中国调味茶的现状、问题与发展趋势

随着茶的健康属性不断深入人心,不同风味属性的调味茶产品在市场大受好评,基于市场行情,阐述了调味茶的现状,品牌多,品种多,但是缺少领导品牌;调味茶存在着多种饮用方式,但仍需充实饮用场景及应用;结合调味茶发展现状与存在一些问题,健康化、便携化可能是调味茶发展趋势,也是行业与消费者的需求。     

速溶茶产品质量标准刍议

目前，速溶茶产品有纯味速溶茶和调味速溶芬两大类。纯味速溶条是成品茶经提取、过滤、浓缩、干燥等菜叶深加工工艺加工而成的，保持茶叶原有风味的速溶性粉末或颗粒。依原料不同可分为：速溶绿茶、速溶花茶、速溶乌龙茶、速溶红茶、速溶普洱茶等。调味速溶茶是以纯味速溶茶为主原料，经调味、调香混合加工而成的，速溶性粉．末或颗粒。按调味、调香的加工工艺不同分为：花香型调味速溶茶，如桂花茶、菊条冰条；果香型调味速溶条，如柠檬红菜、苹果冰茶；风味型调味速溶条，如蜂蜜绿茶、奶茶等。速溶茶产品质量主要由原料质显、生产工艺与产…     

中国茶饮料行业现状与展望

<正>按照《GB/T 21733—2008茶饮料》国家标准,茶饮料按产品风味分为茶饮料、调味茶饮料、复合茶饮料、茶浓缩液等。其中调味茶主要有果汁类、果味类、奶味类、碳酸类等不同风味。国家标准规定不得使用茶多酚、咖啡因作为原料调制茶饮料。茶饮料与传统的茶叶不同,它是茶叶的深加工产品。中国茶饮料发展起步于上世纪九十年代初,随后不断快速发展。据2014年饮料行业数据显示,饮料按产量份额格局分大     

茶多糖的提取及分离纯化研究进展

茶多糖是从茶叶提取出来的植物多糖,具有多种生物活性,近些年已发展成为茶学领域的一个新的研究热点.本文主要综述了近年来茶多糖提取、分离纯化等方面的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向和发展前景进行了展望,以期为茶多糖的研究与开发提供理论依据.     

茶料理的开发

正茶之为饮在中国已有几千年的历史,茶与料理完美结合,也有几千年的历史。茶料理又称茶餐、茶菜、茶膳,简单地说,茶料理就是用茶汤、茶粉或茶叶掺和其他食材,调理而成,包括菜肴、点心、主食、冷饮、调味品等;也就是用茶做的菜、主食,就如同用水果做菜,用花做菜一般。以茶叶作为调料或者主料制作的菜肴,既保持了各大菜系的特色,又融人了茶叶的芳香,风味独特,别具韵味。把茶与食料一起烹饪,一是可以用茶叶中特有清香调味,除油腻、去腥味。二是通过茶中丰富的营养物质,增强菜肴的营养和保健功能,对人体健康有益。三是可以更大地发     

新会小青柑普洱茶的加工原理及其加工方法

小青柑是小青柑普洱茶的简称,由云南普洱熟茶和广东江门新会柑幼果,经过系列加工工艺制作而成的一种调味茶[1]。由于口感受大众喜爱,保健功效突出,以及冲泡的便捷性、携带的方便性,借助互联网的传播力,迅速成名,几乎一夜之间闻名全国,成为大家耳熟能详的网红名茶。     

广西六堡茶的研究进展

六堡茶属于传统六大茶类之一的黑茶,是广西的地方性名茶。本文综述了六堡茶的适制茶树品种、加工工艺、微生物等三个方面的研究进展,以期为今后六堡茶的深入研究提供一定的参考。     

茶梗的综合利用研究进展

茶梗是茶叶加工过程产生的一类副产物。本文综述了近几年来关于茶梗的应用研究现状,包括功能成分提取纯化、茶梗的吸附功能和改性,以及其在烟草、家具用品、菌菇类培养基等方面的研究进展,并对茶梗利用途径进行了展望,为茶梗的深入研究和新产品开发提供参考。     

苦参素防治茶树主要害虫的研究进展

苦参素是植物源农药之一,具有低毒、低残留、对天敌杀伤力小等特点。本文概述了近年来苦参素对茶树主要害虫防治的研究进展,如对茶尺蠖、茶毛虫、茶小绿叶蝉和茶蚜等主要害虫都具有较好的防效,明确指出:该药剂适宜于无公害茶叶生产。     

茶园蓟马的绿色防控技术研究进展

为更好地防治广东茶园两种常见蓟马,本文从生物学特征、危害症状、绿色防控技术等方面介绍茶棍蓟马与茶黄蓟马的研究进展,以期为茶园蓟马的绿色防控技术的应用提供参考。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.