小麦宽苗带等深播种装置设计与试验研究

针对当前播种机仿形效果差、播种深度稳定性差影响播种质量等问题,采用机械执行部件优化与电气控制相互配合的方法,设计了小麦宽苗带等深播种装置。设计出等高位宽幅播种开沟器和刮土整备器,优化了开沟器与覆土器;通过PLC系统对地表的镇压轮垂直反力的监测,采用闭环控制实现播种深度的实时控制。并对装置进行试验,试验结果表明:理论播种深度为25、30、35mm时,实际播种深度均值为25.7、29.4、35.7mm,播深稳定性系数为92.6%、93.2%、90.8%,播种深度一致,满足了播深稳定性要求。     

多功能施肥播种机的研发

针对当前播种机具功能单一、适应性差等现状,研制出适合播种多种作物的多功能施肥播种机。该播种机的排种器适应性好,通过简单调节能够播种水稻、小麦、油菜等大、中、小粒种子。本文还对播种机的整体结构、工作原理、排种装置、地轮传动系统、开沟部件等进行了详细阐述和分析。试验表明:机具结构合理,性能良好,平均耕深7.5cm,排水沟清洁,截面为上宽下窄梯形,不易塌陷,播油菜种子各行排量稳定性变异系数3%,总排量稳定性变异系数2%,能够一次完成旋耕、开沟、施肥、播种、镇压等多道工序。     

一种用于少耕法的凿式播种机

美国爱达荷大学设计、制造了一种用于少耕法的凿式播种机,并在爱达荷北部和华盛顿州东部坡地进行了减少土壤流失的试验。该播种机(见简图)采用振动凿式开沟器,以便清除残茬和准备种床。液体肥料定量地流进凿形松土铲所开的沟里,大约在种子下面20—40mm处,镇压轮覆盖肥料,并压实土壤。双圆盘开沟器将种子播在每一个凿形松土铲所开出的种沟里。采用此种方法播种的小麦产量与传统播种方法比较,仅少5％,但土壤流失减少75％。     

2BM-4型藜麦覆膜精量播种机设计与试验

针对目前国内缺乏藜麦专用播种机械的现状,设计了一种藜麦覆膜精量播种机。根据藜麦覆膜精量种植农艺要求,采用滴灌管浅埋开沟技术,使用滑刀式开沟器在两侧种行间开出宽45mm、深20mm的浅沟,用于埋设滴灌管;采用随动仿形覆膜装置将地膜铺设于整平装置整平后的地表上;设计了翼勺式取种器,确定了种勺结构和侧孔、容种腔的长度,以实现藜麦精量取种;采用滚筒式穴播器在地膜上打穴播种,采用覆土装置将土壤输送至种行进行覆盖,完成播种过程。以白藜品种“陇藜1号”为试验对象,采用三因素四水平正交试验设计方法,试验分析播种机的作业速度、侧孔长度、充种高度对播种性能的影响。结果表明,当播种机作业速度为1.0m/s、侧孔长度为10mm、充种高度140mm时,播种机性能指标最佳,此时合格指数为85.4%,空穴指数为1.7%,漏播指数为5.2%,重播指数为9.4%,播深合格指数为88.1%,各项性能指标均达到了设计要求和相关标准要求,满足藜麦种植的覆膜精量播种要求。     

三种新型精量播种机

2BTM-3型玉米宽垄精量播种机由黑龙江省农垦科学院农业工程研究所研制,适用于宽垄栽培玉米等作物的精量播种,可以通过更换部件进行起垄、播种覆膜、施肥、中耕等作业。该机用气力式排种器,实现精量点播,其漏播、重播率小于5%。更换排种盘和调整行距可实现多种作物播种。技术参数工作幅宽:4305mm;作业行数:播种6行,中耕3行;行间距离:播种为400mm,中耕为1345mm;排种器为圆盘气吸式;配套动力55kW以上。2BSJ-180型小麦深施肥精量播种机由中国农业机械化科学研究院承担研制生产,能深施化肥并精量播种,实现用同一开沟器播种的同时在侧位深施肥,…     

2BHQL-4气力式花生精量播种机的设计与试验

花生在机械化播种环节存在一定程度的伤种、漏播、重播等问题,现有的窝眼式排种器严重制约了花生产业的可持续发展。针对以上问题,设计了2BHQL-4气力式花生精量播种机,可一次完成开沟施肥、单粒精播、覆土镇压等多道工序。对整机结构和工作原理进行了分析,通过对排种器充种、携种、投种3个阶段进行受力分析,明确了排种器单粒取种的条件及影响排种性能的主要参数,计算确定了仿形机构相关参数。样机田间试验结果表明:2BHQL-4气力式花生精量播种机主要技术指标均优于评价要求,粒距合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数、播深合格率分别为92%、5.24%、3.3%、5.7%、91.5%;各行排肥一致性变异系数7.91%,总排肥量稳定性变异系数3.11%。该机工作稳定,排种均匀性良好,种子在田间分布均匀合理,满足设计要求。     

铲式宽苗带燕麦播种开沟器设计与试验

为解决砂壤土条件下,播种开沟器开出种沟较窄,无法适应燕麦宽苗带种植的问题,结合滑切工作原理,设计了一种宽苗带减阻燕麦播种机开沟器。阐述铲式开沟器工作原理,确定刃口曲线方程;通过分析挡土曲面的作业阻力和宽苗带种沟成因,确定挡土曲面主要结构参数取值。采用EDEM仿真分析方法,以开沟器作业阻力、种沟宽度变异系数为试验响应指标进行三元二次正交旋转组合试验,得到可信的回归数学模型;分析各因素交互作用对开沟器工作性能的影响规律;利用遗传算法NSGA-Ⅱ对回归数学模型进行多目标优化,并进行土槽验证试验,得出其最优参数组合为：播深41mm、入土角24°、开沟器宽度107mm,此时作业阻力为727.1N,种沟宽度变异系数为9.92%;土槽验证试验得到作业阻力平均值为789.07N,种沟宽度变异系数平均值为10.69%,与优化结果的误差分别为8.52%、7.76%。播种对比试验进一步表明作业效果满足宽苗带燕麦种植开沟农艺要求。     

2 BF-2型谷子精少量流体播种机的设计与试验

山西谷子多种植于丘陵山地,且种植区气候干旱,针对其特殊条件,根据谷子免间苗精少量播种的农艺要求,研制了2 BF-2型谷子精少量流体播种机,设计了输送泵式流体排种装置、链传动系统及滑刀式开沟器等主要工作部件,并阐述了播种机吸种、输种、播种的主要工作过程。以各行排量一致性变异系数、总排量稳定性变异系数、种子破碎率为指标对其进行了排种性能试验;以穴距合格率、穴粒数合格率、空穴率、播深一致性变异系数为指标对其进行了播种性能试验。结果表明:该播种机各行排量一致性变异系数小于5.2%,总排量稳定性变异系数小于2.6%,种子破碎率小于0.5%;穴距合格率大于80%,穴粒数合格率大于74%,空穴率小于5%,播深一致性变异系数小于4%,基本满足谷子精少量播种的要求。谷子精少量流体播种机的设计为山西地区谷子流体播种技术和装备的研发提供了参考。     

基于机采棉的折叠式棉花覆膜播种机设计与试验

针对机采棉宽行种植模式,为提高棉花播种机工作效率、改善作业质量,设计2MB―3/6型折叠式棉花覆膜播种机,一次进地完成开沟、施肥、播种、覆膜等工序,实现宽幅覆膜、宽幅高效作业。创新设计的衔夹式排种器可提高作业速度50%以上,并实现棉花精密播种;设计隔间刮土同位仿形装置清理刮平播种行地表的干土,并保证播深一致性;中间加装的同位仿形镇压轮可压碎整平地表的干土块,并在两播种行之间形成高于刮平表面20~30mm的土埂,为棉苗的生长留出空间,不致放苗不及时而灼伤棉苗。室内和田间生产试验表明,该机主要技术性能指标均达到或超过设计要求。     

小麦―玉米连作体系的玉米免耕精量播种机设计

根据黄淮海小麦―玉米连作高产区的种植特点,针对小麦收获后秸秆覆盖的地表进行玉米播种时的麦草壅堵、播深不稳定、漏播率、晾种率高等问题,研发2BYJ―4A型玉米免耕精量播种机。该机可一次完成苗带清整、开沟、施肥、精量播种、覆土镇压等工序。设计苗带清整及防堵装置,创造播种条件并保证机具通过性;采用四杆仿形机构,保证播深一致性;采用勺轮式排种器,实现精量播种,保证空穴率小于2%;设计一体式施肥播种开沟器,实现播种和施肥分层实施。田间试验表明,该播种机作业性能达到设计要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。