菊花霜霉病的形态特征及其防治技术

菊花霜霉病多发生在平均温度16．4℃-19．0℃、年降雨量1500min左右、春季低温多雨的山区，是菊花的主要病害之一。选用抗病品种、用50％福美双可湿性粉剂拌种、加强肥水管理、防止田间积水及湿气滞留对菊花霜霉病具有很好的预防效果。发病初期用72％克露可湿性粉剂600倍液喷雾，防治效果达70％；用60％灭克可湿性粉剂800—1000倍液和65％代森锌可湿性粉剂500倍液喷雾，防治效果分别达到85％和90％；用69％安克·锰锌可湿性粉剂800倍液喷雾，每隔10d1次，防治效果达80％。     

几种杀菌剂防治葡萄霜霉病田间药效试验

霜霉病是葡萄植株普遍发生的一种病害,近年来危害严重。2013年用4种药剂进行了防治葡萄霜霉病的田间药效试验。结果表明78%科博、72%霜脲锰锌、80%烯酰吗啉、72.2%霜霉威都有防治效果。其中78%科博500倍液,80%烯酰吗啉2500倍液的防效更高。     

6种杀菌剂对苹果炭疽病的防治效果

采用6种杀菌剂进行了防治苹果炭疽病的田间试验,结果表明:在发病前施药防治苹果炭疽病,试验中6种杀菌剂均具有一定的防效,在处理剂量范围内对果树安全。第5次药后第2次调查:40%福·福锌可湿性粉剂1333、1600(mg/kg)效果最好,防效分别为90.32%和92.51%,其次为40%苯醚·甲硫可湿性粉剂444、667(mg/kg);30%戊唑·咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂200、300(mg/kg);;60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂400、600(mg/kg),防治效果均在85%以上。生产上应在发病前施药,间隔14d喷药1次,连喷5次.     

临夏花椒棉蚜无人机药剂防治试验

采用植保无人机施药的方式,进行1.8%阿维菌素乳油、10%啶虫脒乳油、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂不同倍液对花椒棉蚜的田间药效试验。结果表明,药后1 d和7 d, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油对花椒棉蚜的防治效果最好,其中100倍的防效最高,分别为85.99%、90.05%, 200倍和300倍的防效次之。10%啶虫脒乳油和1.8%阿维菌素乳油的防效在药后1、7 d均出现显著差异,10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂的防效在药后1 d和7 d都显著低于以上两种药物。     

稷山板枣枣缩果病防治技术研究

山西省稷山县各大板枣主产区枣缩果病危害严重,2010年笔者对其进行了田间药剂防治试验,结果表明：除75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1 000倍液外,各处理的防治效果与对照之间均达到了显著差异;85%枣病克星可湿性粉剂600倍液的防治效果与75%百菌清可湿性粉剂800倍液和1 000倍液,85%枣病克星可湿性粉剂800倍液和1 000倍液,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1 000倍液＋72%硫酸链霉素1 000万单位3‰液5个处理间差异显著;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600倍液＋72%硫酸链霉素1 000万单位3‰液和75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600倍液两个处理防治效果与75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1 000倍液处理间差异显著。     

两种杀虫剂对蜀柏毒蛾的生物活性和林间防效

在室内测定了5%甲维盐可湿性粉剂和5%阿维.杀铃脲悬浮剂对蜀柏毒蛾Parocneria orienta Chao 2龄幼虫的生物活性——触杀和胃毒作用,并进行了林间防治试验。室内试验结果表明,两种药剂对蜀柏毒蛾具有很强的杀虫活性和速效性,药后3 h的校正死亡率均在84%以上。林间防治试验结果表明,两种药剂对蜀柏毒蛾具有很好的防治效果,且持效期长。药后10 d,5%甲维盐可湿性粉剂的林间防效为90.73%～99.17%;药后15 d,5%阿维.杀铃脲悬浮剂的防效达87.76%～98.46%。建议在生产中使用5%甲维盐可湿性粉剂16 000～12 000倍液和5%阿维.杀铃脲悬浮剂4 000～3 000倍液防治蜀柏毒蛾和其他鳞翅目害虫。     

猕猴桃果实腐烂病田间药效试验

用不同浓度的70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散剂、5%己唑醇微乳剂、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂及施药时间、不同施药次数对猕猴桃腐烂病进行田间药效防治试验。结果表明:己唑醇1 000倍、1 500倍和2 000倍3个处理防治效果分别为81.1%、59.2%和42.5%;用己唑醇1 500倍的施药时间和次数试验结果表明,谢花后一周内施药的处理防治效果均在60%左右,显著高于延后一周施药的处理,施药次数对防治效果影响不大,喷药3次和4次的防治效果均为59%左右,喷药2次防效较差,但与前两者差异不显著;5种杀菌剂药效试验结果表明,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散剂防效最好,为71%,显著高于其他处理,其次为咪鲜胺锰盐、己唑醇,防治效果分别为63.5%和52.4%,苯谜甲环唑和甲基硫菌灵防效较差均不足30%。     

金雷多米尔防治荔枝霜疫霉病试验

小型田间试验结果:68%金雷多米尔WG700倍液对荔枝花穗和果实霜疫霉病的相对防效(62.95%、74.85%)均优于75%百菌清WP600倍液(54.71%和61.79%)和72%甲霜灵锰锌WP700倍液(51.05%和55.82%)。     

山西省交城县枣缩果病防治技术研究

针对山西省交城县枣产区危害严重的枣缩果病,于2011年对其进行田间药剂防治试验。结果表明：除菌速清水剂800倍液处理外,其余处理的防治效果与对照均差异显著。其中,75％百菌清可湿性粉剂1000倍液＋72％硫酸链霉素1000万单位3％o液防治效果最好,达到97．6％．85％枣病克星可湿性粉剂600倍液,70％甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂200倍液,75％百菌清可湿性粉剂1000倍液,50％多硫悬浮剂600倍液,70％甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂200倍液＋72％硫酸链霉素1000万单位3‰液,75％百菌清可湿性粉剂1000倍液＋72％硫酸链霉素1000万单位3％。液6个处理防治效果差异不显著,与菌速清水剂800倍液处理差异显著。     

马占相思白粉病的发生及化学防治

以不同药剂、不同浓度、不同处理方法对马占相思白粉病进行野外防治试验,并对结果作方差分析,结果表明:甲基托布津70%可湿性粉剂的1 000~2 000倍液对马占相思白粉病有良好的防治效果,相对防效达90%以上;马占相思白粉病野外化学防治以甲基托布津70%可湿性粉剂1 000倍液 粉锈宁15%可湿性粉剂1 000倍液 腈菌唑12.5%可湿性粉剂3 000倍液常规喷雾防治为佳。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.