玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定

低温冷害是北方春玉米区主要的气象灾害之一。通过种子低温发芽试验对8个东北地区生产上主要利用的玉米自交系进行芽期耐冷性鉴定。在常温（25℃）和低温（10℃）条件下分别测定了发芽势、发芽率、平均发芽时间、发芽指数、幼苗干重和活力指数等,并以各性状低温与常温下测定值的比值（相对值）作为耐冷性鉴定指标。通过聚类分析将自交系分为耐冷性强中弱3类,其中PH4CV、吉419和吉495耐冷性强,H21耐冷性中等,W9706、黄早四、丹黄02和四279耐冷性弱。相关性分析表明,相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对幼苗干重与相对活力指数呈极显著相关,可以作为玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定指标。本试验为大规模鉴定和筛选芽期耐冷玉米种质奠定了基础。     

黑龙江省主栽水稻品种耐延迟型冷害能力鉴定

采用人工气候箱模拟低温的方法,对黑龙江省30个主栽水稻品种进行了萌发期和分蘖期耐冷性鉴定,以期筛选出耐延迟型冷害强的品种。结果显示,不同品种在萌发期耐冷性上差异较大,筛选出耐延迟型冷害较强的品种为龙粳16号、龙粳18号、龙粳22号和松粳12号,这些品种在10℃下低温发芽率高且分蘖期低温处理后延迟生育日数少,是可以作为直播栽培的品种。     

西瓜耐冷性鉴定指标的筛选

旨为分析不同西瓜品种在发芽期的耐冷特性、苗期的生长特性、光合作用及生理生化方面的差异,筛选出西瓜耐冷性的综合鉴定指标和鉴定方法,为实际生产上选育耐冷性的西瓜种质资源提供依据。通过对12份西瓜材料进行耐冷性比较,初步筛选出3个耐冷性不同的西瓜材料,对这3个材料进行低温处理。结果表明：不同处理时间下,各品种的冷害指数有差异。通过测定处理6d和8d时的冷害指数,得出各品种耐低温性强弱,从中选出耐低温性品种红野一号、中等耐低温性品种抗病苏蜜和冷敏感品种橙兰。15℃低温条件下,耐冷性品种红野一号的发芽率、相对发芽率、胚根长及相对胚根长最高。15℃可作为西瓜种子发芽期耐低温性鉴定的适宜温度;种子的始发芽日期、相对发芽率、相对胚根长可作为西瓜芽期耐低温鉴定指标。三叶一心的西瓜幼苗低温处理后,植株的生长量降低,光合速率下降,植株叶片的酶活性增加,MDA含量上升,各指标的变化幅度与低温处理强度及品种自身耐冷性相关。得出植株的株高、叶面积、株鲜质量、根干质量、净光合速率( Pn)、Chl a/b比值、MDA含量的变化幅度可作为西瓜耐低温品种筛选的鉴定指标。     

外源抗坏血酸对棉花种子萌发耐冷性的影响

为探讨外源抗坏血酸(ExAsA)对棉花种子萌发耐冷性的影响,以新疆北疆棉区主栽陆地棉品种新陆早61号为材料,通过配置不同处理浓度(0,25,50,100,200 mg/L)和时间(3,6,12,24 h)的引发组合,研究ExAsA对低温(15℃)胁迫下棉花种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:ExAsA可以提高棉花种子在低温下的发芽率,增加发芽势,缩短种子平均发芽时间。最适引发处理浓度为50 mg/L,最适引发处理时间为24 h。与对照(ck)相比,最佳ExAsA引发组合(50 mg/L,24 h)处理的种子在低温下的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发指数分别提高了24.45%、30.00%、11.89、0.53,平均发芽时间缩短了1.39 d,且各项种子萌发指标较对照在0.01显著水平上均差异极显著。     

不同基因型甜玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定及评价

东北地区易发生低温冷害,筛选耐冷性强的玉米种质资源,选育优良耐冷品种是目前亟待解决的问题。本试验以沈阳农业大学特种玉米所提供的30份甜玉米自交系为试验材料,利用人工气候箱模拟低温环境条件,对不同甜玉米自交系进行低温胁迫和标准发芽试验,分别测定发芽率、活力指数、苗长、根长、苗干、鲜重、根干、鲜重等指标,并计算各个指标相对值、隶属函数值及综合D值等耐冷性评价指标,对30份自交系的耐冷性进行综合评价。采用聚类分析的方法将自交系分为耐冷性强、耐冷性中等、低温敏感3类,其T12和T21是耐冷性强自交系,T10和T27是低温敏感自交系。本试验采用低温处理的方法筛选出一批耐冷性强的自交系,为甜玉米耐冷品种的选育及生理生化、分子生物学研究提供了优良多样的基因资源。     

PEG-6000干旱胁迫对16个苜蓿品种种子萌发的影响

采用不同浓度PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫的方法对16个苜蓿品种种子萌发期的抗旱性进行比较,并对苜蓿萌发期抗旱性评价指标进行了筛选.研究结果表明:不同浓度PEG-6000胁迫对苜蓿种子的发芽率和发芽势均有抑制作用,随着胁迫强度的增强,种子的发芽率和发芽势明显下降.相对发芽率、相对发芽势和半致死水势(耐旱临界水势)可作为苜蓿品种萌发期耐旱性评价指标.根据发芽率、相对发芽势和半致死水势3个抗旱指标的评价结果,一致认为:苜蓿王、金皇后、爱菲尼特和德国德贝种子萌发期抗旱性较强,FGZT 106,敖汉和West blend抗旱性较弱.     

91份玉米自交系种子耐低温等级的评价

以91份玉米自交系为试验材料,在10℃低温胁迫下分别测定种子的发芽率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数以及低温胁迫下的发芽时间,研究低温处理对不同玉米自交系种子萌发特性的影响,利用隶属函数法对玉米自交系耐低温进行评价.结果表明:低温降低了玉米种子的发芽率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数,其中58、77和88下降幅度最大;低温延迟了种子的发芽时间,49号和84号种子发芽时间长达30 d.通过筛选获得极强、强耐低温10份和52份对低温胁迫强敏感自交系,91份玉米自交系被分为极强、强、中等、弱和极弱5个等级,为培育耐低温玉米新品种和挖掘耐低温相关基因提供种质资源.     

盐胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽性状的影响及其耐盐性评价

为了阐明盐胁迫条件下紫花苜蓿种子的发芽性状表现和种子萌发期耐盐性能强弱,同时为改良盐碱化土壤提供更加耐盐碱的植物品种,提高盐碱化土地资源利用率,本试验以5个苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种为材料,采用不同浓度NaCl处理(0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%),研究了不同盐浓度对苜蓿种子发芽率、发芽势、苗高、根长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽性状均有较大影响,随着NaCl浓度的提高,苜蓿种子发芽率和发芽势降低,苗长和根长明显缩短,而且,高质量浓度盐胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽性状的影响尤为显著。不同苜蓿品种在不同盐浓度间的差异显著;品种间各指标的表现不尽相同,发芽势与发芽率指标在品种间的差异显著,苗高和幼根长指标在品种间的差异不显著。综合单项指标耐盐系数和品种综合耐盐指数来看,5个苜蓿品种的耐盐性能强弱顺序为‘Magnum salt’>‘中苜1号’>‘维多利亚’>‘巨人201T’>‘皇冠’。     

耐低温大豆品种（系）的筛选与研究

耐低温大豆品种的筛选不但有利于低温年大豆生产,提高大豆抗冷性,确保大豆稳产,而且有利于大豆免耕技术的推广。选用11个大豆品种(系)进行萌发期耐低温(6℃)筛选研究,筛选出耐冷型大豆品种2个,分别为金源55与合农60;敏感型品种1个,为黑农48;中抗型品种(系)8个。试验结果表明,在6℃低温条件下,随着发芽时间的延长,不同品种(系)相对发芽率呈逐渐上升的趋势,低温胁迫下大豆发芽的最佳调查时间为低温处理14d;大豆抗冷性与百粒重呈显著负相关,与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量相关性不显著。     

玉米不同生育期耐冷性研究

在玉米不同生育时期,采用自然低温和人工控制低温研究玉米的地方品种、杂交种和自交系的种子发芽势、出苗指数、感温指数、幼苗干鲜重、籽粒灌浆速度、籽粒干物质累积和细胞膜透性等7个指标的耐冷特征。结果表明:在一定低温条件下,耐冷性与细胞耐脱水力成正相关,与叶片萎蔫度成负相关。叶片萎蔫度与细胞的电解质和钾离子外渗     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.