鱼类营养代谢病

营养代谢病包括新陈代谢障碍病和营养缺乏病.综述了几种常见的鱼类营养代谢病,如鱼类的脂肪肝病、营养性障碍综合症、胆囊结石症、鲤鱼出血病、罗非鱼越冬障碍症等的病因、发病机理、病鱼症状以及防治措施.     

鱼类营养代谢病

营养代谢病包括新陈代谢障碍病和营养缺乏病。综述了几种常见的鱼类营养代谢病，如鱼类的脂肪肝病、营养性障碍综合症、胆囊结石症、鲤鱼出血病、罗非鱼越冬障碍症等的病因、发病机理、病鱼症状以及防治措施。     

鱼类营养代谢病

综述了几种常见的鱼类营养代谢病，如鱼类的脂肪肝病，营养性障碍综合症，胆囊结石症，鲤鱼出血病，罗非鱼越冬障碍症，真鲷营养性疾病等的病因，发病机理，病鱼症状以及防治措施。     

围产期几种常见奶牛代谢病的发病机理及营养调控措施

随着奶牛产奶量的不断上升及高能饲料的开发利用,奶牛营养代谢性疾病的发病率也不断上升。所谓的奶牛营养代谢病是营养缺乏病和新陈代谢障碍病的统称,主要分为糖、脂肪、蛋白质,矿物质及维生素障碍代谢疾病等三大类。据调查因此类疾病而造成的牛只死亡率占总群年死亡率的20%～30%。本文从围产期奶牛高发病的发病机理,几种营养代谢病的发病机理和营养调控措施三个方面进行论述。     

羊营养代谢性疾病的诊断和防治

临床上羊发生代谢性疾病的种类繁多,发病机理复杂,患病后病羊生长缓慢,发病率较高。羊发生营养代谢性疾病虽然致死率不高,但是往往会因为影响生长、发育而造成极大的经济损失,因此准确诊断不同类型的营养代谢性疾病,进行针对性的防治可减少疾病带来的损失。     

奶牛酮病的发生原因、症状、鉴别诊断及治疗

奶牛酮病是一种营养代谢病,其发病后会造成奶牛的消化功能以及神经功能紊乱,导致奶牛出现瘫痪甚至死亡。对奶牛酮病发生的原因、临床症状、鉴别诊断和治疗等方面进行剖析,可以为该病防治提供参考。     

舍饲羊食毛症的诊治

2004年春季,我县城郊部分村庄舍饲羊发生相互啃食体毛的疾病,病羊毛质遭到破坏,消化不良,贫血,消瘦,严重造成羊只死亡,给养羊业造成很大损失,根据基本发病情况,饲料分析,临诊症状,治疗,诊断为营养代谢性疾病,通过采取综合防治措施,病情得到控制,现报告如下:1基本发病情况发病羊     

畜禽营养代谢病与传染病的鉴别诊断

本文从发病动物不同,体温变化,病情发展过程,有无传染性,病畜禽的营养状况,治疗效果观察等9个方面对畜禽营养代谢病与传染病提出鉴别诊断。     

影响南方奶牛夏季繁殖性能的因素分析

<正>近几年,随着营养水平的提高和管理的改善,我国奶牛的单产逐步提高,全国每年平均奶牛单产在6.5t以上,但奶牛的繁殖率却有下降的趋势。不孕症仍是当前影响奶牛健康发展的四大疾病(乳房炎、不孕症、蹄病、代谢病)之一,不但影响到奶牛数量增加,而且使产奶量大幅下降,给奶牛养殖场、户带来巨大经济损失。无论是散养户还是大型奶牛场,都不可避免地遇     

仔猪常见营养代谢障碍病及防治

<正>仔猪营养代谢病在临床上比较多见,由于仔猪抵抗力较弱,一旦诊断不清或防治不当,就会造成新生仔猪快速死亡,直接影响仔猪成活率,给猪场和养殖户造成不应有的经济损失。笔者现将在临床上多年来遇见的仔猪营养代谢障碍病及防治方法介绍如下,供同行参考。     

早期断奶仔猪的营养需要研究进展

本文从早期断奶仔猪的生理特点出发,对近来一些关于早期断奶仔猪营养需要的研究作一综述,为乳猪料的开发提供理论基础。     

Biosecure Shrimp Feeds and Feeding Practices: Guidelines for Future Development

For the purposes of this paper, biosecure shrimp feeds and on‐farm feeding strategies refer to the “feed, whether live, fresh, or formulated, and the management of the feed on the farm, should not be an entry point of potential pathogens to the shrimp and/or to the culture system.” The paper reviews the different feeds commonly used for the production of farmed shrimp and discusses their potential risks from a disease perspective, including the use of live hatchery and nursery feeds, the use of live and/or fresh food organisms for the production of broodstock, and the use of dry formulated shrimp feeds for shrimp growout operations. In addition, the paper discusses the critical role played by feed‐processing techniques for the pasteurization and destruction of pathogens within shrimp feeds and the need for nutritionists to formulate feeds for optimal nutrition and health, and not just for optimal growth. The importance of the development and implementation of good on‐farm feed management practices by farmers is discussed, including the prohibition of the top‐dressing of pelleted feeds on farm by farmers with unapproved feed additives such as antibiotics. Finally, the paper discusses the responsibilities of farmers, feed manufacturers, and traders regarding the development and use of recommended biosecure shrimp feeds and feeding practices.     

Rice with fish culture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: a socio-economical survey

The results of a socio-economical survey of farming systems practising rice culture with introduced fish, rice culture with indigenous fish and rice monoculture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, are presented. Rice and fish yields, inputs, and cost-benefits were computed to evaluate the agricultural effects of rice with fish culture. Household size, labour availability and educational level were not significantly different among the three farming systems. Rice-fish farming systems differed mainly from rice monoculture by a higher fertilizer/ water requirement and less pesticide use. The total farm cash and net return did not differ among the farming systems. The main beneficial effects of rice-fish culture are thought to be related to environmental sustainability, system biodiversity, farm diversification and household nutrition.     

“Summer syndrome” in Litopenaeus stylirostris grow out ponds in New Caledonia: Zootechnical and environmental factors

The “Summer Syndrome”, a septicemic vibriosis caused by Vibrio nigripulchritudo, is responsible for one of the two main seasonal mortalities which affect shrimp aquaculture in New Caledonia. It was identified for the first time in December 1997 in an intensive shrimp farm (called farm DF) and has been enzootic ever since. The “Summer syndrome” affects shrimp during warm-season growout. Although the geographic area concerned is limited, it is a potential threat for the industry in that the disease could spread. Analysis of grow out data from 1991 to 2002 in this farm was carried out in order to characterize the disease and the environmental conditions in relation to mortality. Results of farm DF were compared to data from farms not affected by the disease (called farms HC). The “Summer syndrome” occurs during the warm season which is characterized by an increase in water temperature and sunny duration. This disease is characterized by simultaneously highest densities and weakest drying duration between crops in the farms studied. Between 1991 and 2002, the increase of feed input and nitrogen rate in feed has led to a significant increase of the growth rate over the years in farm DF. At the same time, water management has not changed and has induced an increase in environmental waste production. In consequence, an early eutrophication of water is observed, which is concomitant with the beginning of the mortality outbreaks. This could play a role by inducing directly or indirectly a stress for shrimp and/or a growth and/or virulence factors of the pathogen.     

A COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF OFFSHORE AND INSHORE AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN KOREA

The economic performance of the current inshore rock bream aquaculture industry conducted in Yeosu, Korea was compared with a pilot commercial scale offshore aquaculture farm in Jeju, Korea. Data was collected from 12 inshore farms and two production cycles of the offshore farm for use in Monte Carlo simulations run over a ten year time horizon. Net present value was compared for the inshore farms and two survival rate scenarios for the offshore farm. The offshore farm is expected to have a higher survival rate if it can withstand tsunamis and avoid pollution, disease and red tide impacts that are prevalent inshore. When the offshore farm was modeled with its observed higher survival rate, its average net present value ($1,016,483) significantly outperformed the inshore farms average net present value ($182,153). In the second scenario, the offshore farm survival rate was lowered based on performance data from the inshore farms. Not surprisingly, given the higher investment costs, the offshore farm performed poorly in terms of average net present value ($-137,142) compared to the inshore farms when it no longer had the advantage of high survival rates.     

An evaluation of residual contamination by Clostridium botulinum in a trout farm following an outbreak of botulism in the fish stock

Abstract Following an outbreak of botulism in the fish stock of a British trout farm in 1980, a survey of the residual contamination of the farm was carried out. Commencing in November 1980, the farm was examined monthly for one year after the disease had been eliminated. A nearby unaffected farm was examined as a control. Examination of pond muds showed that the affected farm remained contaminated throughout the year, counts of Clostridium botulinum type E ranging from 1-800/g compared with counts at the control farm of 0.1-0.7/g. Both C. botulinum types B and E were found in the control farm, either singly or together in individual samples of pond mud. Fish taken from the affected farm in May and August of 1981 showed a 77.1 % (s.e. ±7.7) contamination by type E. Examination of the environs of the affected farm yielded C. botulinum in 36 of 60 samples of mud and soil using enrichment culture techniques. Clostridium botulinum type E predominated in muds, occurring in 26 of 28 samples taken from the waters supplying and by-passing the farm. In contrast, of the 32 soil samples tested from around the farm, eight yielded type B whereas only three contained type E.     

Floc and sediment properties and their environmental distribution from a marine fish farm

Open ocean pen aquacultural operations are leaky systems with potential environmental impacts of metabolic excretions products, feed additives, and anti‐fouling agents. This study analysed the water–sediment interface along a horizontal transect away from a fish farm, noting variations between water, floc, and sediment properties. The properties examined included nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), sulphur (S), and trace element content, as well as heterotrophic bacteria populations. C, N, labile P, NH₄, Ca, and Zn were elevated in surface sediments at the farm in comparison with sites 100 and 300 m away. The flocs had higher levels of Mg, K, and heterotrophic bacteria than adjacent sediments, indicating the importance of the microbial communities in flocs. The flocs were important in their role as a retention and potential transport mechanism for metals, increasing in concentration of Al, Fe, and Mn with distance from the farm.     

Sea cucumber habitat differentiation and site retention as determined by intraspecific stable isotope variation

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹³C/δ¹⁵N) were assessed as a means to ascertain the recent in situ feeding history of the common New Zealand sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis in relation to nutrient enrichment from a longline green‐lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) farm in Northern New Zealand. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotopic signatures and the ratios of sea cucumbers sampled from within the impact footprint of the mussel farm were compared with those of sea cucumbers residing on adjacent natural reefs. Sea cucumbers from beneath mussel farming longlines had significantly different δ¹³C stable isotope signatures in comparison with sea cucumbers collected from neighbouring natural reef habitats. This difference supports the hypothesis that sea cucumbers in the same bay maintain distinctly different feeding histories, with those residing beneath mussel farming longlines deriving tissue carbon from sediment impacted by farming activities. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding that the isotope signature of sediment collected from beneath the mussel farm is consistent with the expectation that sea cucumbers were feeding on and consuming sediment enriched with bivalve waste (faeces and pseudo‐faeces). In contrast, the nitrogen stable isotope signature (δ¹⁵N) was found to be similar between sites for both sea cucumbers and assumed food sources. Both findings lend support to the viability of future sea cucumber/green‐lipped mussel farm polyculture systems. Sea cucumbers in different locations (mussel farm, natural reef) possessed distinctly different isotope signatures, suggesting that mixing of sea ranched sea cucumbers with natural reef populations would be negligible or non‐existent. Similarities between the isotope signatures in low metabolic tissue of sea cucumbers residing at the mussel farm site to that of mussel farm‐impacted sediment suggest that cucumbers beneath mussel farms appear to have high rates of retention at the farm site.     

Applications and characteristics of angler diary programmes in Ontario, Canada

Angler diary programmes ( n =46, 1979–1997) implemented in Ontario by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources are reviewed, and the different uses of angler diary programmes, levels of participation and differences in programme design are reported. In Ontario, angler diary use is common, but successful application is limited. This review revealed a variety of uses and approaches for administering angler diary programmes. Problems arise when programmes are initiated without the complete commitment of the administrators and agency, or when there is no regular review so adaptive changes can be made. If administrators realize the potential biases and problems associated with diaries, and design programmes to control them, angler diaries can provide favorable cost-effective results. With reduced funding and staffing constraints, angler diary programmes could become the primary method of data collection for specialized and remote fisheries.     

水产动物营养与免疫研究进展

随着水产养殖集约化与规模化的发展,水产品为人类提供了大量优质食物蛋白质,为国家粮食安全、解决我国“三农”问题做出了重要贡献。长期研究实践证明,营养与饲料科技贡献在水产养殖中占有更加重要的地位。饲料组成不仅影响水产动物的营养,而且会影响水产动物的免疫与抗病能力,营养状况是决定水产养殖动物抵抗疾病的能力的重要因素之一。特别是在水产集约化、规模化养殖中,水产养殖动物面临着大量的应激,如：营养、环境因子等激烈变化,易诱发疾病,甚至死亡。反之,水产养殖动物的生理与健康状况也影响饲料的利用与代谢。营养和免疫的关系显著地影响着水产养殖生产,一直是大家关注的热点。在过去的5年中,水产动物营养与免疫方面的研究取得了重大进展,对蛋白质(氨基酸)、脂肪、碳水化合、维生素、矿物元素等多种必需营养素及其免疫、抗病能力等方面做了大量的研究。本文就营养与免疫相关的研究进展做一综述,以供参考。