农产品及食品黄曲霉毒素污染研究

黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉等产毒真菌产生，属生物源危害物，是毒性极强的一类真菌毒素，历史上因食用黄曲霉毒素污染产品造成过多次人及家养动物群体中毒死亡事件。黄曲霉毒素通过污染农产品与动物饲料进入食物链，严重威胁全球食品安全与人类健康。为了减少黄曲霉毒素污染危害，非常有必要掌握黄曲霉毒素污染农产品及食品主要种类。因此，本文通过研究国内外相关文献报道，较为全面地总结了近年来黄曲霉毒素污染农产品及其制品的主要种类，包括：谷物及其制品、调味品、饲料等12个类别，共计143种产品。通过归纳总结黄曲霉毒素污染产品种类，可以为农产品及食品黄曲霉毒素污染防治研究提供重要科学依据，对保障消费安全和产业健康发展具有重要指导意义。     

花生黄霉病和黄曲霉毒素

早在20世纪60年代,就在花生粉中发现了黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus Link)真菌毒素。真菌毒素是真菌生长在饲料或食品中产生的有毒代谢产物。在英国,受这种毒素污染的饲料曾导致100000只幼火鸡死亡,这就是众所周知的火鸡X病。由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的真菌毒素,后来被确定为黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins),是已知最烈性的诱癌剂。饲料中很少量     

建立防范出口花生黄曲霉毒素污染的GMP设想

花生中黄曲霉毒素污染的发生和发展是一个动态的过程 ,受多种因素的影响 ,通过适当的措施加以预防和控制 ,可以减轻黄曲霉毒素的污染 ,因此对花生黄曲霉毒素污染的控制是全过程的。本文通过对出口花生全过程可能造成污染黄曲霉毒素的因素进行分析 ,有针对性地提出了监控措施和建议 ,提出建立GMP(GoodManufacturingPractice良好操作规范 ) ,以期最大限度从源头上预防花生黄曲霉毒素的污染     

黄曲霉毒素去毒技术调查综述

(一)基本概况一、黄曲霉毒素的毒性和理化性质:黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉有毒菌株的代谢产物,是目前世界各国公认的最强致癌物质,它比已知的致癌物质“二甲基亚硝胺”的毒性强七十五倍.一九七三年十月,世界卫生组织及联合国粮农组织召开的化学污染会上,黄曲霉毒素的研究被列为十六个优先研究项目中的第一个项目。同年,我国也将黄曲霉毒素列为国家重点科研项目之一.早在1915年,就已知道油料种子和油饼在发霉以后,作家禽饲料,可能变成毒性物质。首先被注意的是发霉落花生。     

农家库存花生黄曲霉毒素的预防

某些真菌或霉菌具有产生有害化学物质的能力,当人或牲畜吃了含有这些化学物质的食物或饲料,就会出现中毒症状。这种化学物质被称作真菌毒素。 人们认识真菌毒素已有很多年的历史。但是1960年才得到世界范围内的重视。当时在英格兰有10万只火鸡因吃了带有霉菌的花生粉而死亡。人们发现这种饲料中含有真菌毒素,后来人们把这种真菌毒素称作黄曲霉毒素。黄曲霉毒素由两种真菌产生:即黄曲霉(Aspergillusflavus)和寄生曲霉(A.Parasiticus)。通常合称作A.flavus。之后,人们很快鉴定出这些花生粉来自南美。但是经过对美国花生抽样检查,发现少量花生中也含有这种毒素。     

黄曲霉对花生和玉米的侵染研究

黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)极易侵染花生、玉米等多种农作物,并且在侵染后产生具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用的有毒代谢产物——黄曲霉毒素.黄曲霉的侵染和黄曲霉毒素污染不仅发生在作物生长环节,而且在收获、干燥、储运等过程也会发生,严重威胁农产品消费安全和人畜生命健康.因此,解析黄曲霉对粮油作物的侵染过程及侵染...     

黄曲霉毒素B_1对小鼠肝脏蛋白质组影响的初步研究

采用双向电泳及质谱分析等方法分析了黄曲霉毒素B1对小鼠肝脏蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1不仅能使小鼠逐渐消瘦,肝脏组织出现病变,且能诱导或抑制肝脏部分蛋白的表达。经双向电泳发现,有35个蛋白质点发生变化。对其中新出现或明显上调的5个蛋白质点以及缺失的或明显下调的7个蛋白质点进行质谱分析,结果发现,有5个蛋白属于引发小鼠肝脏发生病变甚至是癌变的蛋白,7个蛋白属于参与小鼠肝脏能量与物质代谢的蛋白,这些蛋白对小鼠肝脏癌变过程都有一定的影响。黄曲霉毒素B1可能通过作用于这些蛋白质使小鼠肝脏发生病变甚至是癌变。本研究鉴定出了12个蛋白,为后续研究黄曲霉毒素B1诱发肝脏癌变的机理及其对人类肝脏蛋白的影响打下基础。     

出口花生黄曲霉毒素污染的预防与控制

花生是我国重要的油脂和食品原料,是我国具有国际市场竞争力的出口创汇经济作物.黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉等真菌感染后产生的次生代谢物质,黄曲霉毒素污染花生具有偶然性和不均匀性,黄曲霉毒素超标是目前我国花生出口中存在的主要质量问题.针对我国花生出口贸易实际,分析提出了我国出口花生黄曲霉毒素污染的预防和控制措施.从生产、收购、贮藏、...     

花生黄曲霉毒素污染研究概况

一、黄曲霉毒素的发现 自从十五世纪法国发生了麦角中毒事件以后人们对于真菌及其对动物致病性代谢产物开始引起注意,迄今已有四百余年的历史了。其后,有关霉菌毒素中毒事件的报导有:1931年苏联由于饲喂葡萄状穗霉毒素污染的饲料致死马匹的事件;美国     

粮油产品黄曲霉毒素B1检测技术研究进展

对黄曲霉毒素检测技术进行了简要介绍和评述,并对近年来粮油及制品黄曲霉毒素B1快速检测方法研究进展和发展趋势进行了综述和讨论.     

高效液相色谱柱后光化学反应-荧光检测茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了高效液相色谱/光化学反应器/荧光检测器测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法。用乙腈水溶液(V∶V=86∶14)提取黄曲霉毒素B1,提取液经净化柱和黄曲霉毒素B1免疫亲和柱净化,高效液相色谱测定。在黄曲霉毒素B1标准溶液质量浓度为0.591~5.91μg/L时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,黄曲霉毒素B1的回收率为85.4%~98.9%(添加量分别为0.510μg/kg、7.090μg/kg和14.180μg/kg),相对标准偏差为0.2%~1.8%,方法检出限为0.1μg/kg。运用所建立方法对市售的8个茶样及加标样品中的黄曲霉毒素B1进行检测,结果显示该方法选择性强、灵敏度高,适合茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定。     

Current status of non-residual control methods against stored product pests

There is an increasing dichotomy between the demands of the first world for quality food uncontaminated by insecticidal residues, and the desperate need of third-world populations to maintain and protect their harvested grain from the deprivations of insects, so as to maintain a minimum level of food security. Fumigation is widely regarded as a non-residual treatment and fumigation with phosphine will continue for the immediate future as the mainstay against insect infestation. However, to ensure its continued use, insect resistance to phosphine must be countered by more efficient application techniques. Already, available alternative control technologies such as hermetic storage and the use of controlled atmospheres using either nitrogen or carbon dioxide also rely heavily on well-sealed storage structures, that are rarely available in rigid silos, but easily obtainable with flexible plastic liners. Aeration systems to cool grain bulks and thereby prevent insect development, are being widely used even in warm climates but are only applicable for bulk grain. Other non-residual treatments such as mechanical impaction, irradiation, biological control or heating, are suitable for high-quality commodities or niche situations.     

高特异性黄曲霉毒素B1单克隆抗体的 制备及特性研究

本研究将黄曲霉毒素B1转化为其半缩醛B2a,在硼氢化钠（NaBH4）还原作用下与载体蛋白偶联制备完全抗原。将制备的完全抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠,经4次免疫后取其脾脏与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞Sp2/0细胞融合,采用半固体培养基筛选后鉴定,获得杂交瘤细胞株3A12,抗体的灵敏度可达6.1±0.025ng/mL,抗体与其它黄曲霉毒素B2、G1及G2的交叉反应率依次为7.8%、20.2%及0.6%,与黄曲霉毒素M1交叉反应率小于0.1%。为研发花生等农产品黄曲霉毒素B1特异性免疫分析技术及产品奠定了重要基础。     

Breeding Oilseed Crops for Improved Oil Quality

Abstract

Vegetable oils are one of the most valuable commodities in world trade. They are subject to specific quality requirements, both for food and non-food uses, there being a continuous demand for new oil types. Thus, plant breeders have made great efforts over the past four decades to develop those quality features demanded by the industry, mainly related to the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. Initially, breeders had to focus on the natural variation occurring within each oilseed crop and closely related species. From the 1970s onwards, the induction of mutations by treatment of seeds with mutagenizing agents was revealed as an effective system for modifying the fatty acid profile. In fact, mutagenesis has proved to be one of the most successful approaches for creating novel oil types. Nowadays, breeding for improved seed oil quality is in a transitional stage, both from a conceptual and a methodological point of view. First, the concept of oil quality is changing. It is not only defined by its fatty acid composition but also by other parameters, the most important being the triacylglycerol profile and the tocopherol content and composition. Second, molecular techniques for gene identification and manipulation are opening up new possibilities, much more powerful and less random than the traditional ones, for the modification of quality traits. In this review, we aim to offer an overview of seed oil quality as well as its genetic improvement by traditional and biotechnological means.     

A review on biosynthesis and genetic regulation of aflatoxin production by major Aspergillus fungi

Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of secondary metabolites belonging to polyketide-derived furanocoumarins produced by Aspergillus fungi. As one type of mycotoxins, AFs are the most carcinogenic and toxic compounds for human and animal health, which might lead to serious contamination on agricultural products including peanut, maize and milk. Moreover, AF contamination in food chain was difficult to be controlled. This review summarizes the research progress on the types, producers and properties of AFs, gene clusters, AF biosynthesis and genetic regulation in major Aspergillus fungi, aiming to provide comprehensive information for developing cost-effective strategies on control of AF contamination in agriculture production and consequent food chain.     

中国红茶出口“一带一路”沿线国家贸易及其影响因素实证分析

中国是世界上最早种植茶树的国家,也是红茶出口贸易最早的国家。本文阐述了中国红茶出口“一带一路”沿线国家的贸易现状,利用重新构建的贸易引力模型实证分析了影响贸易的主要因素。研究结果表明,中国红茶出口均价提高、中国与红茶进口国距离增加、人民币升值均对中国红茶出口“一带一路”存在显著的负向影响,红茶进口国家的人口数量、中国与红茶进口国的人均GDP均对中国红茶出口“一带一路”有明显的正向影响。而共同边界作为虚拟变量对中国红茶出口“一带一路”沿线国家或地区的贸易的正向影响不明显,但签署自由贸易协议作为虚拟变量对中国红茶出口“一带一路”国家或地区的贸易具有明显的正向影响。     

Production of monoclonal antibodies against AFLM (Ver-1), a middle key protein involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis

Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens, and are harmful to both humans and animals. As many as 30 genes are involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Among them, aflM (ver-1) gene was predicted to encode a 28-kDa NADPH-dependent ketoreductase (AFLM), which catalyzed middle enzymatic steps in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. AFLM (Ver-1) was proved to be necessary for conversion of versicolorin A (VERA) to demethylsterigmatocystin (DMST) in aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) biosynthesis. For these reasons, aflM gene was cloned and specific monoclonal antibodies for AFLM was developed to better define potential pathways of AFLM involved in AFB₁ biosynthesis. Monoclonal antibodies 11B2-1D7 and 3G5-4E7 were successfully screened out by immunizing mouse. Immunoblot analysis revealed that both had high sensitivity and specificity to identify native AFLM protein in A. flavus with detection limit of 11 ​ng/mL and 8 ​ng/mL respectively. These results showed that it was suitable for quantitative detection of AFLM in A. flavus isolate. Further investigation revealed that aflatoxin accumulations of various A. flavus were not dependent on AFLM biosynthesis. Overall, this is the first report for development for AFLM monoclonal antibody development and application in A. flavus quantitative detection.     

Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications

Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, various compounds isolated from Theonella swinhoei have showcased various bioactivities, such as those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. In this review, we discuss bioactive compounds that have been identified from marine sponges that showcase the ability to act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, the application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens. The bioactivity of the compounds discussed in this review is focused mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2020 and includes the novel compounds discovered from 2018 to 2021.     

Peanut as a source of protein for human foods

Peanut has traditionally been used as a source, of oil; however, its worldwide annual protein harvest has reached nearly 4.5 million tons. India followed by China and the United States are the major producers of peanut. In recent years, several cereals and legumes-based foods using peanuts as protein supplements have been developed to alleviate protein caloriesmalnutrition problem. Peanut in the form of flour, protein isolates, and meal in a mixed product have been found to be very desirable from a sensory quality point of view. Peanut protein is deficient with respect to certain essential amino acids, but its true digestibility is comparable with that of animal protein. Even though various processing methods influence the nutritional and sensory quality of peanut fortified human foods available information on these aspects have been reviewed and summarised in this paper in order to optimize the utilization of peanut protein to increase protein value of cereal-based foods in developing countries of the peanut growing regions, of the world.