基于CFD-DEM耦合的迷宫流道水沙运动数值模拟

基于颗粒动力学理论的欧拉-拉格朗日固液多相湍流模型,针对灌水器迷宫流道内水沙运动进行了CFDDEM耦合数值模拟研究,分析了迷宫流道内流体流场、单个沙粒的轨迹线、速度和沙粒群的运动规律、分布特性等。结果表明:沙粒在流道深度中心面附近分布较多,靠近边壁较少,随着流道深度减小,流道内沙粒的体积浓度成倍上升。流道深度越小,流道深度(Z方向上)水流运动速度越小,随着沙粒Z方向上运动速度增大,沙粒群穿过中心面次数越多,撞击边壁的次数越多,流道深度0.6 mm的撞击边壁次数是1.4 mm的7.01倍,边壁撞击次数的增加使沙粒高频率改变原有运动方向,增加了沙粒之间,沙粒与壁面之间的碰撞,该运动情况降低了沙粒运动速度,减少了动能,不利于沙粒通过迷宫流道,增加了堵塞几率。该方法可分析大量沙粒个体和群体运动,以及群体分布情况,从微观角度了解迷宫流道内沙粒运动,是迷宫流道结构设计的有效手段之一。     

水泵启动时间对灌溉水力旋流器性能的影响

为解决在水泵启动阶段圆锥型水力旋流器过滤性能较差的问题,利用变频控制技术,以DN50圆锥型灌溉用水力旋流器为研究对象,对含沙质量分数分别为0.451%,0.266%和0.124%的3种水沙混合液分别进行了5,15,30,60和90 s 的5种启动时间,15,30,90和120 s 的4种启动时间以及15,30,60和90 s的 4种启动时间的水沙分离性能试验研究.试验结果表明：水泵启动时间越短,大粒径颗粒的分离效果变差,而启动时间越长,小粒径颗粒的分离效果变差;启动过程中水力旋流器的总分离效率及分级性能随时间均呈现先差后好最后趋于稳定的规律;在相同启动时间的同一时刻下,分级性能随颗粒粒径的增大呈现有规律的波动性变化,0.2 mm以上粒径级沙粒的分离效果最好.结合总分离效率规律,推荐DN50圆锥型水力旋流器在工作流量为15 m3/h时的水泵最佳启动时间为30 s.     

水泵启动时间对灌溉水力旋流器性能的影响

为解决在水泵启动阶段圆锥型水力旋流器过滤性能较差的问题,利用变频控制技术,以DN50圆锥型灌溉用水力旋流器为研究对象,对含沙质量分数分别为0.451%,0.266%和0.124%的3种水沙混合液分别进行了5,15,30,60和90 s的5种启动时间,15,30,90和120 s的4种启动时间以及15,306,0和90 s的4种启动时间的水沙分离性能试验研究.试验结果表明：水泵启动时间越短,大粒径颗粒的分离效果变差,而启动时间越长,小粒径颗粒的分离效果变差;启动过程中水力旋流器的总分离效率及分级性能随时间均呈现先差后好最后趋于稳定的规律;在相同启动时间的同一时刻下,分级性能随颗粒粒径的增大呈现有规律的波动性变化,0.2mm以上粒径级沙粒的分离效果最好.结合总分离效率规律,推荐DN50圆锥型水力旋流器在工作流量为15 m3/h时的水泵最佳启动时间为30 s.     

滴灌灌水器迷宫流道结构对泥沙运动的影响

采用基于颗粒动力学理论的欧拉-拉格朗日固液多相湍流模型,选用夹角、上底宽、齿高、齿尖参差量、流道宽等五因素四水平组成16个迷宫流道模型,进行水沙运动CFD-DEM耦合数值模拟,分析沙粒群通过率、速度下降百分数、沙粒群运动和分布规律。结果表明:沙粒群通过率能有效描述迷宫流道的抗堵塞性能,沙粒群通过率与沙粒速度下降百分数呈负相关,沙粒群整体速度下降是影响迷宫流道内沙粒通过率的核心因素;沙粒速度的变化取决于流道内水流运动特性,而夹角、流道宽是影响水流特性的主要流道结构参数,其中夹角具有显著性影响;较优结构中可使沙粒始终受曳力牵引,大部分沙粒运行于主流区中,保持较高的运动速度,速度下降较小,动能损失少,通过率高,减少了被堵塞的机率;该方法统计了沙粒群运动及分布规律,从微观角度分析迷宫流道内沙粒运动,将有效提高迷宫流道结构设计效率。     

黄河水泥沙分离用水力旋流器的溢流颗粒中位径分析

应用水力旋流器进行黄河水泥沙分离时,溢流口悬浮液的颗粒粒度分布和平均粒径的大小是评价水力旋流器分离性能的重要指标.在模拟黄河水泥沙分离试验中,通过改变旋流器某些结构和操作参数,进行正交对比试验,然后对不同试验条件下溢流的颗粒进行中位径分析,定性地总结出旋流器的某些结构和操作参数对分离性能的影响规律.结果表明,当进料口悬浮液中位径为3.5 μm时,进口压力高于0.06 MPa,分离产品的中位径才明显减小.进口压力从0.06 MPa升至0.07 MPa时,分离产品的中位径下降了65.6%.当进口压力大于0.07 MPa时,分离产品的中位径变化不明显.当进料口悬浮液中位径等于3 μm,进口压力为0.05 MPa时,底流口直径从14 mm升至16 mm,分离产品的中位径下降了68.4%.     

微灌用水力旋流器试验研究

水力旋流器由于其特殊的分离原理及结构特征已成为一种独具一格的分离装置,其应用范围逐步扩大。提出了一种新型微灌用水力旋流分离装置,并对其进行试验分析,分析结果表明,该水力旋流器的设计生产能力约为30 m3/h(对应进口压力为0.3 MPa),对应的分割粒度为27.5μm,分离极限(d98)为95.0μm,分离精度(d25/d75)为0.42,符合微灌对水质的要求。     

黄河水泥沙分离用水力旋流器分离效率的研究

在模拟黄河水泥沙分离试验装置上，改变底流口直径、进口压力、进口物料浓度以及进口物料颗粒粒度分布等参数，进行了正交对比试验．通过对不同试验条件下的溢流口悬浮液进行粒级效率分析，定性地总结出旋流器的某些结构和操作参数对分离效率的影响规律．研究结果表明，水力旋流器的分离效率与进料口颗粒分布有关；在进料口悬浮液固相颗粒粒级分布相同的情况下，进料口压力和底流口直径的变化同样对分离效率产生影响．     

水力旋流器流场大涡模拟及其结构改进

为研究水力旋流器内部流动现象,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对其内部流动进行了数值模拟,分析了流场内轴向零速包络面、溢流口周围循环流和短路流,以及最大切线速度轨迹面等流动现象或结构特点.结合水力旋流器设计方法与流体力学理论,提出了水力旋流器几何结构的修改方案.将改进后结构的模拟结果与原结构结果进行对比,结果表明:增大溢流管壁厚,有效地避免了溢流管周围循环流的产生;增大溢流管的插入深度,对减少短路流效果不明显;适当增大水力旋流器柱筒壁的长度,调整锥角角度,可进一步改善零速包络面以及最大切线速度轨迹面的结构,使得内流场更加稳定.改进后的方案使水力旋流器内流场分布更加合理,有助于提高分离性能.     

高含沙水泥沙分离系统设计与分析

将地表高含沙量应用于滴灌是世界性难题,提出适宜的高含沙水滴灌泥沙分离系统是保障引黄滴灌系统安全运行的有效途径之一。采用旋流分离技术结合网式过滤技术对高含沙水进行泥沙分离,在Rietema公式计算出适用于高含沙水质特点的旋流器尺寸的基础上,为减小短路流对分离效果的影响,优化传统旋流器结构,并借助计算流体动力学软件Fluent,采用两相流模型,对优化前后旋流器内部复杂组合螺线涡运动进行数值模拟,分析内部流场湍动能分布特性、泥沙运动轨迹及旋流器壁进行泥沙磨损特性。并对比优化后泥沙分离系统溢流口、底流口泥沙浓度及溢流口泥沙去除率的模拟值与实测值,确定模拟结果的可靠性。结果表明:所设计的旋流分离器与网式过滤器组成的多级泥沙分离系统能有效分离高含沙水,改进后的水力旋流器能更有效地提高泥沙分离系统的分离效率,增加内部流场的稳定性,减小磨损区域和磨损量,提高其使用寿命,为滴灌系统稳定有效的工作提供保障。     

含砂量及进口速度对水力旋流器分离性能的影响

为了研究水力旋流器的分离性能,利用Fluent软件对水力旋流器(Ф450mm)进行数值模拟。结果表明,该型水力旋流器进出口压力损失随着含砂量和进口速度的增加而增加;分离效率随着含砂量和进口速度的增加而增加,但此型分离器对含砂量小于1.0%的工质分离效率过低;此型分离器适用于进口速度和含砂量都较大的工况。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。