苜蓿干草的蛋白质营养特性

在参考国内外苜蓿干草蛋白质营养研究资料的基础上，对苜蓿干草的蛋白质营养特性、苜蓿干草蛋白质营养与奶牛蛋白质营养的关系进行了深入讨论，并提出在我国现阶段以苜蓿干草为奶牛主要粗饲料来源时探讨奶牛的蛋白质营养应提但是优先采用瘤胃降解蛋白和过瘤胃蛋白体系。     

优质苜蓿青干草在奶牛生产中应用效果的研究

通过在荷斯坦奶牛饲草中添加5%的高硒型、高硒钴型、高硒钴锌型和普通型苜蓿青干草,研究4种苜蓿青干草对奶牛生长和生产性能的影响.研究结果表明,与普通型苜蓿草干草相比,高硒苜蓿草干草不但能够增加奶牛的体长、胸围和奶牛体重.而且能够提高奶牛日产奶量8.6%,降低料奶比12.17%,提高饲料的转化和利用;高硒钴苜蓿青干草能显著地提高牛奶中乳脂含量的22.15%,高硒钴锌苜蓿青干草能显著地提高牛奶中乳蛋白、乳糖以及非脂固形物含量的9.28%、3.26%和4.69%.在奶业的实际生产中,可根据不同的的需要,在日粮中选择特定的高微量元素苜蓿青干草来添加.     

苜蓿饲料应用于奶牛生产的研究进展

苜蓿是广泛应用于奶牛饲料的一种产量高、营养价值高、适口性好牧草，它具有提高奶产量和泌乳的持久性、改善奶产品的品质、提高饲料的利用率的优点。本文就对苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮饲料的研究进展作一综述，以推广其在奶牛生产中的应用，促进畜牧业的发展。     

苜蓿干草日粮饲喂高产奶牛的技术经济分析

苜蓿是豆科苜蓿属多年生牧草，因其适应性强、产量高、营养价值和经济价值高被称为“牧草之王”。我国种植苜蓿有上千年的历史，但在长期的小农经济束缚以及我国为确保粮食安全所长期采取的“以粮为纲”政策下，我国苜蓿生产多年来一直徘徊不前，苜蓿干草生产尤为落后。再加上受畜牧业“重畜轻草”观念的歧视以及“秸秆畜牧业”错误理论的误导，苜蓿干草在我国奶牛生产中应用的科学研究和生产实践都非常落后。     

高微量元素苜蓿青干草在荷斯坦奶牛生产中应用效果的分析

本文在河南省黄河滩区根据荷斯坦奶牛的营养特点,在日粮中分别添加5%的高硒型、高硒钴型、高硒钴锌型和普通型苜蓿青干草,通过单因子对比饲喂试验来研究这4种苜蓿青干草添加后对奶牛生长和生产性能的影响。结果表明:和普通型苜蓿草干草相比,高硒苜蓿草干草不但能够增加奶牛的体长、胸围和奶牛体重,而且能够提高奶牛日产奶量8.6%,降低料奶比12.17%,提高饲料的转化和利用;高硒钴苜蓿青干草能显著地提高牛奶中乳脂含量的22.15%,高硒钴锌苜蓿青干草能显著地提高牛奶中乳蛋白、乳糖以及非脂固形物含量的9.28%、3.26%和4.69%。     

四倍体刺槐对奶牛产奶性能及乳成分的影响

选择产奶量、产犊日期及体质量相近的50头初产奶牛,分为对照组和试验组,对照组奶牛按照奶牛场原有的TMR饲料和饲养管理方式进行,试验组用1kg的四倍体刺槐(茎叶比=1∶1)代替1kg的苜蓿干草,研究四倍体刺槐替代苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶性能及乳成分的影响。结果表明,四倍体刺槐茎叶混合物部分替代苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶量和体细胞的影响不显著,对乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖及乳干物质含量也无显著影响。利用四倍体刺槐代替苜蓿干草饲喂奶牛是可行的。     

TMR中苜蓿干草长度对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究奶牛TMR中苜蓿干草长度变化对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响。将3头安装永久瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛采用3×3拉丁方试验研究了TMR中苜蓿干草长度变化对奶牛的瘤胃pH、NH3-N浓度及挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明:奶牛的瘤胃pH及NH3-N含量随TMR中的苜蓿干草长度增加有所升高,但均未达显著水平(P>0.05);增加TMR中苜蓿干草长度能改变奶牛的瘤胃发酵模式,TMR苜蓿干草长度为5 cm的奶牛瘤胃中乙酸平均含量显著高于1 cm的(P<0.05),其丙酸平均含量则显著低于1 cm的(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸的比值显著高于1 cm的(P<0.05)。奶牛瘤胃中丁酸含量和总VFA含量各处理间没有明显变化。结果提示,泌乳奶牛TMR中苜蓿干草长度增加有利于奶牛维持较高的瘤胃pH,同时能改变瘤胃的发酵模式。     

苜蓿干草对母牛产奶量及乳成份的影响研究

本试验分试验组和对照组两个组，试验组日粮：9．5公斤精料、11公斤苜蓿干草和9公斤湿啤酒渣，对照组日粮：9．5公斤精料、18公斤玉米杆、10公斤青杂草、2公斤苜蓿干草和9公斤湿啤酒渣。选用胎次、产犊日期相近的泌乳初、中期的中国荷斯坦奶牛64头，随机分为两组，每组32头。试验期为70天。试验结果表明：用苜蓿干草饲喂奶牛，可使奶牛产奶量，乳脂肪总量，乳蛋白总量，乳糖总量显著性提高。     

高产奶牛日粮中苜蓿干草适宜添加量

国内最新研究成果表明在高产奶牛(305天产奶量大于7000千克)日粮中使用9千克苜蓿干草并采用合理的日粮配方可以使产奶量提高到9000千克以上，并取得最佳经济效益。这项技术将彻底改变我国目前“秸秆 精料”饲养方式导致的奶牛产奶量低、经济效益低的现状，实现奶牛饲养方式向“苜蓿干草 玉米青贮 精料”模式即“苜蓿型奶牛业”的改变。在这种模式下，高产奶牛305天产奶量可提高到     

菜用大豆荚壳混合青贮饲喂荷斯坦牛的试验研究

本试验旨在研究菜用大豆荚壳混合青贮饲料对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和血液生化指标的影响。试验选取12头体况、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,随机分为3组。对照组奶牛按牛场原有日粮和饲喂方式饲喂;试验Ⅰ组用6kg豆荚混合青贮饲料替代1.5kg苜蓿干草,试验Ⅱ组用9kg豆荚混合青贮饲料替代2.5kg苜蓿干草,其他均不作变动。结果表明:混合豆荚青贮饲料代替部分苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶量无显著影响,对乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖、非脂固形物和血液生化指标无显著影响。以产1kg标准乳计,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组可分别节约饲料成本0.08元和0.14元,可见利用混合豆荚青贮饲料替代部分苜蓿干草饲喂奶牛经济、可行。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.