在饲料中添加包膜赖氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、消化和体成分的影响

水温12.0～19.0 ℃,以玉米蛋白(8.2%)为蛋白源,在添加海泥、马尾藻、贝壳粉、复合矿物盐和维生素的基础饲料中添加0.0%(F0)、0.3%(F1)、0.7%(F2)、1.0%(F3)、1.4%(F4)、1.7%(F5)和2.1%(F6)的明胶包膜赖氨酸,以不同数量的贝壳粉平衡,饲喂平均体质量1.340 g的仿刺参.67 d的饲养表明,仿刺参摄食不同饲料时,成活率为96.25%～100.00%,差异不显著(P＞0.05),但特殊生长率随饲料中包膜赖氨酸添加量的增加而呈"低-高-低"的变化.仿刺参摄食添加0.7%(F2)、1.0%(F3)和1.4%(F4)包膜氨基酸的饲料时,特殊生长率和对饲料蛋白质的消化率显著(P＜0.05)和极显著(P＜0.01)高于摄食添加0.0%(F0)、0.3%(F1)、1.7%(F5)和2.1%(F6)的幼参.当基础饲料中添加0.78%的包膜赖氨酸时,仿刺参幼参生长最快.这种促生长作用与F3组(添加1.0%赖氨酸)仿刺参幼参消化道中蛋白酶活力极显著(P＜0.01)地高于其他各组有关.试验仿刺参体成分差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

以鱼粉和玉米蛋白粉作蛋白源,配制6种等氮等能的饲料。其中5种饲料(C0、C12、C25、C38和C50.5)分别含有0%、12%、25%、38%和50.5%的玉米蛋白粉以替代相应的鱼粉蛋白。其余1种饲料(C50.5CAA)是在饲料C50.5基础上补充1.8%晶体氨基酸混合物(L-lysine:1.2%,L-arg:0.6%)。经7周的生长试验,结果表明随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代水平的升高,大菱鲆(12.51±0.02)g的摄食率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著下降。饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量为50.5%时,大菱鲆摄食率显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05)。当饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量超过25%时,大菱鲆特定生长率显著低于对照组(C0)(P<0.05)。当饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量超过38%时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组(C0)相比显著下降(P<0.05)。C50.5CAA组的摄食率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率与C50.5组相比都有升高的趋势,但差异不显著。而饲料中添加晶体氨基酸显著提高了大菱鲆的饲料效率(P<0.05)。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆血清甘油三酯和尿素氮含量也不产生显著影响,然而,随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量升高,血清总胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼生长和成活的影响

在水温为29.0±1.0℃条件下,将体质量为6～7g的七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon aequifasciata)放入54cm×40cm×28cm的水箱中,投喂以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(粗蛋白45.0%)、以花生油(PO)、芝麻油(ZO)、豆油(SO)、深海鱼油(FO)为脂肪源(添加5.0%,粗脂肪16.0%),相互搭配使亚油酸和亚麻酸含量为0.55%(1.0%SO 4.0%FO)、1.61%(5.0%PO)、1.98%(1.31%PO 3.69%ZO)、2.36%(3.04%ZO 1.96%SO)和2.74%(5.0%SO)的5种饲料,每种饲料3个重复.60d的饲养期间,七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的成活率变化在83.33%～100%之间,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05).但摄食添加豆油饲料鱼的特殊生长率(SGK)最高,显著高于其它组(P<0.05).摄食添加鱼油饲料的鱼最低.摄食含豆油和芝麻油与豆油混合饲料的鱼饲料效率(FER)最高,显著高于其它组(P<0.05),摄食鱼油为主、单一花生油和花生油与芝麻油混合饲料的鱼最低.摄食3种植物油混合饲料的鱼的蛋白效率最高,显著高于其它组(P<0.05),摄食单一花生油饲料的鱼最低.鱼体蛋白含量(y)与亚油酸和亚麻酸含量(x)的二次曲线方程为:Y==40.161x2=187.55x=133.76,即亚油酸 亚麻酸含量占饲料干物质的2.36%～2.74%时,生长较快,饲料转化效率较高.     

饲料中不同碳水化合物水平对刺参幼参生长和能量收支的影响

通过设置不同碳水化合物水平(25.61%,34.55%,45.31%,55.82%,66.09%),探讨对刺参幼参[体重(1.67±0.06)g]生长、饲料利用、体组成和能量收支的影响。实验周期为60 d,每组设3个重复,每个重复40头幼参。结果表明:(1)随着摄食碳水化合物水平的升高,特定生长率和饲料转化率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。基于SGR和FCE的二次回归模型估算幼参碳水化合物的最适需求量为50.15%~53.95%;(2)蛋白质效率和摄食能在45.31%~66.09%碳水化合物水平组均显著高于25.61%~34.55%组,说明碳水化合物为幼参获得蛋白质节约效应提供了能量;(3)饲料中碳水化合物水平对幼参摄食率、排粪率和表观消化率均有显著性影响,适宜的碳水化合物水平会提高机体对营养物质的利用效率;(4)全参、体壁及消化道中粗脂肪含量均随摄食碳水化合物水平的升高而有所增加,表明摄食过量碳水化合物会造成幼参体组织脂肪的沉积;(5)在66.09%碳水化合物水平下,幼参生长能占摄食能的比例显著降低,粪能、排泄能及呼吸能占摄食能的比例有所升高,说明过高的碳水化合物水平会造成机体能量利用效率的降低。综上,适宜的碳水化合物水平可以促进幼参生长,提高饲料利用效率,而摄食过量碳水化合物会造成其体组织脂肪的沉积,并影响机体能量代谢水平。     

混合植物蛋白添加晶体氨基酸替代鱼粉的饲料对花鱼种生长和免疫指标的影响

在水温25.0±3.0℃下,在以不同比例的玉米蛋白、棉籽粕和豆粕为蛋白源、部分替代鱼粉的饲料中,按鱼粉的必需基酸组成添加晶体赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸,配制成5种等蛋白(37.0%)和等脂类(11.0%)的饲料,在60cm×60cm×120cm的微流水网箱中饲养平均体质量14.84g,平均体长12.06cm的花鱼种。实验饲料分别含鱼粉28.0%(F0,对照)、21.0%(F1)、14.0%(F2)、7.0%(F3)和0%(F4)。100d的饲养中,花成活率变化在98.67%-100%之间,各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),但对生长和饲料利用率却有显著影响。花特殊增重率随饲料中鱼粉替代比例的增加而降低,用植物蛋白替代25%(F1)的鱼粉,添加晶体氨基酸,鱼特殊增重率、免疫力和消化率最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),用植物蛋白替代50%(F2)和75%(F3)的鱼粉组鱼的特殊增重率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但用植物蛋白全部替代(F4,100%)鱼粉,鱼的特殊增重率显著低于F2和F3组(P0.05)。根据Excel趋势预测曲线的二次曲线计算,当最大特殊增重率为0.585%时,相对应的鱼粉含量为22.77%,可以替代18.69%的鱼粉。植物蛋白替代鱼粉对鱼肌肉中水分和灰份含量无显著影响(P0.05),但蛋白质、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和脂肪的含量高于对照鱼。     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

饲料中不同蛋白含量对斑节对虾幼虾生长及消化酶的影响

选用鱼粉、豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白为主要蛋白源,配置6个蛋白质水平梯度(36%、38%、40%、42%、44%、46%)的饲料,对斑节对虾幼虾(1.03±0.02 g)进行56 d养殖实验,研究饲料中不同蛋白含量对斑节对虾幼虾生长及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1)摄食40%蛋白饲料的斑节对虾的增重率(417.35%)和特定生长率(2.93%·d-1)获得最大值并显著高于36%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05),但与其它各组无显著差异。饲料蛋白水平在38%时的饲料系数(1.88)最低且与44%和46%蛋白饲料组存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)虾体蛋白含量在44%饲料蛋白组最高,且显著高于36%、38%和42%组(P<0.05)。(3)斑节对虾的蛋白质表观消化率在42%蛋白组最高,44%和46%蛋白饲料组的蛋白质效率显著低于36%～42%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05)。(4)随着蛋白水平的提高,斑节对虾的蛋白酶活性呈现由高到低波动的趋势;淀粉酶活性随着饲料蛋白含量的升高而呈下降趋势,胃淀粉酶活性在38%～42%蛋白饲料组显著高于36%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05),肠淀粉酶活性在42%蛋白饲料组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。通过饲料中蛋白质含量与增重率的回归分析,斑节对虾幼虾饲料蛋白的适宜含量为39.70%。     

海星棘皮作为仿刺参饲料添加成分的可行性

对海星棘皮作为仿刺参饲料添加成分的可行性进行初步研究。将海星棘皮干粉按0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的替代比例添加于以鱼粉、马尾藻(Sargassum muticum)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)为原料的基础饲料中,投喂体质量为3.4~4.0 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas)幼参60 d,结果表明,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P0.05);在60 d时,20%、30%和40%饲料组的仿刺参平均增重率、特定生长率显著高于0%和10%饲料组(P0.05);20%饲料组仿刺参的特定生长率最高,与30%和40%饲料组差异不显著(P0.05)。从饲料系数和摄食率看,0%和10%饲料组的饲料系数、摄食率最高,显著高于20%、30%、40%饲料组(P0.05),20%和30%海星饲料组的饲料系数、摄食率最低,二者差异不显著(P0.05),与40%饲料组差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,添加20%~30%海星棘皮干粉饲料可促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用。     

仿刺参幼参对亮氨酸最适需求量的研究

为探究仿刺参幼参对亮氨酸的最适需求量,在基础饲料中分别添加0.00%、0.80%、1.60%、2.40%、3.20%和4.00%的包膜亮氨酸,配成亮氨酸含量分别为1.29%(D1,对照组)、1.63%(D2)、1.98%(D3)、2.22%(D4)、2.58%(D5)和2.97%(D6)的6组实验饲料,饲喂初始体质量为(16.40±0.14) g的仿刺参幼参60 d。结果显示,(1)随饲料亮氨酸含量从1.29%提高到1.98%,仿刺参幼参的增重率和特定生长率显著升高,在D3组增重率达到最大值100.84%,随亮氨酸含量进一步提高,增重率和特定生长率显著降低,但D3、D4和D5组增重率和特定生长率还是显著高于对照组;(2)随饲料亮氨酸含量从1.29%提高到1.98%,仿刺参体壁的粗脂肪含量显著升高,在D3组达到最大值5.50%,且显著高于其他组,随亮氨酸含量进一步提高,仿刺参体壁粗脂肪含量显著降低,各组间水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量均无显著性差异;随饲料亮氨酸含量的升高,仿刺参体壁蛋氨酸含量显著提高;(3)随饲料亮氨酸含量从1.29%提高到1.98%,仿刺参肠道脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性显著提高,...     

不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响

采用室内受控的实验方法研究了不同光照强度对刺参幼参生长的影响。实验设暗光、微强光、强光3个光照处理,同时每个光照处理组分别投喂两种饵料(人工配合饲料、人工配合饲料加底栖硅藻)。研究结果表明,不同光照强度下,幼参的生长差异显著(P<0.05),每种饵料处理下强光处理组幼参的特定生长率和日增重明显高于暗光处理组,而相同光照强度下两种饵料处理对幼参生长的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。3个光照处理下幼参的特定生长率平均分别为0.26%、0.63%、0.98%/d,日增重为0.53、1.39、2.26 g/d。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.