应用遣传距离预测爆裂玉米杂种优势

根据80个爆裂玉米自交系数量性状的表现估算了它们之间的遗传距离及它们之间随机组配的67个杂交组合F_1代小区产量、爆粒率和膨胀倍数的杂种优势。相关和回归分析表明,F_1代产量的成分照优势与其双亲之间的遗传距离呈显著的二次曲线关系,而F_1代品质特性爆粒率和膨胀倍数的对照优势与其双亲之间的遗传距离无确定性关系。因此,可以根据亲本间数量性状的综合遗传差异——遗传距离预测爆裂玉米杂种一代产量优势。     

爆裂玉米产量及膨爆特性遗传效应分析

以12个爆裂玉米自交系间杂交F1为材料,采用三倍体胚乳模型对子粒膨爆特性及穗粒重、百粒重的3类遗传效应研究结果表明,3项膨爆特性指标同时受到直接效应和母体效应2种遗传体系所控制,百粒重和穗粒重由3套遗传体系所决定。穗粒重、百粒重、爆花率和膨化体积以普通直接遗传率为最主要分量,膨化倍数的普通母体遗传率最高。各自交系的直接加性效应和母体加性效应的显著性不同,要注意不同自交系的恰当组配。     

西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系SSR遗传多态性及其与杂种优势的关系

选用遍布玉米全基因组的SSR引物，检测西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系的遗传多态性，以此估算自交系间DNA分子遗传距离并进行聚类分析，将119个自交系划分为14个类群，与自交系的亲缘关系具有较好的一致性。西南山地丘陵生态区的地方种质资源中，蕴藏着丰富的遗传变异，不能将其简单地划入任何杂交优势群。再从不同及相同类群中选取相互间遗传距离呈梯状分布，全国大面积推广杂交种的9个亲本自交系，组配成36个完全双列杂交组合，测定杂交种籽粒产量及其一般配合力和特殊配合力。简单相关、多元回归和通径分析表明，虽然杂交种的平均单株籽粒产量及其特殊配合力，与亲本自交系间分子遗传距离相关不显著，但亲本自交系间分子遗传距离通过父本自交系一般配合力对平均单株籽粒产量的间接作用较大，平均单株籽粒产量与母本自交系一般配合力、父本自交系一般配合力和双亲自交系间分子遗传距离的多元回归关系达极显著水平，可以此预测杂交种75％的产量变异。     

西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系SSR遗传多态性及其与杂种优势的关系

选用遍布玉米全基因组的SSR引物,检测西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系的遗传多态性,以此估算自交系间DNA分子遗传距离并进行聚类分析,将119个自交系划分为14个类群,与自交系的亲缘关系具有较好的一致性.西南山地丘陵生态区的地方种质资源中,蕴藏着丰富的遗传变异,不能将其简单地划入任何杂交优势群.再从不同及相同类群中选取相互间遗传距离呈梯状分布,全国大面积推广杂交种的9个亲本自交系,组配成36个完全双列杂交组合,测定杂交种籽粒产量及其一般配合力和特殊配合力.简单相关、多元回归和通径分析表明,虽然杂交种的平均单株籽粒产量及其特殊配合力,与亲本自交系间分子遗传距离相关不显著,但亲本自交系间分子遗传距离通过父本自交系一般配合力对平均单株籽粒产量的间接作用较大,平均单株籽粒产量与母本自交系一般配合力、父本自交系一般配合力和双亲自交系间分子遗传距离的多元回归关系达极显著水平,可以此预测杂交种75%的产量变异.     

普×爆F2代膨爆特性的分离特征研究

对两个普×爆组合F2代群体膨爆特性的分析结果表明，F2代膨爆特性较差，采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良爆裂玉米自交系的机率较小；膨爆特性可能是由主效基因存在的多基因控制的数量性状；各性状间多呈显著或极显著正相关，膨化体积对膨化倍数的直接正向作用最大，百粒重的直接负向作用最大，穗粒重和爆花率主要通过膨化体积起正向间接作用。     

普×爆F3家系穗粒性状及其与膨化倍数的相关分析

在春播和夏播两种环境条件下,对一个普通与爆裂玉米自交系杂交组合的259个F3家系的穗粒性状及其与膨化倍数的相关分析结果表明：F3代分离出优于爆裂亲本穗粒性状的家系较多;穗粒性状是由微效多基因控制的数量性状;百粒重、穗粒重对膨化倍数直接或间接作用为较大负效应,行粒数、轴粗、穗长对膨化倍数的直接作用为正效应,其它性状通过行粒数和穗长对膨化倍数的间接作用多为正效应。因此,可以直接对穗长和行粒数进行正向选择,提高普×爆后代选系的产量。     

黄瓜自交系及其F1的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记方法,从分子水平上探测了黄瓜亲本自交系与其杂种F1的遗传差异。用30个引物对11个黄瓜基因型进行了扩增,共检测出234个位点,其中多态性位点167个,占总位点的71.37%,每条引物可扩增2~17条带,平均每条引物产生7.25条带。根据RAPD遗传距离进行分析,杂种F1偏向母本自交系遗传:由亲本自交系间遗传距离可见,黄瓜亲本自交系间的遗传距离为0.123~0.164,说明黄瓜是一种遗传变异较小的蔬菜。作为父本,津研7号自交系与宁阳大刺自交系相比,子代更加继承了津研7号自交系的遗传特性。以上结果与田间性状表现相符。RAPD标记用于黄瓜遗传差异的研究切实可行,其结果可用于育种过程中的亲本选配和分子标记辅助选择。     

19个玉米自交系的数量性状和AFLPs的遗传差异比较研究

以3个新近选育和16个生产上常用骨干系总计19个玉米自交系为材料，比较它们在数量性状和AFLPs上的遗传差异。结果表明，表型数量性状与AFLPs数据的两种聚类结果都与自交系系谱有较好的一致性，且AFLP的吻合程度较高，两种聚类结果都一致把19个自交系所组配的生产推广优势组合的双亲分在不同的组或亚组；其中新选系中的21-ES、A318与其他骨干系在数量性状与AFLPs上有较大差异，被单独聚为一类；各自交系间的数量性状和AFLPs的遗传距离与其F1的中亲优势值呈正相关。     

杂交水稻产量及农艺性状杂种优势分析

为探讨杂种优势与双亲值、双亲一般配合力（GCA）、组合特殊配合力（SCA）、双亲遗传距离的关系,利用10个不育系和10个恢复系,按不完全双列杂交配制100个组合,对杂交水稻产量及农艺性状的杂种优势进行了分析,探索杂种优势的预测方法。结果表明：杂种一代的超亲优势和对照优势主要体现在穗长、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数几个性状上,其具有正向超亲优势组合的比例分别达到61.0%、66.0%和53.0%,具有正向对照优势的比例分别为62.0%、78.0%和79.0%,结实率性状具有正向对照优势的比例也达到58.0%。杂种优势与父母本值、父母本平均值、高亲值、低亲值及父母本差值都有较为密切的关系,超亲优势与高亲值在8个性状上都极显著相关;对照优势与母本值、父母本平均值、高亲值都呈显著或极显著正相关。杂种优势与SCA和亲本的GCA效应值密切相关,特别是对照优势与SCA和双亲的GCA都呈显著或极显著正相关,同时与父母本的GCA之差和之和都有较大的关系。杂种优势与遗传距离的关系比较复杂,当遗传距离在5~5.5范围内,双亲的距离越远,杂种优势越强。     

玉米早熟性的相关和遗传研究

以包含11个早熟自交系的共24个自交系及由它们配成的含有正、反交组合的116个单交组合(1991年)和122个单交组合(1992年)为材料,研究了玉米早熟性及产量与有关性状的相关性、早熟性的遗传特点。结果为单交组合生育期与其小区产量呈正相关,但也有个别组合表现既早熟又较高产的,单交组合生育期与其株高、单株叶数均呈正相关,单交组合单株籽粒产量与株高、行粒数、百粒重呈正相关,与穗行数基本无相关;杂交组合生育期多数介于双亲生育期之间,并稍偏晚熟亲本,早熟的显性度为0.22(1991年)和0.37(1992年),杂交组合F_1生育期与双亲生育期平均敷(x)之间存在显著正相关关系,回归方程为y=-10.9 1.17x;早熟性的正、反交组合之间不存显著差异。     

Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on morphological traits and AFLP markers in pepper

Genetic diversity is considered as one of the criteria for the selection of parents for hybrid breeding. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic divergence among seven pepper cultivars and to assess the relationship between heterosis and parental genetic distance. Twenty‐one F₁ hybrids and seven parents were evaluated for 15 morphological characters in a greenhouse and in the field. The parents were examined for DNA polymorphisms using six amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Cluster analysis using two genetic distance measures grouped the seven parents differently. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis was observed for most characters. Most hybrids outperformed the parental lines for fruit yield, earliness and plant height. Morphological and AFLP‐based distance measurements were efficient enough to allocate pepper genotypes into heterotic groups. The correlations of morphological distances with mid‐parent heterosis were significant for days to flowering and maturity, suggesting earliness can be predicted from morphological distances of parental lines. However, the correlations of AFLP‐measured genetic distances with mid‐ and high‐parent heterosis were non‐significant for all characters, except for fruit diameter, and proved to be of no predictive value.     

Indica-Japonica differentiation of paddy rice and its relationship with heterosis

The Indica‐Japonica differentiation of three photoperiod‐sensitive and/or thermosensitive genetic male‐sterile rice (PGMS or TGMS, respectively) lines and 47 male parental lines from seven ecotypes were studied for their restriction fragment length polymorphism marker data to determine which ecotype crosses with the three PGMS and/or TGMS lines could lead to higher yield potential, and to estimate the relationship between the Indica‐Japonica differentiation of parents and heterosis in grain yield and its components. The results indicated that hybrids derived from ‘N422s’ and the early‐middle ripening Indica varieties from southern China, and hybrids between ‘Pei'ai64s’ and three Japonica ecotypes, including North‐eastern Japonica varieties, restoring lines of Japonica hybrid rice and north China Japonica varieties, showed the highest grain yields. There was less variation of yield among the F1s between ‘108s’ and the seven ecotypes than among the other F₁s. Highly significant positive correlations between heterosis of the F₁ yield and genetic distance of the parents were detected, although the correlation between F₁ yield performance and genetic distance did not reach a significant level. Considerable variation of correlation between heterosis and genetic distance was also detected in the Indica × Indica crosses and Indica × Japonica crosses. There was much higher correlation (r = 0.63) between the F₁ yield performance and the genetic distance of parents in the Indica × Indica crosses than in the others. It is proposed that a genetic distance of 0.4‐0.8 between the two parents of hybrid rice might be appropriate not only for F₁ performance, but also for heterosis.     

Prediction of hybrid performance based on the genetic distance of parental lines in two-line rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids

A total of six TGMS (thermosensitive genic male sterile lines) and nine pollinator lines were subjected to molecular characterization using 48 genome-wide SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. Cluster analysis revealed clear differentiation among the TGMS lines according to their source of origin. The SSR-based genetic distance between the hybrids of the parental lines ranged from 0.36 to 0.79 suggesting a high degree of genetic divergence. Among a set of 54 hybrids generated using parental lines, 32 showed better parent heterosis (+21.7%) while 19 showed mid-parent heterosis (+15.0%). For the trait yield per plant genetic distance (GD) was negatively correlated with F₁ performance (r = ?0.202), mid-parent heterosis (r = ?0.325*; P < 0.05), and better parent heterosis (r = ?0.261), while it was positively correlated with specific combining ability (r = 0.042). Based on the grouped genetic distance (GGD), the hybrid combinations were divided into four groups. The GGD showed linear correlation with hybrid performance within the group (GGD = 40–50: r = ?0.07; GGD = 70–80: r = 0.32). This information can be utilized in the development of higher yielding, two-line rice hybrids through selection of intermediately diverse parental lines using GGD.     

结球甘蓝产量性状的配合力与杂种优势分析

结球甘蓝全株重和叶球重是其产量性状的重要构成因素。研究其配合力和杂种优势表现,对甘蓝杂交育种和创制高产结球甘蓝杂交种具有重要意义。本研究通过6×7不完全双列杂交设计,对结球甘蓝产量性状的配合力效应和F₁代杂种优势表现进行了分析,并基于SSR标记对13个亲本进行了聚类分析和遗传距离计算。结果表明,亲本880014、739和12119的产量性状一般配合力效应好,可作为优良的亲本材料。产量性状特殊配合力效应值高的组合为15109×01-20、12119×01-20、1602×13127和15109×739;产量性状杂种优势好的组合是1344×99011、1344×739、15109×739和12119×01-20。综上,15109×739和12119×01-20是具有增产潜力的优良组合。在中等遗传距离条件下,杂交组合产量性状特殊配合力好,杂种优势强。     

陆地棉品种与陆地棉族系种质系间杂种优势及其组成分析

采用ＮＣⅡ遗传交配设计,选用３个陆地棉常规品种和５个陆地棉族系种质系材料杂交,杂种Ｆ１代产量和纤维品质优势表现明显。通径分析结果表明,提高铃重,单株铃数的中亲优势,适当降低单铃种子数和株高的优势。在其它性状适宜的情况下,可以显著地提高皮棉产量的中亲优势。各个优势组合在产量优势来源上有差异。种质系材料在杂种优势利用上具有很大潜力。     

Retrotransposon-related genetic distance and hybrid performance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Heterosis is a main force leading the development of the hybrid seed industry in sunflower. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if heterosis effects for morphological traits among sunflower hybrids can be related to differences in the repetitive component of the genome of parental lines. The assumption is that, at least for certain traits, heterosis results from mutations in the cis-regulatory elements of genes, largely related to retrotransposon insertions and/or removals. Our experimental approach consists of a correlation study between hybrid performance and retrotransposon-related genetic distances between inbreds. Six sunflower inbred lines of different origin were crossed in a half diallel fashion; comparing parental lines and hybrids, mid parent heterosis of F₁ hybrids was evaluated for six traits. We estimated the parental genetic distances between the six inbreds on data gathered by the inter-retrotransposon-amplified-polymorphism (IRAP) protocol. Different retrotransposons previously isolated in sunflower were targeted by 11 primer pairs designed on conserved LTR domains. As a control, genetic distances were also calculated using 86 genic SNPs. We analysed the correlation between the mid-parent heterosis for each of the six traits analysed and the genetic distance (calculated on data obtained by SNP or IRAP analyses) between the parental lines. Differences between parents showed to be largely related to variations in the retrotransposon component of the genome. Retrotransposon-related genetic distance between parents resulted to be larger than that related to genic SNPs, and significantly correlated to seed yield and, at a lesser extent, to plant height and stem diameter in hybrids. The hypothesis that variations in the repetitive component of the genome, especially LTR-retrotransposons, affect the displaying of heterosis is discussed.     

Genetic distance and its association with heterosis in peas

Summary The relationship between the genetic distance of parents and both the heterosis of F₁ hybrids and the variance of F₅ lines was investigated in 72 crosses of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The genetic distance between each pair of parents was estimated, using isozyme (GDi), morphological (GDm) or quantitative (GDq) markers and finally a combination of isozyme and morphological markers (GDi+m). GDm was poorly correlated with the other measures of genetic distance, which in turn were strongly correlated with each other. Genetic distance was moderately correlated with the level of heterosis for yield over midparent in the F₁ generation, with the highest correlation obtained from GDi+m. GD was not significantly correlated with heterosis for yield over the better or best parent but it was significantly correlated with all three measures of heterosis for pods per plant and hundred seed weight. There was no correlation between genetic distance and the level of heterosis for yield and total dry matter in the F₂ generation, but GDi, GDi+m and GDq were predictive for the level of inbreeding depression in grain yield and total dry matter. When parents were high in genetic distance, crosses produced highly transgressive segregants for basal branches per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and onset of flowering. Genetic distance between parents was thus a useful measure for predicting a portion of hybrid performance and also of the variance of derived inbred lines. It was concluded that when choosing parents for a cross, consideration should be given to their genetic distance as well as their overall adaptation and their yield. There is considerable potential for optimising choice of parental combinations in the development of improved pea cultivars.     

基于产量相关性状SSR分子标记的大豆杂种优势群划分

利用杂种优势可显著提高大豆单产,但亲本的创制及杂交组合的配制缺乏有效的理论指导,导致杂交种组配工作存在盲目性,强优势大豆杂交种的产出周期较长。针对上述问题,以中国东北部和国外的43份亲本为材料,利用经过筛选的14个大豆产量性状相关SSR分子标记进行遗传多样性分析和杂种优势类群划分。结果发现,所用SSR标记共扩增出31个等位变异位点,平均每个标记检测到2.2143个等位变异位点,变幅为2.0000~4.0000;主效基因频率为0.4419~0.9302,平均为0.6817;基因遗传多样性指数为0.1298~0.6101,平均为0.4043;多态性信息含量为0.1214~0.5272,平均为0.3280。根据遗传距离将43份亲本材料划分为2个类群;25个杂交种的35份亲本材料分属于2个类群;且27个杂交种的39份亲本材料为国内和国外材料之间配制的杂交组合,反映出中国东北与国外材料之间存在较强的杂种优势。对本研究所用的杂交种亲本间遗传距离分析发现,遗传距离在0.4~0.6时杂种优势利用效率较高。上述结果为优异亲本的选育方向和强优势杂交种亲本的合理组配提供参考。     

Relationship of genetic distance and hybrid performance in hybrids derived from a new photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterile wheat line 337S

Heterosis has been exploited in many crops and made a significant contribution to the world food supply. Genetic distance (GD) is one of valuable criteria for selecting parents in hybrid breeding. The objectives of this study were to estimate GD between a novel photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterile wheat line 337S and several common cultivars using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and to evaluate the relationship of GD and heterosis. The line 337S, as a maternal parent, was crossed with 16 common wheat varieties to produce 16 hybrids. Eight agronomic traits were investigated for the parents and F1 hybrids. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) and specific combining ability (SCA) were calculated. GD and cluster analysis were performed among the 17 parents. The correlations of GD with F1 performance, MPH and SCA were analyzed. The results showed that GD estimates among the 17 parents averaged 0.42 with a range from 0.26 to 0.57, and the averaged GD between 337S and the 16 parental cultivars was 0.44. Cluster analysis separated the 17 parents into three main groups. SSR markers were useful in analyzing genetic divergences among the 17 parental lines. However, GD based on SSR markers poorly correlated with F1 performance, MPH and SCA. Thus, GD revealed by SSR markers can not provide a reliable prediction in practical wheat hybrid breeding.