复合农林生境游猎型蜘蛛时空动态规律研究

指出了蜘蛛是农区重要的天敌类群,研究了华北农区农林复合环境下的游猎型蜘蛛多样性以及其优势种在"农田—林带"环境中的分布动态,结果表明:研究区优势种游猎型蜘蛛为星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera L. Koch)和白纹舞蛛(Alopecosa albostriata Grube);游猎型蜘蛛密度在农林生境中具有明显的"林带效应":在冬小麦—圆柏农林系统中,距林带40 m范围内蜘蛛密度变化与距林带距离呈显著的负相关(P=0.026,α=0.05);在玉米—圆柏农林系统中,距林带10 m范围内蜘蛛密度处于高位状态,在距林带10～40m范围内蜘蛛密度显著下降(P=0.039,α=0.05),与距林带距离呈负相关;农事活动中喷洒农药对蜘蛛种群具有极大的负面影响,农田蜘蛛密度在喷药次日急剧下降(P=0.001,α=0.05),之后缓慢增加,蜘蛛种群发生了从林带生境到农田生境不断的迁移过程(林带与农田生境内蜘蛛密度变化t-检验:P_{Sig.(2-tailed})=0.817,α=0.05;二者蜘蛛密度变化率的Pearson相关系数:-0.998,P_{Sig.(2-tailed})=0.853,α=0.05);林带生境对于维系农田天敌群落的延续以及生态链的稳定所表现出的积极作用展示了林业在绿色农业构建中的特殊地位。     

不同生境对草蛉种群分布影响的研究

选取冀中北部固安县的3块玉米田为试验点,对草蛉的生物生态学特性及生存对策进行了研究,量化了防护林对农田系统的生态效应范围及阈值,揭示了林带-天敌-害虫关系中天敌节肢动物对农田害虫的作用范围。结果表明：草蛉的田间草地带分布密度与草地带宽度量呈非正相关关系,宽度在1m 左右的草地带有更高的草蛉密度,草蛉密度在邻近道路区域内呈现出距道路越远密度越高的分布规律,邻近林带处的草蛉数量明显更多;林带对天敌的这种效应范围因林带结构不同表现各异,林带对草蛉的效应范围最大为20 m;作物耕种前与生长早期,林带是本土物种得以栖息的重要的,甚至是唯一的生境,成为一些天敌向农田扩展的“种库”,它同时也是许多物种在作物收获后最重要栖息和越冬场所。     

延川不同类型枣园蜘蛛群落多样性研究

蜘蛛是枣园生态系统中重要的天敌之一,研究枣园蜘蛛群落的多样性可为枣园害虫生物防治提供应用基础数据。2014年5月至10月,在延川县北村和庄头村选择4个不同管理模式的枣园样地,采用扣管法和扫网法相结合的方式进行采样,共获取蜘蛛134头,隶属于7科,其中园蛛科、蟹蛛科、逍遥蛛科、猫蛛科为优势科,狼蛛科、跳蛛科和平腹蛛科为常见类群。数据表明,评价范围内枣园的丰富度指数(dma)和多样性指数(H)较高,而其多样性指数(D)和均匀度指数(J)较低,反映出蜘蛛对不同管理模式枣园生态系统的响应;5月到7月蜘蛛数量相对稳定,7月到8月上升趋势明显,8月下旬到10月上旬开始下降;自然生长的平地枣园样地蜘蛛多样性要高于杂草单一或人工管理的其他样地,人为干扰少、相对潮湿的生态环境,更有利于蜘蛛栖息生活。     

三种常见蜘蛛的识别

世界上已知蜘蛛35000多种,绝大部分布在农田、森林和果园内。它们以捕食各种小型动物为主,是农林害虫的重要天敌之一。1979—1981年我们在胶东半岛地区松林内采到蜘蛛27种,隶属于13科24属。其中最常见的有美丽羽蛛、横纹金蛛和大腹圆蛛。现将这三种蜘蛛的形态及简要生     

人工林蜘蛛扑虫初报

蜘蛛,具有种类多、繁殖快、分布广、寿命长等特点,而且生性凶猛,专吃活食,对环境适应能力强,能扑食多种昆虫。放养蜘蛛扑食害虫,是农林害虫综合防治的重要内容之一。经调查得知,牡丹江林区蜘蛛资源丰富,约有10科30余种。蛛网上扑食昆虫达10目35科90余种。其中金蛛科(Aryiopibac)的三种蜘蛛,是林内空中结网扑虫的优势蛛,其对落叶松毛虫成虫大量扑食,是值得研究的新课题。     

林带冬季相结构参数及透风系数的算法推导

从林带结构参数——疏透度β、立木表面积疏透度S’、立木体积疏透度V’、地上生物表面积密度C、地上生物体积密度W的定义和运算关系出发,推演出冬季相林带结构参数之间、以及它们与林带透风系数α、林带宽度D、枝条平均直径d的相互关系,其表达式为:W=V’/D=1/4dC=dS’/4D=-πdlnβ/4D=-0.1πdlnα/D该式是对几个主要结构参数之间具有同质性的证明,说明不同结构参数概念具有本质上的继承性和一致性,不存在严格意义上的排他性,在一定条件下是可以换算的,为林带防风效应评价运算提供了方便。导出一组适合我国北方干旱风沙区农田防护林带防风效应评价的运算公式。     

林带对太湖地区农业非点源的控制效应研究

太湖地区是高度发达的农业生产区之一,大量使用化肥和杀虫剂加重该地区的环境污染水质污染。本研究选择以油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻为轮作方式的两片农田为农田生态系统,5年生的杨树林带和8年生的水杉林带为研究对象,通过采集水体、作物、林地下的氮和磷的样本,对农田生态系统中 N、P等(主要水污染物)迁移和淋失进行了研究,并对林带作对农业非点源污染的控制效应进行了分析。结果表明:农田生态系统中 N、P等迁移、淋失状况随轮作方式、作物种类及施肥状况而变化;农田与沟渠间的缓冲林带具有截留和净化土壤径流中的N、P等物质的作用,从而在一定程度上控制农业非点源污染。研究表明:当农田与林带宽度比例为100∶40时,在油菜-水稻轮作方式下,50.05%流失N和29.3% 的流失P可以被林带所吸收, 在小麦-水稻的轮作方式下,30.98 %流失N和86.73% P可以被林带所吸收;当农田与林带宽度比例为150∶40,在油菜-水稻轮作方式下, 33.7%流失N和19.58%P可以被林带吸收,在小麦-水稻的轮作方式下,20.65%流失N和57.82% 流失P可以被林带所吸收。因而,农田与林带宽度比例100∶40或150∶40较为合理,这种模型既能少占耕地,又能净化水质、保护生态环境。杨树生长快、用途广,适于太湖地区营造水环境保护林带。图2表4参8。     

“三杉”林带透风系数观测研究初报

近年来,“三杉”(水杉、池杉、落羽杉)已成为我省杭嘉湖水网地区农田防护林的主要树种。林带结构主要有五种:水杉林带、池杉林带、落羽杉林带、水杉杞柳混交林带和水杉棕榈混交林带。不同结构的林带,其防护效果也不同。在农田防护林研究工作中,透风系数是一个重要参数。透风系数不同的林带,防护效果差别很大。虽然它不是林     

绿色新园蛛生物学特性观察研究

绿色新园蛛Ｎｅｏ -ＳｃｏｎａＳｃｙｌｌｏｉｄｅｓ属园蛛科 ,在山东日照市沿海地区松林中普遍发生 ,是松林内拉网蛛为优势种 ,种群数量大 ,发生广泛 ,是多种害虫的重要天敌。为保护和利用该蛛 ,笔者人 1997-2 0 0 0年对该蛛生物学特性进行了观察研究 ,现将结果报告如下。1　生活史绿色新园蛛在鲁东南日照市沿海地区 1年发生1代 ,以不同龄的若蛛在松针基部或翘皮下越冬。翌年 5月上旬出蛰 ,6月上旬出蛰结束。幼蛛经 7龄 ,6月下旬羽化成蛛 ,7月上旬开始交尾 ,7月中旬开始产卵 ,7月下旬开始孵化幼蛛 ,11月上旬开始越冬 (见表 1)。表 1　绿色…     

景观格局对松褐天牛种群密度的影响

【目的】明确景观格局与松褐天牛种群密度及成虫发生期的关系,为制定利用景观格局调控松褐天牛种群的技术措施提供理论依据。【方法】采用景观生态学的研究方法,应用诱捕法对福建省顺昌县4个乡镇马尾松林的松褐天牛种群数量进行监测,将其发生期划分为3个时期并构建时间动态模型,利用ARCGIS、ENVI、FRAGSTATS软件对景观信息进行提取划分和景观指数计算,分析斑块类型与景观2个水平上的景观指数同松褐天牛种群密度及成虫发生期的相关性。【结果】共捕获松褐天牛139 321头;埔上镇始盛期(T)结束的时间最早,双溪街道始盛期结束时间最晚,高峰期(P)与盛末期(L)结束时间最早,而大干镇在这2个时期上结束最晚;斑块类型水平上,松褐天牛种群密度与林地斑块面积及道路斑块数量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.952、0.959,与农田斑块面积呈显著负相关(R=-0.963),与道路斑块分离度也呈显著负相关(R=-0.968);景观水平上,景观总面积与松褐天牛种群密度具有显著正相关(R=0.970),松褐天牛种群密度随景观丰富度的升高而降低,相关系数为-0.958;林地斑块的密度和聚合度对成虫发生的不同时期有重要影响,成虫发生的高峰期与道路斑块的密度和面积有较强的正相关,城市、农田、水域3种斑块的密度与面积均与松褐天牛成虫的发生期呈负相关,而景观总面积与成虫的不同发生期呈正相关。【结论】林地斑块面积、道路斑块数量与松褐天牛种群密度呈显著正相关,而道路斑块的分离度、农田斑块面积与松褐天牛种群密度呈负相关。林地与道路斑块的密度与松褐天牛的始盛期、高峰期、盛末期的结束时间长短呈正相关,而城市、农田、水域3种斑块类型的密度及面积则呈负相关。景观格局不仅能够影响松褐天牛的种群密度,还能够影响其种群发生的时间动态。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.