菪可轮蒲水煎液对多杀性巴氏杆菌体内外抑菌活性研究

研究菪可轮蒲水煎液对多杀性巴氏杆菌的体内外抑菌活性作用。用传统水煎法制备菪可轮蒲水煎液,用HPLC法测定菪可轮蒲水煎液中龙胆苦苷浓度,并用龙胆苦苷浓度标定复方药物浓度,分别采用牛津杯法和宏量肉汤稀释法测定菪可轮蒲水煎液对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC),通过建立死亡率为75%的多杀性巴氏杆菌体内感染小鼠模型,测定浓度为0.0232mg/mL的菪可轮蒲水煎液,在感染前和感染后给药方式下,分别给予0.1、0.3、0.5mL药物时对小鼠多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的预防和治疗作用。结果显示,菪可轮蒲水煎液浓度为0.0464mg/mL时,对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抑菌圈平均直径为13.5mm,MIC值为0.0029mg/mL,经病理剖检、细菌镜检、全自动微生物鉴定及药敏系统(VITEK2COMPACT)细菌鉴定,表明死亡率为75%的多杀性巴氏杆菌体内感染小鼠模型建立成功,且预防组各组和治疗组各组小鼠死亡率依次为58.3%、41.7%、83.3%、66.7%、58.3%和91.7%。综合以上试验结果,菪可轮蒲水煎液对多杀性巴氏杆菌具有良好的体内外抑菌活性,且其预防作用较治疗作用明显。     

石榴皮止泻散体外抑菌效果研究

为评价石榴皮止泻散的体外抑菌效果，将石榴皮止泻散制成水煎液，采用平板法进行体外抑菌试验，并采用试管稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示，平板法体外抑菌试验中每1 mL含1 g生药的石榴皮止泻散水煎液孔周围有明显的抑菌圈，平均抑菌圈直径分别为14.0和15.7 mm;试管稀释法测定石榴皮止泻散对大肠杆菌的MIC为25 mg/mL,MBC为50 mg/mL。结论，石榴皮止泻散水煎液在体外对大肠杆菌具有抑制和杀灭作用。     

复方氟苯尼考注射液体外抑菌试验及对人工感染巴氏杆菌仔猪的保护效果

为了研究复方氟苯尼考注射液的体外抗菌活性及对人工感染巴氏杆菌仔猪的保护效果。本研究采用体外抑菌试验采用试管二倍稀释法,测定复方氟苯尼考注射液和单方氟苯尼考注射液对多杀性巴氏杆菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌及链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。体内治疗试验是将复方氟苯尼考注射液分为20、40、60mg/kg 3个剂量组与氟苯尼考对照组(40mg/kg)以及氟尼辛葡甲胺对照组(3.65mg/kg)以颈部肌肉注射治疗人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌的仔猪。体外抑菌试验结果显示,复方氟苯尼考注射液对多杀性巴氏杆菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌及链球菌的MIC分别为0.59、1.09、0.59、2.12mg/L;氟苯尼考注射液对多杀性巴氏杆菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌及链球菌的MIC分别为1.12、6.13、17.86、17.86mg/L。保护性试验结果显示,复方氟苯尼考注射液低、中、高剂量组增重率分别为(10.19±4.84)、(14.33±4.07)、(15.53±5.38)kg,死亡率分别为10%、10%、0,好转率分别为60%、90%、100%,治愈率分别为20%、90%、100%;氟苯尼考组的增重率为(9.90±4.25)kg;氟尼辛葡甲胺组的增重率为(8.02±3.83)kg。结果表明,复方氟苯尼考注射液对多杀性巴氏杆菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌及链球菌的抑菌效果强于单方氟苯尼考注射液;复方氟苯尼考注射液对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌仔猪的保护作用也优于氟苯尼考注射液。建议本品的治疗剂量为颈部肌肉注射40mg/kg,每7d给药1次,连用2次,如症状严重可2d给药1次,连用2次。     

不同中药复方对3种鸡细菌性腹泻病原菌的体外抑菌试验

为研究中药复方对3种鸡细菌性腹泻病原菌的抑制效果,采用纸片法对自拟的6个中药复方进行敏感性试验,并用试管二倍法测定中药复方的最小抑菌浓度。结果表明,6个中药复方均具有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中复方4对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果较好,平均抑菌圈直径为21.2 mm,平均MIC值为62.5 mg/mL;复方1对沙门氏菌效果较好,平均抑菌圈直径为19.8 mm,平均MIC值为41.7 mg/mL;复方3对多杀性巴氏杆菌效果较好,平均抑菌圈直径为23.3 mm,平均MIC值为3.92 mg/mL,3个复方均呈高度敏感。表明中药复方可以用于鸡细菌性腹泻的防治。     

氟苯尼考对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠的防治效果研究

[目的]观察抗菌药物氟苯尼考对多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌效果,评价其对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠的防治效果。[方法]采用微量肉汤稀释法测定临床常用的9种抗菌药物对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抑菌效果,筛选敏感抗菌药物,进一步选择小白鼠开展预防试验和治疗试验,观察抗菌药物对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠的防治效果。[结果]在9种常见的抗菌药物中,对多杀性巴氏杆菌抑菌效果最好的是氟苯尼考和多西环素,2种药物的MIC为1 μg/mL,MBC为2 μg/mL;抑菌效果最差的是延胡索酸泰妙菌素,MIC为64 μg/mL,MBC为128 μg/mL。利用多杀性巴氏杆菌人工感染小白鼠,治疗试验与预防试验均设置阴性对照组（注射生理盐水）、阳性对照组（攻毒细菌）以及药物治疗或预防组（攻毒细菌+氟苯尼考）;治疗试验获得氟苯尼考的保护率为78.6%,预防试验的保护率为84.6%。[结论]氟苯尼考对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌小白鼠有较好的防治效果。     

中西药联合对小鼠巴氏杆菌病的防治效果试验

为了解中西药联合对巴氏杆菌的体内外抑菌效果,采用二倍稀释法和微量肉汤稀释棋盘法测定香附、黄连、山药、山银花、益母草、决明子6种中药和阿莫西林、硫酸新霉素、盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、替米考星、头孢噻呋钠7种抗菌药对巴氏杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC),筛选抑菌效果最好的中药和抗菌药,观察其对小鼠人工感染巴氏杆菌病的防治效果。结果表明,单味中药香附抑菌效果(MIC为25 mg/mL)和杀菌效果(MBC为50 mg/mL)最好,抗菌药中恩诺沙星体外抑菌效果(MIC为0.5μg/mL)和杀菌效果(MBC为1μg/mL)较好,香附与恩诺沙星联合用药抑菌效果增强(FIC=0.56)。预防组和治疗组相对于阳性对照组的死亡率有所降低;香附对小鼠的巴氏杆菌病预防和治疗的保护率分别为10%、25%,恩诺沙星对小鼠的巴氏杆菌病预防和治疗的保护率分别为60%、75%,香附与恩诺沙星联合使用时的预防与治疗效果增强,保护率分别为70%和80%。表明香附与恩诺沙星两种药物联合比单药的防治效果好。     

单味中药对牦牛多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌试验

牦牛巴氏杆菌病是由多杀性巴氏杆菌所引起的以内脏器官广泛出血、高热和肺炎为特征的急性败血性传染病。本实验旨在探讨22味中药对牦牛多杀性巴氏杆菌体外抑菌效果,利用水煮法制备22味中药的药液,浓度为1 g/mL;利用平板打孔法和二倍试管稀释法分别测定22味中药抑菌圈直径大小和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明,牦牛多杀性巴氏杆菌对金银花、黄连、五味子、板蓝根、透骨草、连翘5种药物极度敏感,抑菌圈直径在16.6 mm~18.7 mm之间,MBC在7.8 mg/mL~15.63 mg/mL之间。本研究为牦牛致病性多杀性巴氏杆菌病的防治提供实验基础。     

四黄止痢颗粒不同组分联合对多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑制作用研究

探究四黄止痢颗粒及其组分联合对多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抑菌效果。通过二倍稀释法测定单药、3种中药联合、4种中药联合以及6种中药联合(自配四黄止痢颗粒)、市售四黄止痢颗粒对多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC和MBC。结果表明,四黄止痢颗粒方剂的6种中药中对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抗菌活性最强是黄连,MIC、MBC均为1.563 mg/mL;板蓝根的MBC大于200 mg/mL,对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抑菌效果最差。3种药物联合应用,其中黄柏+黄连+大黄对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抗菌效果最好,其MIC、MBC均为0.781 mg/mL;4种药物联合应用,其中板蓝根+大黄+黄柏+黄连、黄芩+大黄+黄柏+黄连、黄芩+板蓝根+黄柏+黄连等3组中药联合的抗菌效果最好,其MIC、MBC均为0.781 mg/mL。自配四黄止痢颗粒的MIC和MBC为50 mg/mL;市售四黄止痢颗粒方剂MIC均为200 mg/mL。3种中药联合、4种中药联合应用的抗菌活性明显优于单味中药,且都比自配四黄止痢颗粒和市售四黄止痢颗粒对多杀性巴氏杆菌的抗菌效果好,其中精简的组方中,黄柏+黄连+大黄对多杀性巴杆菌的抗菌效果最好。     

氟苯尼考对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的疗效试验

以试管肉汤两倍稀释法测定氟苯尼考和氯霉素对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌的最小抑菌浓度，然后对实验性鸡多杀性巴杆菌感染进行内服或肌注给药3d（每天2次）的治疗试验。结果表明，氟苯尼考和氯霉素对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别是0．5和1．0μg／mL。以20、40、80mg／kgBW氟苯尼考和40mg／kgBW氯霉素的剂量给鸡内服给药后，对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的治愈率分别为93．3％、100％、100％及70％；相同剂量肌注给药的治愈率分别为86．7％、100％、100％和83．3％，而感染对照组的死亡率为90．0％。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌菌影的化学制备方法研究

为了制备高效和安全的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌菌影,试验采用NaOH二倍稀释法测定禽多杀性巴氏杆菌菌株(CVCC474)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。通过MIC的NaOH对巴氏杆菌进行处理,测定细菌裂解率,制备菌影。利用超微量分光光度计检测DNA的浓度,了解其降解情况。制备的菌影用扫描电镜观察。结果表明:NaOH对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC为3.75 mg/mL,NaOH处理60 min后裂解率达到100%,同时细菌DNA浓度随着NaOH处理时间的延长在不断降低,处理60 min时DNA已几乎检测不到。通过扫描电镜检查发现,NaOH处理会在巴氏杆菌表面形成微小的孔洞,但并未破坏其原有的正常形态。说明仅利用NaOH处理就能够成功制备出禽多杀性巴氏杆菌菌影,但其免疫活性还有待进一步研究。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.