艾草的生物学功能及在畜牧生产上的应用

艾草是一类多年生的菊科蒿属植物。艾叶的营养活性物质有挥发性油类、黄酮类、三萜类和桉叶烷类等,具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗癌和提高机体免疫力等生物学功能。艾草提取物及其加工的艾粉、艾杆等作为功能性饲料添加剂或饲料原料,在畜牧生产中已有报道,应用前景广阔。本文综述了艾草的主要营养活性物质及其组学功能、艾草在畜牧生产应用的现状,以期为艾草在畜牧生产上合理利用提供理论依据。     

松树皮提取物的主要成分、生理功能及其在畜禽饲料中的应用前景

松树皮中含有挥发油、多酚、多糖和微量元素等化学成分,前期研究表明其提取物具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗炎和提高机体免疫力等多种生物学功能,在畜禽饲料领域具有很广泛的开发利用前景.本文综述了松树皮提取物的主要成分,并从抑菌、抗氧化、抗炎等角度阐述其主要生理功能及潜在作用机理,为松树皮提取物的活性成分筛选及相关作用机理的研究提供参考...     

8种中草药对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为了寻找抗生素的替代品,试验采用琼脂平板打孔法、牛津杯法和试管两倍稀释法检测了黄芩、黄连、黄柏、鱼腥草、穿心莲、五味子、连翘、艾草8种中草药对大肠杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明:黄连、鱼腥草、五味子、艾草对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果为高度敏感,五味子和艾草的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为62.5 mg/m L,黄连和鱼腥草的MIC为125 mg/m L,大肠杆菌对其他4种中草药均不敏感。说明部分中草药对大肠杆菌具有一定的抗菌作用。     

八种中草药体外抑制大肠杆菌的效果观察

选取马尾松、田基黄、艾草、雷公根、芭蕉芯、浮萍、野菊花、番石榴叶8种中草药，采用常规中草药药敏试验打孔法和试管法对猪大肠杆菌（K88）、大肠杆菌（0157）进行体外抑菌试验。结果显示，艾草、野菊花、番石榴叶对大肠杆菌呈高度敏感，其中艾草对大肠杆菌抑菌力最强；马尾松挥发油对大肠杆菌呈中度敏感；田基黄、雷公根、芭蕉芯、浮萍对大肠杆菌无抑菌作用。     

浅谈艾草粉在蛋鸡生产中的应用

艾草为多年生草本菊科蒿属植物。全草入药,有温经、去湿、散寒、止血、消炎、平喘、止咳、安胎、抗过敏等作用。艾叶晒干捣碎得“艾绒”,制艾条供艾灸用,又可作“印泥”的原料。主要分布于亚洲及欧洲地区,包含野生艾草和人工种植艾草。艾草粉也叫艾粉、艾叶粉.是艾草在制作艾绒过程中,剩下的艾草细屑、叶柄及叶脉,或是直接将艾草粉碎成粉末状而成。艾草粉具有艾叶的功效,起到散寒止痛.温经止血,能温中、逐冷、除湿,治多种疾病的作用。     

红茂草中精油成分分析及抑菌活性的研究

为红茂草药物的进一步开发和利用,本试验以甘肃平凉地区野生药用植物红茂草为研究对象,采用水蒸气提取、蒸馏萃取(SDE)提取、超临界CO_2萃取等3种方法,分别提取红茂草中的精油成分;以GC-MS对其精油进行化学成分分析,并将超临界CO_2萃取的红茂草精油采用平板菌落计数法对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌进行抑菌活性测定。结果显示,三种提取方法中,水蒸气提取法和蒸馏萃取提取法所得精油为橙黄色,有浑浊,超临界CO_2萃取法所得精油为淡黄色,澄清液体。3种方法所得精油均含有24种共同成分,以超临界CO_2萃取法最优,其提取率为2.1220%,水蒸气提取法最低,提取率为1.7870%;将超临界CO_2萃取的红茂草精油作用于3种供试菌,测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:金黄色葡萄球菌0.2500 g/mL、大肠杆菌0.3000 g/mL,绿脓杆菌0.2600 g/mL,抑菌效果显著。研究结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取是提取红茂草精油的最佳方法,通过超临界CO_2萃取法提取的红茂草精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌具有良好的抑菌效果。     

红茂草中精油成分分析及抑菌活性的研究

为红茂草药物的进一步开发和利用,本试验以甘肃平凉地区野生药用植物红茂草为研究对象,采用水蒸气提取、蒸馏萃取（SDE）提取、超临界CO₂萃取等3种方法,分别提取红茂草中的精油成分;以GC-MS对其精油进行化学成分分析,并将超临界CO₂萃取的红茂草精油采用平板菌落计数法对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌进行抑菌活性测定。结果显示,三种提取方法中,水蒸气提取法和蒸馏萃取提取法所得精油为橙黄色,有浑浊,超临界CO₂萃取法所得精油为淡黄色,澄清液体。3种方法所得精油均含有24种共同成分,以超临界CO₂萃取法最优,其提取率为2.1220%,水蒸气提取法最低,提取率为1.7870%;将超临界CO₂萃取的红茂草精油作用于3种供试菌,测定其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为：金黄色葡萄球菌0.2500 g/mL、大肠杆菌0.3000 g/mL,绿脓杆菌0.2600 g/mL,抑菌效果显著。研究结果表明,超临界CO₂萃取是提取红茂草精油的最佳方法,通过超临界CO₂萃取法提取的红茂草精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌具有良好的抑菌效果。     

羊胆汁化学成分及药理作用研究进展

羊胆汁是传统动物胆汁类药材,主要含胆汁酸、胆色素、胆甾醇、卵磷脂、黏蛋白及碳酸氢钠等化学成分,具有抗炎抑菌、清热解毒、清肝明目、镇咳祛痰、降低血压、促进消化等药理作用.但目前对其化学成分、药理作用、作用机制、用药安全性等缺乏全面系统的研究.为此,查阅了大量国内外相关文献,同时结合历代本草、医药典籍的相关记载,对羊胆汁的...     

牛至精油、艾草精油和迷迭香精油的体外抗氧化和替抗效应初步研究

试验旨在考察牛至精油、艾草精油和迷迭香精油的体外抗氧化及抑菌替抗性能。采用酶标板法和含药培养基法测定牛至精油、艾草精油、迷迭香精油以及8种抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌、沙门氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、志贺氏杆菌的抑制效果。采用体外抗氧化试验考察对比3种植物精油与化学抑菌抗氧化剂的抗氧化性能差异。抗氧化性能试验结果显示，各样品对1, 1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力从排序为叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）>迷迭香精油>2, 6-二叔丁基对甲酚（BHT）>丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）>牛至精油>艾草精油；还原能力排序为TBHQ>BHT>BHA>迷迭香精油>艾草精油>牛至精油；对羟基自由基的清除能力排序为TBHQ>迷迭香精油>BHA>BHT>牛至精油>艾草精油。抑菌性能试验结果显示，牛至精油、艾草精油和迷迭香精油对铜绿假单胞菌、沙门氏杆菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌、志贺氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度均低于抗生素。迷迭香精油的抗氧化性能优于牛至精油和艾草精油，但低于化学抗氧化剂TBH...     

芦荟叶主要化学成分及其功效的研究进展

笔者综述了芦荟叶的化学成分及功效的研究成果,并从化学成分类型、药理作用、临床应用等方面阐述了该研究的进展情况.芦荟叶主要含有蒽醌类、糖类、氨基酸、有机酸、矿物质与微量元素、活性酶、维生素等多种化学成分,其中蒽醌类化合物为主要活性成分.芦荟叶具有美容、保健、抑菌、降血脂、抗肿瘤、防老化等作用.芦荟叶有进一步开发的药用价值.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein