甘蓝型油菜BnCNGC基因家族鉴定及其在核盘菌侵染和PEG处理下的表达特性分析

CNGC是植物中普遍存在的环核苷酸门控通道,对植物的逆境响应有重要作用。系统分析甘蓝型油菜BnCNGC基因家族成员全基因组分布、结构、进化及其响应不同逆境胁迫的表达特性,对于阐明其生物学功能具有重要意义。本研究利用拟南芥和甘蓝CNGC蛋白保守结构域及特异基序氨基酸序列在全基因组水平鉴定了甘蓝型油菜BnCNGC家族成员,分析其基因结构、染色体定位、蛋白理化性质、蛋白保守结构域、系统进化及启动子顺式作用元件等。利用转录组数据,筛选甘蓝型油菜逆境响应候选BnCNGC成员,并采用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在核盘菌、PEG模拟干旱胁迫下的表达模式。结果显示,共鉴定到49个甘蓝型油菜BnCNGC成员,分布于除A08、C06的17对染色体上,含有5～10个内含子,其上游1500 bp包含大量逆境胁迫响应元件。BnCNGC家族成员编码的蛋白质含413～801个氨基酸,相对分子量(MW)范围47.62～110.58kD,等电点(pI)范围6.10～9.88。系统进化分析表明,BnCNGC分为Group Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ四类。转录组数据分析表明, BnCNGC9、BnCNGC27和BnCNGC48均参与逆境胁...     

甘蓝型油菜蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)基因家族成员鉴定及表达分析

蔗糖磷酸合酶(sucrose phosphate synthase, SPS)是调控植物蔗糖合成的限速酶, 对光合产物的转运和积累有重要影响。利用拟南芥SPS蛋白保守结构域在甘蓝型油菜基因组数据库鉴定出11个甘蓝型油菜SPS基因家族成员, 根据系统进化分析将其分成A、B和C共3个亚家族。基因结构预测表明, SPSC-1有5个外显子, 其他SPS基因均有11~15个外显子。顺式作用元件分析表明, 油菜SPS基因除含基本的启动子保守元件外, 还含有许多与逆境和激素响应相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, BnSPSA1在花中表达量最高, BnSPSA2在各组织中均有不同程度的表达, BnSPSB只在叶、蕾和花中表达, BnSPSC在叶中表达量最高, 在蕾和花中有少量表达而在其他组织中基本不表达, 说明SPS基因在甘蓝型油菜中的表达具有明显的组织特异性; BnSPSA1和BnSPSC在高生物产量油菜叶片中的表达高于低生物产量油菜, BnSPSB则在低生物产量油菜中的表达量更高, 说明SPS基因与油菜生物产量密切相关。本研究为油菜SPS基因的功能研究和利用奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜BES1转录因子家族的鉴定及比较基因组学分析

BES1转录因子家族对调节植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫具有非常重要的作用。本研究在甘蓝型油菜基因组测序完成的基础上,对芸薹属作物BES1转录因子家族的进化及表达进行了系统深入研究。本研究在甘蓝型油菜、白菜、甘蓝和拟南芥全基因组中分别鉴定到29条、15条、14条和8条BES1转录因子。通过系统发育、基因结构和保守基序的分析,这些转录因子被分为三组,即Group A、Group B和Group C。在甘蓝型油菜与白菜、甘蓝和拟南芥间分别鉴定出30对、32对和23对直系同源基因。甘蓝型油菜中含有15对旁系同源BES1基因,显著的高于其它3个物种。大多数BES1基因在根和叶中都具有较高的表达水平,表明这些基因在甘蓝型油菜生长发育过程中起到重要的作用。本研究对进一步探索该家族调控植物的生长及逆境适应的分子机制奠定了基础,同时为其它基因家族的研究提供了指导。     

甘蓝型油菜海藻糖磷酸合成酶(TPS)基因家族的生物信息学分析

海藻糖磷酸合成酶(TPS)在植物响应多种非生物胁迫及生物胁迫时起着重要的作用,但目前对甘蓝型油菜中TPS基因的了解甚少。本研究运用生物信息学方法在甘蓝型油菜基因组中筛选甘蓝型油菜TPS家族基因,对鉴定出的31个BnTPSs基因进行分子特征、蛋白特性、蛋白结构域、保守基序、顺式作用元件、KaKs、染色体定位、系统进化树构建等研究。系统发育分析表明,BnTPS家族分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ类,家族成员数明显比甘蓝、白菜和拟南芥中的TPS基因数多,不规则分布于染色体上。多数蛋白呈酸性,分别在N端和C端具有TPS和TPP结构域。顺式作用元件分析表明,TPS家族与植株抗逆境胁迫有关。KaKs分析表明,大多BnTPSs家族成员有多拷贝基因,基因在纯化选择压力下进化。本研究结果为进一步研究甘蓝型油菜TPS家族基因生物学功能尤其在响应逆境中的功能奠定理论基础。     

甘蓝型油菜A7-FT启动子的功能分析

为了利用PCR技术得到甘蓝型油菜A7-FT基因启动子序列,根据甘蓝型油菜全基因组序列,利用启动子在线预测软件预测其功能与结构,根据其预测的顺式元件的分布,从5′端开始缺失的方式获得5个不同片段长度的启动子序列。构建含不同片段长度启动子的GUS基因表达载体,利用农杆菌介导拟南芥,得到T_2幼苗,经过GUS染色与脱色,探讨A7-FT基因启动子的功能,为研究甘蓝型油菜开花调控机制提供理论基础。通过PCR技术从甘蓝型油菜湘油15号基因DNA中获得A7-FT基因启动子序列。利用PLACE和PlantCARE在线工具对该段序列进行预测,发现A7-FT基因启动子除了存在启动子核心元件CAATbox和TATAbox,还有光应答元件、激素应答元件、胚乳表达应答元件、抗逆性应答元件、生理控制相关的顺式作用元件。基于预测的顺式作用元件的分布情况,设计特异性引物,克隆不同片段长度启动子,与pCAMBIA1303载体构建5′端缺失载体,分别命名为M1、M2、M3、M4、M5。通过农杆菌介导拟南芥,GUS染色与脱色结果显示,在-1 549～-238可能存在一些负调控元件的结合位点,而-238～+1区域是该启动子的核心区段。     

甘蓝型油菜SnRK基因家族生物信息学分析及其与种子含油量的关系

蔗糖非发酵相关蛋白激酶(sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase, SnRK)是植物中广泛存在的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,它们参与调控植物的信号传导、逆境响应和种子生长等生物学过程。为了解析甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)中SnRK基因家族的性质及其对种子含油量的影响,本研究对BnSnRK基因家族的系统进化、基因结构、蛋白质理化性质、保守基序、蛋白质二级结构、顺式作用元件和亚细胞定位预测等进行分析,并通过候选基因关联分析、单倍型分析和qRT-PCR筛选影响种子含油量的BnSnRK基因。结果显示,鉴定得到92个BnSnRK成员,分为3个亚族,分布于甘蓝型油菜19条染色体上,亚族之间蛋白质理化性质差异显著。多数基因拥有7～14个外显子;同一亚族的motif分布情况更相似。BnSnRK家族主要在细胞质中表达,蛋白质二级结构主要以α-螺旋和不规则卷曲为主。关联分析筛选出与油菜种子含油量相关的12个家族成员,基因BnaC02g10730D可能负向调控甘蓝型油菜种子含油量,基因BnaA07g12290D、BnaA10g22850D...     

甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因启动子的克隆与表达分析

为了进一步了解启动子在甘蓝型油菜FIL基因(BnaFIL)表达调控中的作用,根据甘蓝型油菜基因组数据,以甘蓝型油菜叶片提取的DNA为模板,对甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因的启动子序列pBnaFIL进行克隆,长度为1 326 bp。采用PlantCARE在线分析软件对该启动子序列进行生物信息学序列分析,结果表明,该序列含有参与光反应的部分保守DNA模块以及CAAT-box和TATA-box等核心启动子必备元件,与分生组织表达有关的顺式作用的调控元件CAT-box以及光敏反应元件。通过该启动子序列替换pBI121植物表达载体上的CaMV35S启动子,使该启动子与GUS基因融合获得pBnaFIL-GUS表达载体,将载体通过农杆菌花序浸染的方法转入拟南芥中,获得了早花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系和晚花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系。之后对转基因拟南芥植株进行GUS染色分析,对启动子的表达效果进行了检测,最终在不同的转基因拟南芥植株中均发现了GUS基因的表达。结果表明,早花材料与晚花材料中启动子表达强弱存在差异,早花材料启动子的驱动基因表达效果比晚花材料启动子的驱动效果要好,由此推断,启动子的驱动效果...     

Bna-novel-miR311-HSC70-1模块调控甘蓝型油菜响应热胁迫的机制

HSP70(heat shock protein 70)参与植物热胁迫应答,增强植物耐热性,但目前油菜中尚无miRNA调控HSP70基因的报道。本研究novel-miR311是利用高通量技术在甘蓝型油菜茎尖中筛选出的新miRNA。novel-miR311存在于油菜而不存在于拟南芥中, 5'-RACE技术证实其2个靶基因属热应激同源蛋白基因HSC70-1 (HSP70家族),在甘蓝型油菜体内被剪切。构建novel-miR311超表达载体,转化拟南芥和甘蓝型油菜,其转基因阳性苗中HSC70-1基因表达量显著下降。高温胁迫试验表明,拟南芥和甘蓝型油菜热胁迫后,其阳性苗的生长势和存活率显著低于其对应的对照。qPCR结果显示,油菜中HSC70-1基因表达量热胁迫后较热胁迫前上升。上述结果表明,油菜novel-miR311介导HSC70-1基因的剪切降低了拟南芥和甘蓝型油菜耐热性。     

Bna-novel-miR36421调节拟南芥株型和花器官发育的功能验证

MicroRNA参与油菜种子发育、胁迫响应和胚胎发育等多种生物学过程,但其在油菜株型和花器官发育方面的报道还较少。本研究以高/低收获指数油菜中显著差异表达的Bna-novel-miR36421为对象,通过转基因植株表型、靶基因预测、表达量和双荧光素酶报告系统等解析其调控机制。Bna-novel-miR36421与植物miR167家族成员高度同源,可能为油菜新的miR167成员。Bna-novel-miR36421能靶向并抑制Bna.C03ARF6、Bna.C06ARF8、Bna.A09PATL2和Bna.C03DUF581的表达。过表达拟南芥植株中,Bna-novel-miR36421的表达量显著上调,而上述4个靶基因的拟南芥同源基因表达量极显著下降。过表达拟南芥植株株型矮小,茎间缩短,叶片高度卷曲;花器官发育异常,雌蕊膨大,雄蕊花丝缩短,花药不开裂,花粉败育。推测Bna-novel-miR36421可能通过抑制Bna.C03ARF6、Bna.C06ARF8、Bna.A09PATL2和Bna.C03DUF581基因表达,进而对油菜株型和花器官的发育起到重要的调控作用。研究结果对解析mi...     

甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因家族及其启动子的克隆与表达分析

从甘蓝型油菜中克隆了MAPK7基因家族3个成员BnMAPK7-1、BnMAPK7-2和BnMAPK7-3的全长cDNA序列,它们最长标准mRNA分别为1593、1434和1547 bp。系统进化分析表明,甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因全部来自白菜,而且BnMAPK7-1/-2的是由白菜Bra03723祖先基因加倍产生的,而BnMAPK7-3则由白菜中Bra037234的祖先基因进化形成的。同时,克隆获得BnMAPK7-1/-2的启动子序列,该启动子里含有多个与光诱导相关的元件、激素响应元件和逆境胁迫响应元件。实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)显示甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因家族在所有的组织器官中均表达,并发现该基因家族的表达受植物激素(MeJA、ABA、SA)、信号分子(H₂O₂)、逆境(高温)以及伤害(损伤和核盘菌)的诱导,初步证明甘蓝型油菜MAPK7基因在植物逆境胁迫应答中起一定作用。实现了甘蓝型油菜MAPK7-1/-3基因的原核表达,并证明它们编码的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,为后续的研究提供了基础。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.