergence) to address emerging environmental problems across a wide range of rice ecosystems.     

Recent progress in drought and salt tolerance studies in Brassica crops

Water deficit imposed by either drought or salinity brings about severe growth retardation and yield loss of crops. Since Brassica crops are important contributors to total oilseed production, it is urgently needed to develop tolerant cultivars to ensure yields under such adverse conditions. There are various physiochemical mechanisms for dealing with drought and salinity in plants at different developmental stages. Accordingly, different indicators of tolerance to drought or salinity at the germination, seedling, flowering and mature stages have been developed and used for germplasm screening and selection in breeding practices. Classical genetic and modern genomic approaches coupled with precise phenotyping have boosted the unravelling of genes and metabolic pathways conferring drought or salt tolerance in crops. QTL mapping of drought and salt tolerance has provided several dozen target QTLs in Brassica and the closely related Arabidopsis. Many drought- or salt-tolerant genes have also been isolated, some of which have been confirmed to have great potential for genetic improvement of plant tolerance. It has been suggested that molecular breeding approaches, such as marker-assisted selection and gene transformation, that will enhance oil product security under a changing climate be integrated in the development of drought- and salt-tolerant Brassica crops.     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选花生AhCaM相互作用蛋白

CaM是目前已知的胞内Ca2+受体蛋白中最重要的一种,参与多种生理活动的调节。为深入研究CaM蛋白的作用机制,探索其在花生钙信号途径中的作用靶点,用花生CaM基因构建了既无自激活性又无毒性的p GBKT7-AhCaM诱饵表达载体;同时从花生叶片组织中提取总RNA,分离得到mRNA,利用SMART技术合成并纯化双链cDNA后建立花生叶片cDNA文库;通过共转化法筛选与CaM相互作用的蛋白,并对阳性克隆分析和鉴定,筛选到5个与Ah CaM互作的蛋白,其中NAD激酶是已知能与钙调素互作的蛋白;而泛素能与AhCaM互作,说明AhCaM在花生发育及抗逆方面起作用。通过分析这些靶蛋白的已知功能,为研究AhCaM的未知生物学功能提供了重要信息。     

花生资源耐盐性的鉴定与评价

为筛选耐盐花生种质并为花生遗传基础研究提供材料,本研究选用相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数和盐害率为指标,以0.5%的NaCl为胁迫浓度,对128份花生种质进行芽期耐盐性鉴定。结果表明,盐胁迫对花生种子萌发有显著的抑制作用,但盐胁迫的抑制效应因种质不同而存在明显差异;128份种质中,高耐盐种质仅占5%左右。在耐盐评价指标方面,除盐害率或相对发芽率以外,相对发芽指数可以作为评价指标之一。此外,盐胁迫条件下,地方品种的发芽速度高于育成品种。本研究筛选出JS011、JS024、JS125、JS491、JS523、JS524、JS525等7份高度耐盐种质可用于花生耐盐性基础研究的材料。     

Meta-analysis of QTL associated with tolerance to abiotic stresses in barley

A meta-analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with tolerance to abiotic stresses in barley was carried out using results from 35 different experiments. ??MetaQTL?? software was used to project QTL positions on a reference map. Three hundred and thirty-seven QTL for traits associated with tolerance to abiotic stresses were included in this analysis which identified 79 metaQTL (MQTL) including 26 for drought, 11 for low temperature, 22 for salinity, 17 for water-logging, and 3 for mineral toxicity and deficiency. The distribution of MQTL was similar to that of the initial QTL. Many of these MQTL were located on chromosomes 2H (mainly for water-logging and drought) and 5H (mainly for salinity and low temperature). It inferred that chromosomes 2H and 5H were important for researches on barley abiotic tolerance, and the genes associated with abiotic stresses were concentrated relatively. As expected from trait correlations, 22.8?% of these MQTL displayed overlapping CIs. These overlapping regions were mainly on chromosomes 1H, 2H and 4H. The results indicated that the tolerance to diverse abiotic stresses were associated with each other in barley. Additionally, 67 candidate genes responsive to abiotic stresses were co-located with the abiotic-stress MQTL. Of them, a total of 55 had different conserved motifs. It inferred that the tolerance to abiotic stresses was contributed by multi-genes with diverse functions, though there might be some important genes associated with the tolerance to abiotic stresses in barley. Additionally, of these candidate genes, scsnp02622, scsnp01644 and scsnp19641 could be better for further studies of abiotic stresses tolerance.     

花生Δ9-硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶基因(SAD)的序列分析

利用同源克隆技术获得花生区组二倍体野生种A. duranensis和A. ipaensis Δ⁹-硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶基因SAD (命名为gSAD-A和gSAD-B)及3个栽培品种的SAD,每个栽培品种有2个SAD (命名为gSAD-1和gSAD-2)。同时获得丰花2号SAD的两条全长cDNA (命名为FhrSAD-1和FhrSAD-2)。丰花2号的FhgSAD-1和FhgSAD-2均含有2个内含子,二者同源性97.5%,共有69个变异位点,其中62个是SNP位点、6个特异性酶切位点。FhrSAD-1和FhrSAD-2间核苷酸序列同源性98.6%,其中编码区序列同源性98.9%,共有12个变异位点,编码的Ah-SAD2氨基酸序列与Ah-SAD1相比在N端的¹⁷PSSSSSSSSSSFSL³⁰丝氨酸聚集区少一个丝氨酸。gSAD-1和gSAD-A同源性为99.9%,存在4个SNP位点; gSAD-2和gSAD-B同源性为100%。推测gSAD-1和gSAD-2分别来自花生栽培品种的A、B2个染色体组。研究明确了花生不同染色体组SAD的序列特征,为进一步探讨SAD的表达及其在控制花生籽仁脂肪酸组分中的作用提供了重要的参考。     

白菜脱水应答转录因子BpDREB1基因的克隆及功能研究

DREB1/CBF类转录因子在植物抵抗外界胁迫上起重要作用,利用这些基因改良作物抗逆性具有重要意义。本研究在白菜中分离到一个DREB类转录因子基因BpDREB1 (EF219470)。该基因序列全长647 bp,推测编码蛋白含213个氨基酸,相对分子量为23 kD,理论等电点为5.11,与白菜中该类转录因子序列同源性为94%。进化树表明,BpDREB1属于DREB亚家族中A1亚族。基因的诱导表达模式分析显示,BpDREB1被低温强烈、迅速诱导表达,并对干旱胁迫也有一定程度的响应,但对高盐处理几乎没有响应。过表达BpDREB1的转基因拟南芥经低温诱导后,其体内可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量大幅度提高。以上结果显示BpDREB1转录因子基因具有家族成员基因结构的特征,在低温、干旱应答途径中起重要作用。     

小麦TaABC1L的克隆及表达特性分析

通过反向Northern筛查小麦旱选10号幼苗水分胁迫诱导表达的cDNA文库,选择一个在水分胁迫1、6和12 h均上调表达的cDNA克隆作为“种子”序列,利用电子延伸和RT-PCR方法,获得一个开放阅读框为1 434 bp,编码477个氨基酸的cDNA序列。由该序列推测编码的蛋白含有1个典型的ABC1保守域（123~243氨基酸）和1个AARF域（42~369氨基酸）,但是没有发现ABC1向线粒体转移的信号肽前体序列（PD017350）,因此,将该基因命名为TaABC1L。同源比对结果表明,TaABC1L只与水稻、拟南芥中4个尚未研究功能的基因编码的氨基酸序列高度同源。实时定量RT-PCR结果显示,TaABC1L对渗透、高盐、低温等逆境胁迫和ABA处理均表现出应答反应,但是在不同胁迫条件下表达高峰出现的时间和表达强度上存在差异。其中受NaCl胁迫1 h,基因的表达量已达到对照的30倍,之后其表达量迅速回落,但仍高于对照;受ABA诱导时,其表达量略有增加,在12 h的最高表达量也仅为对照的2倍。     

小麦小G蛋白Rab2基因TaRab2的克隆及其表达分析

小G蛋白Rab在真核细胞内的小泡运转过程中起重要作用。本文通过反向Northern筛选,从小麦抗旱品种旱选10 号水分胁迫诱导表达的cDNA文库中分离到与小G蛋白Rab2基因高度同源的EST片段。利用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法,在小麦中克隆了该基因的全长cDNA,命名为TaRab2（GenBank编号为AY851657）。测序结果表明,TaRab2的cDNA长度为824 bp,包含一个完整的633 bp的ORF,推测编码一个210个氨基酸的蛋白质。氨基酸多重比对分析表明,TaRab2编码的蛋白质与玉米、水稻、拟南芥及Sporobolus stapfianus等植物小G蛋白Rab2的同源性均大于90%。Northern杂交分析结果表明,TaRab2为水分胁迫诱导上调表达的基因,在水分胁迫6 h的表达量最高,随着胁迫时间的推移表达量下降。     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to abiotic stresses in cool-season food legumes

Summary The adaptability and productivity of cool-season food legumes (chickpea, faba bean, lentil, pea) are limited by major abiotic stresses including drought, heat, frost, chilling, waterlogging, salinity and mineral toxicities. The severity of these stresses is unpredictable in field experiments, so field trials are increasingly supplemented with controlled-environment testing and physiological screening. For drought testing, irrigation is used in dry fields and rain-out shelters in damp ones. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) is a well-established screen for drought tolerance in C3 cereal crops which is now being validated for use in grain legumes, but it is relatively expensive per sample and more economical methods include stomatal conductance and canopy temperature. Chickpea lines ICC4958 and FLIP87-59C and faba bean line ILB938 have demonstrated good drought tolerance parameters in different experiments. For frost tolerance, an efficient controlled-environment procedure involves exposing hardened pot-grown plants to sub-zero temperatures. Faba beans Cote d’Or and BPL4628 as well as lentil ILL5865 have demonstrated good freezing tolerance in such tests. Chilling-tolerance tests are more commonly conducted in the field and lentil line ILL1878 as well as derivatives of interspecific crosses between chickpea and its wild relatives have repeatedly shown good results. The timing of chilling is particularly important as temperatures which are not lethal to the plant can greatly disrupt fertilization of flowers. Salinity response can be determined using hydroponic methods with a sand or gravel substrate and rapid, efficient scoring is based on leaf symptoms. Many lines of chickpea, faba bean and lentil have shown good salinity tolerance in a single article but none has become a benchmark. Waterlogging tolerance can be evaluated using paired hydroponic systems, one oxygenated and the other de-oxygenated. The development of lysigenous cavities or aerenchyma in roots, common in warm-season legumes, is reported in pea and lentil but is not well established in chickpea or faba bean. Many stresses are associated with oxidative damage leading to changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, membrane stability and peroxidase levels. An additional factor relevant to the legumes is the response of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the stress.