国外水稻种质资源在广西的评价与应用

水稻种质资源是育种的物质基础.水稻育种要在米质、产量、抗性上有新的突破,除了有新的育种技术外.还要有丰富的遗传资源.广西水稻育种在20世纪90年代前居国内先进水平.就是利用了一些国内外育种中间材料:而90年代以后育成的水稻品种(杂交稻组合)在产量、米质、抗性上有一定的提高,但突破不大,主要原因是育种者手中缺乏国内外新的育种材料.国际水稻研究所等育成的水稻种质.亲源广泛,遗传基础丰富.蕴藏着丰富的抗性与特殊性基因源.是水稻新品种选育的遗传基础.     

国际抗冷圃（IRCTN）材料在寒地稻区试验初报

为了进一步提高寒地稻区水稻品种的抗冷性,拓宽寒地稻区水稻品种的遗传基础,为育种者提供优异的抗冷亲本材料,获取新的有益基因,充实寒地水稻种质库,同时为INGER提供寒地稻区的试验数据。采用分期鉴定的方法,首次对国际水稻遗传评价协作网（INGER）提供的108份国际抗冷圃（IRCTN）材料进行抗冷性鉴定,鉴定出苗期抗冷材料20份,分蘖期抗冷材料49份,孕穗期抗冷材料20份,全生育期抗冷材料14份,为育种者提供丰富的抗冷种质资源,拓宽寒地水稻品种抗冷性遗传基础。     

国际水稻遗传评价协作网材料在寒地稻区试验初报

首次对国际水稻遗传评价协作网提供的486份材料进行稻瘟病鉴定及粳稻品种观察试验,鉴定出高抗材料116份,对38份粳稻品种进行产量测定,为育种者提供丰富的优异种质资源,拓宽抗源亲本。     

水稻分子育种与绿色超级稻

"参与全球水稻分子育种计划"项目实施10年,从引进国外优异种质资源,积极参与国际合作计划着手,联合国内不同稻作区的数10家科研单位,围绕培育绿色超级稻的长远目标,在国内形成了水稻分子育种协作网络,基本建立起我国水稻分子育种的资源、技术和信息平台,筛选和构建了一批高产、优质、抗病虫、节水抗旱、耐高低温、氮磷肥高效利用的种质资源,育成了一批具有绿色超级稻性状的水稻新品种(系)。     

河南省花生资源共享平台建设的对策与建议

1花生种质资源的地位与作用作物种质资源是人类繁衍、生存和发展最根本的物质基础和战略资源。为此,各国政府和国际组织都从战略高度来重视作物遗传资源多样性的收集与保存工作。同其它作物一样,花生种质资源包括古老的地方品种或农家品种、人工育成的改良品种、有特色的育种品系或材料、国外引进的品种或材料、野生种及其近缘植物、遗传操作及人工诱变创造的新材料等。花生种质资源是培育优质、高产、抗病虫、抗逆境花生新品种的重要物质基础,在花生育种和生产中占有非常重要的地位,越来越受到世界主要花生生产国的重视。我国花生栽培历史…     

优质高产抗旱品种原旱稻3号的选育

在我国水力资源日趋减少的情况下,提出了水稻抗旱育种研究课题;通过选择抗旱种质资源,利用遗传规律对亲本性状的遗传性及杂交后代的分离和遗传稳定性进行了鉴定分析,并根据技术路线选育出适宜黄淮地区种植的原旱稻3号,2012年通过国家审定,审定编号2012041;同时选育出一批产量高,抗旱性强,米质优良的后代稳定材料,为水稻的抗旱育种奠定了理论和物质基础。     

东亚粳稻遗传评价（GUVA）材料在寒地稻区试验初报

为了进一步拓宽寒地稻区水稻品种的遗传基础,为育种者提供优异的亲本材料,获取新的有益基因,充实寒地水稻种质库,同时为东亚粳稻遗传评价(GUVA)提供寒地稻区的试验数据。首次对GUVA提供的41份材料进行了熟期、抗稻瘟病性、抗冷性、株型等方面的遗传评价。结果表明,参试材料熟期普遍偏晚,抗稻瘟病性较强,抗冷性较强,株型较好。指出一些熟期相对较早,抗稻瘟病性较强、抗冷性较强、株型较好、综合性状优良的材料,可以在寒地水稻育种工作中加以利用,以拓宽寒地稻种资源的遗传基础。     

39份马铃薯资源在赤峰地区的农艺性状表现及其应用

对39份马铃薯种质资源进行形态学特征、生物学特性鉴定分析和评价,结果表明,在引进的39份材料中,早熟材料有15份,薯肉黄色的材料5份,田间抗病性强的材料有4份,商品薯率在80%以上的材料有15份,高产资源5份。对种质资源进行合理利用,通过配置优良组合,进一步挖掘资源潜力,同时进行种质资源的改良,丰富其遗传多样性,为赤峰地区在马铃薯生产和育种研究中有目的地利用这些资源提供依据。     

水稻种质资源的分子鉴定和育种利用

水稻种质资源包括栽培稻、野生稻及育种材料等各种类型,是水稻新品种选育、生物技术研究以及农业生产的物质基础。中国具有丰富的水稻种质资源,但其利用率却不高,原因之一就在于传统方法不能够对其进行准确的研究评价。理想的分子标记具有稳定性高、重复性好、检测简单快速和共显性遗传等优点。本文综述了分子标记技术在水稻种质资源遗传多样性分析、重要功能基因的挖掘、品种DNA指纹库的构建及分子育种材料遗传基础的拓展等方面的作用,旨在为更充分的将分子标记技术应用于水稻种质资源的鉴定和分子育种提供参考。     

玉米种质的配合力分析

玉米种质是玉米育种的物质基础,而育种工作对种质的利用最终归结为对性状的配合力的选择。几年来我们在收集评价鉴定玉米品种资源工作的基础上,着重开展了两方面的工作:(1) 以扩大丰富种质资源为目标的群体改良;(2) 对温带、热带、亚热带资源某些性状的数量遗传进行研究。希望能为育种工作提供可资利用的种质和信息。本试验为玉米种质数量遗传研究的部分结果。     

Heterosis in rice hybrids

Summary One hundred and thirtysix hybrids were developed utilizing four cytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines (V 20A, Zhen Shan 97A, IR 46829A and IR 46830A) and 34 effective restorers. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were found to be significant for grain yield and other yield attributing characters in most of the hybrids. The heterosis for grain yield was mainly due to the significant heterosis for the number of spikelets per panicle, test weight and total dry matter accumulation. Interestingly, it was found that most of the higher yielding hybrids were accompanied by significant negative heterosis for harvest index. Hybrids shorter than the shortest parent and earlier than the earliest parent were not observed; hybrids with intermediate to tall plant height having nonlodging habit could be developed. Eighteen hybrids gave more than 20% grain yield than the standard checks. These were evaluated for their stable and consistent yield performance over four seasons. The results on analysis for stability parameters indicated that the hybrids V 20A × Himdhan and Zhen Shan 97A × Mahsuri were stable over environments.     

“云大— 120 ”浸种对水稻秧苗素质及产量影响的研究

试验结果表明：用“云大— 120 ”浸稻种对种子的发芽势、发芽率、秧苗素质、有效穗和稻谷产量具有一定的促进作用，发芽势比对照提高 12.68% — 23.94% ；发芽率提高 3.75% — 18.75% ；有效穗提高 0.5% — 7.43% ；产量增加 1.03% — 8.49% 。其使用方法简单易行，在生产上具有重要的推广价值。     

Optimizing selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice

High rough rice yields are important for the profitable production of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The value of rough rice is determined primarily by head rice (whole milled grains) and broken rice, together referred to as total milled rice. The objective of this study was to optimize selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice using path-coefficient analysis and selection indices. Thirty-seven long grain pure lines were grown in an experiment at three Arkansas locations during 1993 and 1994. In another test, twenty-eight F₁ hybrids obtained from an eight-parent half diallel of long-grain rices were grown at two locations in Arkansas during 1991. For the pure lines, path analysis revealed that rough rice yield was approximately twice as important in determining total milled rice/ha than head rice. Path analysis for the hybrids revealed that rough rice yield was an even greater component in determining total milled rice/ha. Based on yield components for hybrid rice, panicle density had the largest direct effect determining total milled rice/ha. Filled grain/panicle, grain weight, and head rice, in that order, were secondary, but positive, factors determining total milled rice/ha. A selection index for pure lines based only on selection for head rice was 19.2 percent as effective as selection for total milled rice/ha directly. When selection for total milled rice/ha was based solely on rough rice yield, selection was 82.7 percent as effective as selecting for total milled rice/ha directly. Selection to improve total milled rice/ha should concentrate on increasing both rough rice yield and head rice. Rough rice yield should receive greater priority than head rice in selection strategies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of scent in rice

Summary Inheritance of scent in rice and its association with pigmented characters were studied in T-141 × K-44-1. Four complementary genes appeared to control scent, one of them showing linkage with a complementary gene for glume colour and a supplementary gene for red pigment in apiculus. This group formed part of V (Prp)linkage group of Misro et al. (1966) in which case Pg and P were additions.Pl.480 Project on linkage maps in rice.     

Heterosis in rice over environments

Summary Ten CMS (A) lines and their maintainers (B) and seven restorers (R) were used to make 70 crosses (A/R) and 70 reciprocals (R/B) following line x tester design. The 140 crosses and 17 parents (10 B + 7 R lines) were evaluated in six environments created by three nitrogen fertility levels (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and two seasons wet (WS) and dry (DS). Hybrids (both A/R and R/B) were superior to their parents in yield. Hybrids flowered earlier and were taller than the parents. Substantial heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were observed in different environments. Extent of heterosis was higher in WS (stress environment) than in DS (favorable environment). Twenty four hybrids outyielded the standard check (IR46) significantly. Most of them were derived from crosses with parental lines: IR54752A/B, IR58057A/B, IR46 and IR54. For days to flowering, the overall mean heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were all negative values. Heterosis for plant height did not change the plant type of hybrids from semi-dwarf to tall because the parents possessed same dwarfing gene. With proper choice of parents hybrids possessing higher yield potential, early maturity and semi-dwarf plant type can be developed for the tropics.     

Inheritance of aroma in rice

Summary Inheritance of an aroma was worked out in crosses between Brimful from Nepal as an aromatic rice and leading Japanese varieties Koshihikari and Nipponbare as non-aromatic ones. The F₂ pattern of segregation for aroma to non-aroma was 3:13 indicating one dose gene for aroma and one dose inhibitor gene in two crosses. This ratio was confirmed by genetic behavior of F₃ populations.     

Inheritance of resistance to rice stripe virus in rice line `BL 1'

Rice stripe is the most serious virus disease in temperate rice-growing countries. The most economical and environmentally safe practice for controlling this disease is virus-resistant cultivars. ‘BL 1’ is an elite germplasm line with the blast resistance gene Pib, and has been used as a differential line for testing the pathogenicity of the blast fungus. We found that certain progenies from BL 1 showed resistance to both blast and rice stripe virus (RSV). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the RSV resistance in the field and under artificial conditions, to assess the reaction to the insect vector(small brown plant hopper, SBPH), and to examine its inheritance and its relationship to blast resistance in BL 1.BL 1 was susceptible to SBPH, but resistant to RSV in field and artificial inoculation tests. The inheritance of RSV resistance in F₃ lines from the cross Nipponbare (NPB)/BL 1 was studied using artificial inoculation with a population of viruliferous SBPH. A serological assay for RSV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used. RSV resistance in BL 1 was controlled by a single major gene with incomplete dominance. The locus responsible for RSV resistance was genetically independent of the blast resistance gene Pib. The resistance gene for RSV infection in BL 1 was also independent of Stvb-i, a gene widely distributed in resistant Japanese cultivars. Resistance to RSV must be diversified in rice cultivars considering the potential for future emergence of new RSV strains. The new resistance gene identified in BL 1, which has improved plant type and blast resistance, is considered useful for breeding RSV-resistant cultivars in japonica rice. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论南方稻区水稻种子推广技术存在的问题与对策

笔者根据自己十多年来从事杂交水稻种子营销和指导农户应用所积累的工作经验,对目前南方杂交水稻种子推广技术中存在的问题作了具体分析,并针对这些问题提出了一些可行性的对策,同时还对南方稻区重新划分种植区域提出了新的观点.     

Quantitative trait loci for whiteness of cooked rice detected in improved rice cultivars in Hokkaido

Improving the eating quality of cooked rice has been one of the most important objectives in rice breeding programs. Eating quality of cooked rice is a complex trait including several components, such as external appearance, taste, aroma, and texture. Therefore, dissection of these components followed by marker-assisted selection of detected QTL(s) may be a useful approach for achieving desirable eating quality in rice breeding. Whiteness of cooked rice (WCR) is an important factor related to the external appearance of cooked rice. WCR is known to be associated with the amylose and protein contents of the endosperm. However, the genetic basis of WCR remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated phenotypic variation in WCR among recently developed rice cultivars from Hokkaido, Japan. Then, we developed doubled haploid lines (DHLs) derived from a cross between two cultivars from Hokkaido, Joiku No. 462 (high WCR) and Jokei06214 (low WCR). Using the DHLs, we detected two QTLs for WCR, qWCR3 and qWCR11, on chromosomes 3 and 11, respectively. We also examined the dosage effect of the two QTLs based on both the categorized segregants in the DHLs and the relationship between the WCR phenotype and inheritance around the QTL regions in cultivars from Hokkaido.