球孢白僵菌对竹梢凸唇斑蚜的毒力

测试来自不同虫源的5个球孢白僵菌菌株对竹梢凸唇斑蚜的毒力.结果表明:5个菌株对竹梢凸唇斑蚜都表现出一定的致病力.根据时间-剂量-死亡率模型,考查不同菌株的剂量效应和时间效应的指标值lg(LC50)和LT50,菌株B12,Bxs,REBb01,Zhe-B和F-263在接种后第9天的lg(LC50)值分别为4.054 9,4.462 0,4.626 1,4.929 0和5.158 0;在1×106个孢子·mL-1浓度下LT50分别为3.63,3.70,4.31,4.34和5.20d.根据该蚜虫累积死亡率随时间和剂量变化的三维曲面图综合评价,5个菌株的毒力从强到弱依次为B12,Bxs,REBb01,Zhe-B和F-263.     

金龟子绿僵菌防治竹笋禾夜蛾幼虫试验

在室内采用5种不同的金龟子绿僵菌菌株对竹笋禾夜蛾4龄幼虫进行感染试验,结果表明:Ma1291菌株对竹笋禾夜蛾幼虫的感染效果最好,校正死亡率达75.44%,其LT50值为8.2 d;其次是MaWP-04菌株,其校正死亡率达70.18%,LT50值为10.3 d。进一步对Ma1291和MaWP-04菌株的致病力测定结果表明,随着浓度的增加,致病力加强,其LC50分别为2.02×106孢子.mL-1和6.36×106孢子.mL-1;其致死中时间随着浓度的增加而缩短。利用Ma1291和MaWP-04菌株分别采用对笋撒菌粉和拌细砂土撒施的方法实施林间防治试验,结果表明:Ma1291菌株对竹笋禾夜蛾幼虫的防治效果达77.06%~81.36%以上,MaWP-04菌株防治效果为59.73%~67.06%。综合分析结果表明,Ma1291和MaWP-04菌株均有较好的应用效果。     

几株球孢白僵菌对纵坑切梢小蠹毒力测定

为筛选防治纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linnaeus的高毒力生防真菌菌株,进行球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株对纵坑切梢小蠹室内毒力生物测定试验。结果表明:5株供试菌株对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫和2龄幼虫均具有一定毒力;分离自甘薯小象甲的球孢白僵菌BbYM090515菌株的毒力最高,接种浓度为1.16×108孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液第10 d,成虫和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为91.53%和96.43%,致死中浓度LC50分别为9.6943×103,6.6315×103孢子/mL,致死中时LT50分别为5.04,4.73 d;菌株BbYM090515具有良好的生防制剂开发潜力。     

寄生沙棘木蠹蛾白僵菌及其微胶囊剂对不同昆虫的毒力

室内采用虫体喷菌法,测定了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana SJ-05菌悬液及其微胶囊剂对不同昆虫幼虫的致病力。SJ-05菌悬液对枸杞负泥虫Lema decempunctata幼虫的LC50为3.45×107个/mL孢子;SJ-05菌悬液及其微胶囊剂对落叶松毛虫Dendrolimus superans幼虫的LC50分别为2.92×107个/mL和1.03×107个/mL孢子;对沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolus幼虫的LC50分别为9.79×106个/mL孢子和2.95×106个/mL孢子。菌株SJ-05对不同昆虫的致死中浓度不同,对沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的致死中浓度低,致病力强。微胶囊比同浓度分生孢子悬液的致病力更强。     

宁夏本地球孢白僵菌对枸杞蚜虫控制作用

为明确宁夏本地球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana对枸杞蚜虫Aphis sp.的控制作用,选取4株球孢白僵菌研究其对枸杞蚜虫的室内致病性及影响致病性的环境因素。结果表明:2号菌株对枸杞蚜虫控制作用最好,其致死中浓度LD50为1.7×106孢子/m L,致死中时LT50为4.46 d(1.0×106孢子/m L);随着温度的升高,球孢白僵菌对枸杞蚜虫的侵染校正死亡率逐渐升高,在22~28℃范围内,校正死亡率的升高速率最快,在31℃下,校正死亡率最高,最有利于白僵菌侵染枸杞蚜虫;随着湿度的升高,球孢白僵菌对枸杞蚜虫的侵染校正死亡率逐渐升高,相对湿度90%时,校正死亡率极显著高于其他湿度,最有利于白僵菌的侵染;随着照射时间的延长,紫外线对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发抑制率升高,在孢子萌发抑制率50%时,照射时间为3.18 min,田间施用应避免阳光强烈时段。     

应用白僵菌防治靖远松叶蜂的研究

利用病原菌防治害虫是森林可持续发展的重要途径。本研究采用2003年4月从山西省灵丘县下关林区油松林内采集的越冬油松毛虫DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu幼虫的僵虫尸,经实验室分离、培养和鉴定后得到的白僵菌Beauveriabassiana菌株,用2×108孢子/mL、2×107孢子/mL和2×106孢子/mL3种浓度的孢子液对靖远松叶蜂DiprionjingyuanensisXiaoetZhang幼虫分别进行室内和林间感染,试验结果显示:室内感染4龄幼虫校正致死率分别为83.37%、78.82%、62.05%,LT50分别为5.794d、6.237d、7.603d;感染5龄幼虫校正死亡率分别为68.23%、59.1%、45.79%,LT50分别为7.244d、8.414d、12.274d;林间感染幼虫校正死亡率分别为65.26%、54.21%、38.23%,LT50分别为16.788d、19.187d、30.2d。结果表明靖远松叶蜂幼虫校正死亡率与白僵菌孢子液浓度呈正相关,与LT50呈负相关,与龄期呈负相关。     

桔小实蝇高致病性球孢白僵菌菌株的筛选

为筛选对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendal）有高毒力的球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株,本文选取了对双翅目蝇类有致病性的球孢白僵菌菌株12株（Bb1824、Bb1840、Bb1853、Bb1981、Bb1995、Bb2003、Bb268、Bb853、Bb886、Bb1035、Bb1205、Bb2264）,通过菌落生长形状观察、产孢量测定、孢子萌发率的测定的方法筛选出菌株营养生长速度快、产孢量大、孢子萌发率高的优势菌株6株（Bb886、Bb1035、Bb1824、Bb1981、Bb2003、Bb1840）;再通过生物测定的方法,在6株优势菌株中筛选出了对桔小实蝇幼虫感染率最高、死亡率最高、LT50最小的Bb886菌株,该菌株对桔小实蝇幼虫的感染率为86.7%,校正死亡率达89.2%,在孢子浓度为2×107个/mL时的LT50仅为5.18天。     

不同来源绿僵菌对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力比较

油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria (Guenée) 是一种杂食性食叶害虫,近年来在速生桉树林分中大 面积发生,造成较大的损失。文中研究了不同来源金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae 菌株生长与产孢 特性及对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力,旨在筛选出高效防治该虫的生物资源。试验结果表明：不同来源的 绿僵菌菌株间菌落生长速度和产孢量差异显著,MaZPTR-01 菌株15 d 的菌落直径为6.5 cm,显著较其它 菌株大;MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株培养15 d 产孢量最高,分别为1.33×108 孢子· cm-2 和1.28×108 孢 子· cm-2。致病力测定结果表明：不同菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力存在显著差异,其中接种MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株的幼虫校正死亡率、僵虫率均较其它菌株高,接种后15 d 幼虫校正死亡率分别达到 94.5%、92.7%,僵虫率分别为75%、61.7%;这2 个菌株的致死中时（LT50）显著比其它菌株短,分别为 4.34 和4.52 d。绿僵菌MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力强,且具有良好的生产性 状,可作为该虫的生物防治资源进一步开发应用。     

绿僵菌对小菜蛾的毒力测定

室内毒力测定结果表明, 供试绿僵菌对小菜蛾均具有很高的致死率,其中Mf2菌株最佳,其LT50为2.846 8 d,累计僵虫率为36%.结果经时间-剂量-死亡率模型的模拟分析估计出了Mf2菌株作用于小菜蛾的时间与剂量效应参数, 第4和第5日的LC50分别为6.42×103～ 3.02×104 孢子/mL、2.38×103～1.31×104 孢子/mL,侵染的潜伏期约为4 d,在1×107 孢子/mL浓度下LT50为2.7 d.     

绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria幼虫的时间效应和剂量效应,评价该菌株的致病力。结果表明:油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度的增大和接种时间的延长而增加,接种10 d后,1.0×10^9,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^7,1.0×10^6,1.0×10^5孢子/mL浓度累计死亡率分别为100%,98.3%,91.7%,70%,48.3%。生物测定数据采用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型进行分析,所建模型可以通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,模型拟合良好;由模型估算出绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间,随着接种时间延长,相应的LC50和LC90值逐渐降低,剂量效应增强,接种第4,5,6,7天致死中浓度值(LC50)的对数值分别为7.79,6.97,6.33,5.64。随孢子悬浮液浓度增大,致死时间(LT50和LT90)减小,当浓度为1.0×10^7,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^9孢子/mL时,LT50值分别为4.96,3.79,2.89 d,时间效应增强。绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫致病力较强,具有较好应用开发潜力。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.