小麦矮秆突变体的鉴定及其突变性状的关联分析

矮秆突变体是小麦育种和株高遗传研究的重要基因资源。通过‘云麦53’成熟种子的EMS (Ethyl methyl sulfonate)诱变及诱变植株连续自交,获得了33个M3代候选突变体。通过诱变亲本与M2和M3代候选植株的株高差异分析,筛选到26个矮秆突变体,其株高变幅为(13.61±0.11)~(44.08±1.73) cm。基于8个矮秆基因的12个特异性标记检测发现, 26个矮秆突变体至少携带2个矮秆基因标记位点。除株高外, 26个矮秆突变体还携带穗长、小穗密度、节间数和平均节间长4个不同突变性状。26个矮秆突变体可聚为5个亚类,第1亚类的小穗数和小花数最少;第2亚类的株高最矮,穗长和平均节间长最短,小穗密度最高;第3亚类突变体的节间数最少。株高与平均节间长和节间数呈极显著相关,偏相关系数分别为0.94、0.58,但与穗长、小穗数、小花数和小穗密度4个性状无相关性。26个矮秆突变体的株高与平均节间长和节间数关联遗传,携带不同的突变基因组合,可用于小麦矮化育种,以及株高、穗长和小穗密度等性状的遗传机制研究。     

用微卫星标记鉴定中国小麦品种中Rht8矮秆基因的分布

利用微卫星Xgwm261标记对中国小麦主产区近30年小麦主栽品种进行Rht8矮秆基因的鉴定,同时进行系谱分析加以验证,结果表明:就全国范围而言,约42.3%的品种含有Rht8,但不同生态区的分布频率不同;结合赤霉酸(GA3)反应实验,约20.6%的品种同时含有Rht8和对GA3不敏感矮秆基因.根据系谱分析,中国小麦品种Rht8的供体品种主要是来自意大     

小麦新品种系宛原50-2矮秆基因的染色体定位

宛原50-2是一个株高比常用矮矮，农艺性状较好的新品系。通过21个单体系F1、F2的株高和F2的赤霉酸反应及测交分析，发现该品系携带有4对或4对以上的矮秆基因。其中Rht IS位于染色体4B**上；Rht8和Rht9分别位于染色体2D和7B上；一对可能通过诱变产生的对赤霉酸不敏感的矮秆基因，暂命名为Rht（Wan），位于染色体4D上。     

小麦矮秆突变体Xu1801的鉴定及其矮化效应分析

在徐麦35原种繁育过程中发现1株天然矮秆突变体,经连续多代单株选择,该突变体株高性状稳定遗传,将其命名为Xu1801 (徐1801)。为研究Xu1801矮化原因,进行了农艺性状调查、倒伏指数分析、苗期赤霉素处理和矮秆相关基因检测。调查发现, Xu1801平均株高68.16 cm,较野生型徐麦35株高降低24.05%,其矮化效应表现为节间减少和各节间极显著缩短;其中,第5节间效应值最大,达44.16%。Xu1801的旗叶宽度、叶绿素含量、小穗密度极显著高于徐麦35,其他农艺性状与徐麦35差异较小。Xu1801产量达8604.17kghm–2,低于徐麦35;而蛋白质含量、湿面筋、沉降值等品质指标均显著优于徐麦35。Xu1801茎秆粗壮,各节间充实度较好,倒伏指数47.73,极显著低于徐麦35。GA3处理可知, Xu1801和徐麦35同属于赤霉素反应不敏感型种质。分子标记检测发现, Xu1801可能含有Rht-D1b、Rht4、Rht8、Rht9和Rht12等矮秆相关基因; WMC317 (Rht4)和BARC102 (Rht5)在Xu1801和徐麦35之间呈现出不同条带,其他标记扩增条带在...     

直接导入农林10号矮秆基因地八倍体小黑麦的研究

用杂交、回交方法，将农林１０号的矮秆是因导入八倍体小黑麦Ｙ１１３９Ｆ７中。和预期的一样，在不及Ｒ组染色体竽组的情况下，导入后的八倍体小黑麦种子饱满度并未下降，还略有提高。审利用直接导入法导入普通小麦有利基因八倍体小黑麦的第一个实例，为“未经改良的Ｒ组染色体对八倍体小黑麦的种子饱满度有干扰作用”提供了间接的证据。     

小麦几个“矮源”品种矮秆基因的遗传分析

本研究选用矮变1号、冬协2号为主要矮源,通过株高的常规遗传分析、单体分析和赤霉酸(GA_3)鉴定,分析了矮源品种矮秆基因的遗传特点。结果表明:矮变1号受一对不完全显性矮杆基因控制,其株高和胚乳皆对 GA_3不敏感。蚰包的衍生系冬协2号、CA8333和农林10号的衍生系 G-230携带有相同的一对隐性矮秆基因 Rht2,且位于4D 染色体上,     

水稻矮秆突变体sde(t)的遗传分析与基因初步定位

矮生突变体的引入掀起了第一次“绿色革命”。但近年来,在水稻育种中矮生基因遗传单一的问题越来越突出,已经严重影响了水稻产量的持续提高。从籼稻品种中籼3037中发现一个矮秆自然突变体,该矮秆突变体和中花11杂交F2的遗传分析表明该材料的矮秆性状由1对隐性单基因控制,并暂命名为sde（t）。利用已有的INDEL分子标记将sde（t）基因定位在水稻1号染色体的长臂上,然后通过扩大群体和新发展的INDEL与CAPS标记,将sde（t）基因定位在2个INDEL标记之间,两者间的物理距离大约是400kb。     

小麦Rht3矮秆系杂种F1粒重优势表现及遗传分析

按ｐ×ｑ交配模式,以４个Ｒｈｔ３矮秆系为母本,１０个小麦品种（系）为父本配制了４０个杂种Ｆ１,研究其粒重优势表现。结果表明,４０个杂种的平均优势平均为１１９５％,变幅为－６４９％～２８８３％。超亲优势平均为０１２％,变幅为－１８９５％～１７５７％。竞争优势平均为－４９６％,变幅为－２４２４％～１７７４％。选用粒重较高的Ｒｈｔ３矮秆系如ＮＤ３５和ＮＤ３７作母本,粒重超过对照的品种（系）作父本,较易获得粒重具正向竞争优势的杂种。１４个亲本的配合力分析,针对选育高粒重的杂交组合育种目标,矮秆系中ＮＤ３５和ＮＤ３７利用价值较高,１０个品种（系）中邯分８６１３、鲁８９５０２３和鲁８９６０１８的利用价值较高。讨论了克服Ｒｈｔ３基因对粒重的不利效应,选育高粒重半矮秆杂种小麦的途径     

玉米矮化突变体gad39的遗传分析与分子鉴定

株高决定了玉米的种植密度和抗倒伏性,进而影响产量和品质,是玉米育种中重要的选择性状之一,因此对控制玉米株高相关基因的遗传和分子机制的研究具有重要意义。本文对源自玉米自交系Mo17的矮化自然突变体gad39进行了表型鉴定、细胞学观察、遗传分析、基因定位和赤霉素(GA3)处理等研究。田间种植条件下,整个生育期gad39的株高都明显矮于野生型Mo17,吐丝期仅100.00 cm,与野生型的192.60 cm相比,下降了48.08%,差异达到极显著水平;进一步分析发现gad39的雄穗长度显著变短,节间数目显著减少。扫描电镜观察发现,茎秆纵向细胞的宽度和长度显著变小。雄穗变短、节间数目减少和纵向细胞变小是导致gad39植株矮化的主要原因。除植株矮化外, gad39分蘖数增加,穗位降低,茎秆变细,叶片变短和雌穗变短。遗传分析表明, gad39的突变表型由1对隐性核基因控制,将控制矮化性状的基因定位在3号染色体长臂td4和td6标记之间。这2个标记之间的物理距离为15.34 kb,其间包含一个控制植株矮化的基因D1/ZmGA3ox2。测序发现, gad39中的D1基因具有10个InDels和21个S...     

Distribution of microsatellite alleles linked to Rht8 dwarfing gene in wheat

A wheat microsatellite locus, Xgwm 261, whose 192-bp allele closelylinked to the dwarfing gene Rht8, on chromosome 2D, was used toscreen 71 wheat cultivars from 13 countries to assess the variation at thislocus. Screening of this wheat collection showed that a 165-bp allele anda 174-bp allele were the most frequent. None of the New Zealand cultivarspossessed a 192-bp allele specific to Rht8, while only one cultivarfrom the US produced this important allele. The frequency of a 192-bpallele among these wheat cultivars was 5.63%. The highest allelefrequency was observed for a 174-bp fragment (52.11%) followed by a165-bp fragment (26.76%). The only durum wheat `Cham 1', did notshow any amplification due to the absence of D genome. Four new novelalleles, 180-bp, 198-bp, 200-bp and 204-bp present in the US and NewZealand wheat cultivars are reported.     

Chromosomal location of dwarfing gene Rht12 in wheat

Summary The chromosomal location of the dwarfing gene Rht12 in the mutant winter wheat Karcagi 522M7K was investigated using F₂ monosomic analysis. The segregation ratio for F₂ progenies of Chinese Spring monosomics × Karcagi 522M7K, and that of Cheyenne monosomics × Karcagi 522M7K indicated that the near complete dominant dwarfing gene Rht12 is located on chromosome 5A. The heterozygous and hemizygous states of the genes Rht12 have the same effect on plant height.     

Inheritance of plant height in the dwarf mutant 'Enana' of safflower

The dwarf safflower mutant ‘Enana’ has been developed from the cultivar ‘Rancho’ by chemical mutagenesis. The objective of the present research was to study the inheritance of plant height in crosses between ‘Enana’ and ‘Rancho’. Plants of both lines were reciprocally crossed and the F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations were obtained. The evaluation of plant height in the F₂ generation suggested the presence of a single locus controlling this trait. This was confirmed after the evaluation of 164 F_2:3 lines, which revealed an F₂ segregation fitting a 1:2:1 (dwarf: intermediate: standard) ratio. The locus was designated D^w. As the mutated allele was partly dominant over the wild‐type allele, the proposed genotype for ‘Rancho’ was d^w d^w, whereas that for ‘Enana’ was D^w D^w. Furthermore, a partial cytoplasmic effect on plant height was detected, with the heterozygote D^w d^w being about 6 cm taller when ‘Rancho’ was used as female.     

水稻矮化宽叶突变体osdwl1的生理特性和基因定位

株高是影响水稻倒伏的重要因素之一,培育适度矮化水稻品种有利于提高其抗倒性,进而减少产量损失并提高稻米品质,因此研究矮秆形成的分子生理机制具有重要意义。通过辐射诱变籼稻恢复系自选1号获得一个稳定遗传的矮化宽叶突变体osdwl1,本文对其形态与生理特征、细胞结构差异、遗传分析和基因定位等方面进行了研究。大田条件下,osdwl1矮化宽叶性状始于分蘖期后,成熟期穗长和各茎节长度均极显著短于对照,最终导致株高矮化,究其原因,是由于突变体茎节细胞变短所致;而叶片石蜡切片及扫描电镜结果显示,osdwl1的叶片小维管束数及其间距显著增加,从而导致叶片变宽,且其上下表皮的小刺毛数也极显著增加。此外,osdwl1的中上部叶片还表现黄化症状,该性状始于3~4叶期幼苗。生理分析和透射电镜观察表明,与野生型对照相比,孕穗期osdwl1的叶绿体类囊体结构松散,且部分已开始降解,从而导致其倒二叶和倒三叶的叶绿素总含量、净光合速率以及Fv/Fm比值均极显著降低,而其可溶性蛋白、过氧化氢酶及超氧化物歧化酶酶活依次极显著降低,从而导致叶中H2O2及O2-累积,促使丙二醛含量急剧增加。遗传分析表明,osdwl1的矮化宽叶表型受单隐性核基因调控,利用图位克隆技术将该基因定位于6号染色体短臂的SSR标记RM19297与InDel标记ID269-2之间,物理距离为333kb,该结果为进一步克隆OsDWL1基因并研究其功能奠定了基础。     

水稻矮化宽叶突变体osdwl1的生理特性和基因定位

Plant height is one of the important factors affecting rice lodging. The semi-dwarf rice varieties possess high level of lodging resistance, and could reduce yield loss and improve grain quality. Thus, it is very important to study the molecular and physiological mechanism of dwarf formation in rice. In this study, a stable hereditary dwarf and wider-leaf mutant osdwl1 was obtained from ⁶⁰Co γ-radiated indica restore line Zixuan 1, and its morphological and physiological characteristics, cytological observation, genetic analysis and gene mapping were investigated. Under field condition, the mutant osdwl1 exhibited dwarf and wider-leaf after the tillering stage due to shorter length of the parenchyma cells, and its panicle length and all internodes length were significantly shorter compared with wild type plants at mature stage. Paraffin sections and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observation revealed that the number of small vascular (SV) bundles and the distance between SVs increased significantly, resulting in wider-leaf blade in osdwl1. Moreover, the number of microhairs on the abaxial and adaxial epidermis were also increased significantly in osdwl1. In addition, starting at the 3-4 leaf seedling stage, yellowing was visible at the upper middle parts of old leaves in osdwl1. Physiological analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that the lamellar structure of chloroplast was distorted and began to collapse in some mesophyll cells, which led to the reduction of total chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic rate and F_v/F_m ratio of the second and third leaves from top in osdwl1 at the heading stage. Relative to the wild type plants, the soluble protein content, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased, which in turn resulting in the accumulation of H₂O₂ and O₂^-, and a steady increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the mutant leaves. Genetic analysis and gene mapping showed that osdwl1 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, located in a region of 333 kb between SSR marker RM19297 and the InDel marker ID269-2 on the short arm of chromosome 6. The results would further facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of OsDWL1 gene.     

小麦芒长抑制基因B2的精细定位与候选基因分析

芒是小麦重要的穗部器官和形态特征,是小麦长期进化和适应环境的结果,对产量和抗旱性等具有重要影响。目前,对麦芒的遗传与发育还缺乏系统的研究,相关基因克隆或精细定位的研究尚未见报道。本试验利用短芒材料‘六柱头’与长芒材料‘石矮1号’构建的F2群体(SL-F2)对芒的遗传与发育进行了研究。细胞学观察表明,短芒主要是由细胞长度变短引起;遗传分析表明,‘六柱头’的短芒由显性单基因控制;借助Wheat660K SNP芯片的BSA分析和SL-F2群体的精细定位,确定‘六柱头’的芒长抑制基因是前人报道的B2位点,并将其定位到6B染色体4.84Mb的物理区间(471.28～476.12 Mb)内,该区段在中国春与矮抗58间具有良好的共线性。在B2定位区间共有61个基因,其中5个在中国春穗部特异表达,TraesCS6B02G264400在中国春和Azhurnaya幼穗表达差异显著。这些研究结果为B2基因的克隆、小麦芒形成机理的解析及育种中的应用奠定了基础。