鲫鱼自然感染对虾偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)的初步研究

对虾病毒性偷死病(Viral covert mortality disease,VCMD)是由偷死野田村病毒(Covert mortality nodavirus,CMNV)引起的一种新发疫病,近年来使中国对虾养殖业遭受了严重的经济损失。为筛查对虾池塘养殖系统中CMNV的自然宿主种类,本研究在山东潍坊一个发生VCMD的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖场排水渠中采集了野生鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)样品,对其携带和感染CMNV的情况进行了系统分析。逆转录套式PCR检测结果显示,鲫鱼样品的总RNA能扩增出与预期大小一致的CMNVRNA依赖的RNA聚合酶目标基因片段。组织病理和原位杂交分析显示,鲫鱼脑部神经组织空泡化严重,脑皮层锥体细胞和二叠体颗粒细胞核固缩明显,心肌呈现典型的溶解样坏死病理变化,脑和心肌组织的病变部位均可见淡紫色CMNV探针杂交信号。透射电子显微镜观测显示,鲫鱼脑中可见神经组织空泡化,心肌组织坏死严重,CMNV样病毒颗粒占据了心肌细胞内大部分区域。本研究表明,CMNV在自然条件下能够跨越物种障碍、感染对虾养殖池塘排水渠中的野生鲫鱼,并导致靶组织明显的病理损伤,同时也提示,CMNV感染其他鱼类尤其是淡水鱼类的风险值得高度关注。     

凡纳滨对虾WSSV、IHHNV和CMNV多重PCR检测方法的建立

根据偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)的保守基因序列,设计筛选出1对特异性引物CMN279,利用已公布的凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒(IHHNV)特异性引物WSS235和IHHN356,建立了一种同时检测WSSV、IHHNV和CMNV的多重PCR检测方法。收集18种病原、健康对虾组织及WSSV、IHHNV、CMNV阳性病料,开展特异性测试,该方法可以特异性扩增出WSSV、IHHNV、CMNV基因片段,健康对虾肌肉组织、其他18种病原均未扩增出任何片段,特异性强。应用克隆方法制备目的基因质粒,应用连续稀释质粒方法开展灵敏度测试,测定该方法检测灵敏度分别为WSSV 9.74fg、IHHNV7.65fg、CMNV 10fg;与已报道的多重PCR检测灵敏度相比较,检测灵敏度提高10倍。应用本研究建立的多重PCR检测方法与实验室标准检验方法同时进行22个样品检验,多重PCR检验方法的检验结果与实验室标准方法检验结果符合率为100%。上述实验结果表明:本研究建立的多重PCR检验方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高、检验时间短、检验结果准确度高的特点,可用于WSSV、IHHNV和CMNV三种病原的快速检测诊断。     

虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(MDNV)TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

基于虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(movement disorder nodavirus,MDNV)的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)基因设计寡核苷酸引物和探针,以含有MDNV靶基因的pMD18-MDNV质粒和RNA标准品为模板,通过优化反应体系和反应程序,建立了 MDNV的TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法。优化后的反应组分:20.0 TaqMan RT-PCR反应液预混液中包含11.0μL一步法RT-PCR缓冲液、0.8μL酶混合物、0.3 μmol/L正向引物、0.3 μmol/L反向引物、0.4 μmol/L探针、1.0 μL模板和5.2 μL RNA-free H_2O;优化后的反应程序:54.5℃ 15 min,95℃ 1 min;45 个热循环扩增(95℃ 10 s,60.3℃ 30 s)。本研究所建立的方法能实现对MDNV的特异性检测,在1.4×10~(10)～1.4×10~1 copies/μL标准质粒浓度范围内,起始模板浓度对数值与反应循环数间呈良好的线性关系;该方法最低可检测5.5×10~1拷贝的RNA标准品或1.4×10~1拷贝的pMD18-MDNV标准质粒。分析结果还显示,该检测方法批内C_t值和批间C_t值的变异系数(CV)分别小于1.27%和1.83%,具有良好的重复性和稳定性。利用该方法对2019年采自我国部分省市的样品进行检测发现,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中MDNV的阳性检出率为23.5% (16/68)。本研究建立的MDNVTaqMan RT-PCR方法具有特异性、快速和灵敏等特点,可为对虾养殖实践中MDNV的定性、定量检测与监测以及有效防控提供技术支持。     

虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(MDNV)TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

基于虾类行动障碍野田村病毒(movement disorder nodavirus,MDNV)的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)基因设计寡核苷酸引物和探针,以含有MDNV靶基因的pMD18-MDNV质粒和RNA标准品为模板,通过优化反应体系和反应程序,建立了MDNV的TaqMan RT-PCR检测方法.优化后的反应...     

虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)现场快速高灵敏度检测试剂盒的性能评价研究

近年来,虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)流行使我国养殖对虾遭受严重经济损失,现场快速检测是EHP防控的重要技术保证。本研究对本实验室研发的EHP现场快速检测试剂盒的分析特异性(ASp)、分析灵敏度(ASe)、诊断特异性(DSp)、诊断灵敏度(DSe)、重复性和稳定性6项性能参数开展了系统评估。ASp测试显示,该试剂盒与对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)、虾血细胞虹彩病毒(SHIV)、致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)等5种对虾常见病原及健康对虾无交叉反应;ASe测试显示,该试剂盒检测下限为101 copies/反应;以EHP TaqMan RT-qPCR方法为标准,比较了试剂盒对298份临床样品的测试结果,试剂盒的DSp为99.2%、DSe为91.7%;试剂盒对EHP阴性样品及强阳性样品的检测重复率为100%,弱阳性样品检测重复率为95.8%;试剂盒在–20℃和–40℃条件下分别可保存7个月和12个月以上。本研究表明,本实验室研制的EHP现场快速检测试剂盒具操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好和稳定性强等优点,可满足对虾养殖现场对EHP的高灵敏度检测。     

上海主养区凡纳滨对虾8种流行病病原监测及分析

为进一步掌握上海地区养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)病原的流行趋势及特点,定期对上海主养区的凡纳滨对虾开展了8种流行病病原监测及分析工作。51份样品的分子检测和细菌分离鉴定结果显示,有4种病原检测出阳性,其中虹彩病毒1(DIV1)阳性检出率为29.41%,传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)为3.92%,致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)为1.96%,副溶血弧菌(Vp)为19.61%;而白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、桃拉综合征病毒(TSV)、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)、虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)等4种病原未检出。408项病原检测结果中,4种病原的阳性总样本数量为28份,总体阳性率为6.86%。结果表明,上海地区养殖凡纳滨对虾的病原携带率处于较低水平,DIV1、副溶血弧菌(Vp)是携带的主要病原。在实际生产中应根据病原流行特点,从苗种选购、养殖过程管理、药物选用等方面进行综合防控,减少病害发生。     

2021—2022年我国沿海养殖虾类中虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)流行病学调查

2013年以来,我国沿海各省市养殖对虾中先后出现虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)感染且感染率居高不下,使我国虾类养殖产业遭受了严重经济损失。为查明2021—2022年沿海省市养殖虾类中EHP的流行情况,本研究在沿海地区开展了养殖虾类EHP流行情况调查,共采集样品936份,并采用TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR (TaqMan qPCR)和组织病理检测对样品进行分析。TaqMan qPCR检测结果表明,2021和2022年所采集的虾类样品中,EHP的阳性检出率分别为10.67% (54/506)和13.72% (59/430);2021和2022年主要在凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)中检出EHP阳性,阳性检出率分别为14.10% (54/383)和16.71% (58/347),且检出EHP阳性的凡纳对虾主要来自山东、辽宁、广东、河北和天津等省市;1份脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)样品中检出EHP阳性,罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)、克氏原螯虾(Protocrayfish cruzi)、斑节对虾(P. monodon)、日本对虾(P. japonicus)和中国对虾(P. chinensis)等虾类样品中未检出EHP阳性。对TaqMan qPCR检测呈阳性的凡纳对虾进行组织病理检测,在其肝胰腺上皮细胞中观测到分散或成簇的EHP孢子以及处于生长阶段的EHP原质团。本研究表明,2021—2022年EHP仍在我国沿海地区养殖的凡纳对虾中流行,尽管其流行率较前几年呈下降趋势,但其对凡纳对虾养殖产业的危害仍不容忽视。     

一例日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的病原分析

为了阐明山东省潍坊市一对虾养殖场发生日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的原因,采用分子生物学检测方法,对发病对虾进行了白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)、桃拉综合征病毒(Taura syndrome virus,TSV)、黄头病毒(yellow head virus,YHV)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)、传染性肌肉坏死病毒(infectious myonecrosis virus,IMNV)、偷死野田村病毒(covert mortality nodavirus,CMNV)及急性肝胰腺坏死病(acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease,AHPND)7种病原的检测,且对发病对虾进行了常规组织病理学观察。同时采用16S r DNA细菌鉴定方法及浸泡回接感染实验对分离自发病对虾体内的可疑病原菌进行了分子鉴定及毒力测试。结果显示,发病对虾样品核酸检测呈现WSSV强阳性,IHHNV和CMNV为弱阳性,其他4种病原为阴性。组织病理学观察发现,在对虾的胃、鳃等上皮组织中存在WSSV包涵体,头部肌肉纤维出现离散。对分离编号为2901、2902、2903的3株优势可疑病原菌鉴定结果显示,3株菌分别与印度格里蒙菌、交替单胞菌及溶藻弧菌相似,相似度分别为99%、99%及100%。攻毒结果显示,3株可疑病原菌的LC50分别为9.8×107、1.1×108与2.3×108 CFU/m L,各细菌毒力均较弱,非导致对虾出现暴发性死亡的病原。研究表明,导致本次日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的病因与混合感染病原WSSV、IHHNV、CMNV有关,其中WSSV感染是造成日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的主因,研究结果可为解析当前养殖日本囊对虾疾病暴发及其成因提供参考。     

肝胰腺细小病毒(HPV) PCR检测及流行情况调查

采用水产行业标准《对虾肝胰腺细小病毒病诊断规程第1部分:PCR检测法》(SC/T7203.1-2007)的方法,对2011-2013年期间我国沿海7个省市主要养殖对虾品种不同生长阶段的对虾样品进行该病毒携带情况的筛查。该方法的检测灵敏度为0.07 fg,相当于大约20个病毒拷贝。结果显示,639份样品的HPV阳性检出率为18.47%。其中,在中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)和日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)中均有阳性检出,且仔虾、幼虾、成虾各个阶段均可检出HPV,表明HPV已在我国养殖对虾中存在并流行。本研究结果为对虾养殖生产提供了疫病的科学数据,为我国养殖对虾中该病的流行情况提供了参考依据。     

斜带石斑神经坏死病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆与序列分析

从患病毒性神经坏死病的斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioids)的头部提取总RNA，根据已发表的神经坏死病毒外壳蛋白基因设计引物进行RT-PCR扩增，得到预期大小的基因片段。将此基因片段转入pET载体进行序列测定和分析，结果表明：编码斜带石斑神经坏死病毒(Orange-spoued grouper nervous necrosis virus，OGNNV)外壳蛋白基因的阅读框核苷酸数为1017bp，编码338个氨基酸；基因的核苷酸序列与野田村病毒科(Nodaviridae)的几种病毒的外壳蛋白基因序列比较结果显示，该病毒与p野田村病毒属(Betanodavirus)中的赤点石斑神经坏死病毒(red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus，RGNNV)的同源性最高(99％)，说明该病毒株是RGNNY血清型的成员。     

鱼类诺达病毒及其所导致的疾病

In recent years, piscine nodaviruses have emerged as major pathogens of a wide range of larval and juvenile marine finfish resulting in high mortality in aquaculture worldwide. Affected fish exhibit a range of neurological signs, such as erratic swimming behaviour with the associated microscopic lesions of necrosis and vacuolation of the central nervous tissues and retina. Numerous roundshaped, unenveloped and 25-30 nm in diameter virus particles were found in the cytoplasm of affected retinal and nerve cells. Nodaviruses have a bipartite genome of positivesense RNA,with RNA1 encoding the RNAdependent RNA polymerase and RNA2 encoding the capsid protein. Both RNA are capped, but not polyadenylated. The family Nodaviridae comprises two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus, members of which primarily infect insects and fish, respectively. Therefore, betanodavirus is also named piscine nodavirus. At present, piscine nodaviruses are divided into four genotypes based on partial sequences of the coat protein gene. ELISA and RT-PCR amplification have been developed as specific diagnostic methods for the d etection of the virus. Antibodies to striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) nervous necrosis (SJNNV) were found in 65% of plasma samples collected from wild and domestic brood stocks of striped jack, suggesting that the virus is very prevalent. Viral antigens were detected in eggs, larvae, and ovaries of hatcheryreared and wild spawner fish, suggesting both horizontal and vertical modes of transmission of the virus. Selection of nodavirusfree spawners using ELISA for detection of antigens and RT-PCR techniques have successfully reduced incidences of the virus infections in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax),striped jack and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). The SSN1 and GF cell lines have been successfully used in isolating piscinenodaviruses.Although there are many papers describing the molecular characteristics of betanodavirus, our knowledge of the genomic attributes of these viruses is still limited. Vaccination studies are being undertaken by a number of researchers and need to be fostered. In particular, the use of passive immunization of broodfish with homologous and heterologous, high titre antisera are worthy of investigation.     

Characterization of grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV)

Grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV) was isolated from moribund grouper larvae, Epinephelus sp., using a fish cell line GF-1. The present study describes the biochemical and biophysical properties of GNNV and the expression of GNNV in diseased grouper larvae. Viral protein was detectable in most of the GNNV-infected GF-1 cells by the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) after 12 h post-infection (p.i.), although no cytopathic effect (CPE) appeared at that time. Clear CPE developed on the third day, and complete disintegration of the monolayer occurred over the subsequent two days. The infectivity of GNNV can be blocked following treatment at 60 °C for 1 h. GNNV was sensitive to pH 3 and pH 10–12 with a 4 log₁₀ drop in infectivity. Purified GNNV was analysed by SDS–PAGE, and then stained with periodic acid silver. The positive staining indicated that its two capsid proteins were glycoproteins. Genomic RNAs of GNNV were extracted from purified virions and analysed. The molecular weights of genomic RNAs were 1.02 × 10⁶ and 0.50 × 10⁶ Da. The T2 region of the coat protein gene of GNNV was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the multiple alignment of the T2 sequence of two GNNV isolates with four genotypes of fish nodaviruses revealed that these two isolates (GNNV9410 and GNNV9508) belong to the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype. The tissue distribution of GNNV in naturally infected grouper larvae was investigated by in situ hybridization using a dig-labelled probe, which showed that GNNV was not only detected in the brain and retina, but also in the gill, skeletal muscle, liver, pyloric gland, intestine and blood cells in the heart.     

Nodavirus infections in Israeli mariculture

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) infections were diagnosed in five fish species: Epinephelus aeneus, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sciaenops ocellatus, Lates calcarifer and Mugil cephalus cultured on both the Red Sea and Mediterranean coasts of Israel during 1998-2002. Spongiform vacuolation of nervous tissue was observed in histological sections of all examined species. With transmission electron microscopy, paracrystalline arrays and pieces of membrane-associated non-enveloped virions measuring approximately 30 nm in diameter were observed in the brain and retina of all species. At the molecular level, the nodavirus was detected by using a primer set that amplified the T4 region of the coat protein gene. When the same set of primers was used to search for VER in an additional fish species, Sparus aurata, it was found to produce non-specific amplicons, giving rise to false-positive results. This problem was overcome by using a different primer set (F1/VR3), designed on a highly conserved region of the virus gene, which amplified a fragment of 254 bp, and confirmed that S. aurata was nodavirus-free. This set was validated on all five species of infected fish, as well as clinically healthy fish. Comparison of the coat protein genes from the Israeli isolated sequences indicated that more than one viral strain was involved. No strict host-specificity was evident. Red Sea and Mediterranean isolated sequences grouped in distinct clusters, together with several foreign isolates from the Mediterranean area and the Far East, as phylogenetically close to the Epinephelus akaara RGNNV type.     

Investigation of routes of entry and dispersal pattern of RGNNV in tissues of European sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is a serious neuropathological fish disease affecting in the Mediterranean aquaculture mainly European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. It is well known that betanodaviruses are neurotropic viruses that replicate in nerve tissues, preferentially brain and retina. However, routes of entry and progression of the virus in the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. The role of four tissues—eye, oesophagus, gills and skin—as possible gateways of a betanodavirus, the redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), was investigated after experimental challenges performed on European seabass juveniles. The dispersal pattern of Betanodavirus at primarily stages of the disease was also assessed, using a real-time qPCR assay. The development of typical clinical signs of VER, the presence of characteristic histopathological lesions in the brain and retina and the detection of viral RNA in the tissues of all experimental groups ascertained that successful invasion of RGNNV under all experimental routes was achieved. Transneuronal spread along pathways known to be connected to the initial site of entry seems to be the predominant scenario of viral progression in the CNS. Furthermore, viraemia appeared only after the installation of the infection in the brain.