美国白蛾核型多角体病毒传播途径及对寄主的持续作用

用不同浓度的美国白蛾核型多角体病毒亚致死剂量感染美国白蛾4龄和5龄幼虫,并分别收集不同处理的残余带毒试虫进行室内传代饲养.结果表明:病毒对寄主昆虫不仅具有直接致死作用,而且对蛹重和雌虫产卵量均有明显影响,尤其是对亲代、子一代和子二代寄主昆虫.对病毒传播途径的研究证实HcNPV可通过多种途径传播到寄主种群中.     

提高昆虫病毒杀虫效果的荧光增白剂的研究

荧光增白剂是生物防治研究中最近发现的一类能显著提高昆虫病毒杀虫能力、加快病毒致死昆虫速度、提高昆虫病毒对紫外光的保护作用的化学因子。林间增加效果明显而稳定。荧光增白剂可发展成为有效提高和改善昆虫病毒制剂持续控制农林害虫的重要助剂。虽然荧光增白剂能显著增强昆虫病毒毒力的机理还不清楚，但该机理的阐明可以为生物防治农林害虫提供新的途径甚至理论。本文综述了近10a来国外在应用荧光增白剂提高昆虫病毒毒力和实际应用防治农林害虫的研究进展。并提出了荧光增白剂能扩大病毒的宿主范围，改变昆虫病毒感染宿主的途径和诱发昆虫病毒潜伏侵染的推论。对荧光增白剂应用中的问题也进行了讨论。     

昆虫生命表中关键因子确定的斜率关联度分析法

以柑桔潜叶蛾９个世代的生命表资料和稻纵卷叶螟６个世代的生命表资料作为例证研究，首次将灰色系统中的斜率关联度分析法，于昆虫生命有关键因子的确定，收到了理想的效果，作为一种简便、科学、可靠的量化方法，在正确地判明关键因子的同时，还向我们提供了各亚致死力按其作用强度大小排序的有用信息，可在生命表研究中推广应用。     

病毒防治醋栗卷叶蛾

在降低昆虫数量的因子中,病毒占首要地位之一。因此,由昆虫中分离病毒不只是从昆虫病理学观点而且与将其应用于害虫防治亦有利害关系。 E.B.奥尔洛夫斯卡娅于1964年在立陶宛苏维埃社会主义共和国经常发现醋栗卷叶蛾在与其他卷叶蛾混合发生的橡树林里由于Borrelinavirus属病毒而致死。我们工作的目的是研究在莫斯科和沃龙涅     

HaNPV病毒对寄主昆虫的持续作用研究

用不同浓度的HaNPV病毒感染3龄棉铃虫幼虫并分别收集不同处理的存活试虫进行室内传代饲养.结果表明,病毒对寄主昆虫不仅具有直接致死作用,而且对蛹质量和化蛹均有明显的影响,尤其是对亲代和子一代的寄主昆虫.同时,通过PCR技术,从子一代的幼虫和蛹中成功检测到该病毒,从而在分子水平上证明了病毒能够经过亲代传递到子代的种群中.这对病毒的高效利用和害虫的持续控制具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

林业昆虫病毒研发中心

中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心长期从事林业昆虫病毒的基础和应用研究，先后完成了松毛虫病毒、春尺蠖病毒、美国白蛾病毒、舞毒蛾病毒、茶尺蠖病毒、杨扇舟蛾病毒、枣尺蠖病毒、油桐尺蠖病毒等多种农林害虫病毒的生产和应用技术。     

中国林科院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心

中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心长期从事林业昆虫病毒的基础和应用研究，先后完成了松毛虫病毒、春尺蠖病毒、美国白蛾病毒、舞毒蛾病毒、茶尺蠖病毒、杨扇舟蛾病毒、枣尺蠖病毒、油桐尺蠖病毒等多种农林害虫病毒的生产和应用技术。多年来除了为社     

利用昆虫病毒防治农林害虫的研究和利用动态分析

近年来,昆虫病毒的研究和应用十分活跃,病毒的种类迅速增加,目前全世界已经报道从昆虫体内分离出的病毒1700多种,其中以包涵体病毒为主,核型多角体病毒、颗粒体病毒和质型多角体病毒占很大比例。从寄主昆虫来看,鳞翅目昆虫885种、鞘翅目昆虫178种、膜翅目昆虫83种。     

中国林科院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心

<正>中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心长期从事林业昆虫病毒的基础和应用研究,先后完成了松毛虫病毒、春尺蠖病毒、美国白蛾病毒     

中国林科院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心

中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所林业昆虫病毒研发中心长期从事林业昆虫病毒的基础和应用研究，先后完成了松毛虫病毒、春尺蠖病毒、美国白蛾病毒、舞毒蛾病毒、茶尺蠖病毒、杨扇舟蛾病毒、枣尺蠖病毒、油桐尺蠖病毒等多种农林害虫病毒的生产和应用技术。多年来除了为社会提供成熟的病毒杀虫剂生产技术外，还为生产单位提供病毒杀虫剂产品。2000年以来，已在新疆、北京、内蒙、天津、湖南等地推广病毒杀虫剂300余万亩。效果表明，应用昆虫病毒杀虫剂防治林业害虫，当代效果可达80％以上，持续控制期达到3年以上。近年来，研究中心已先后获得多项专利（实用新型专利3项：ZL200320100430．8、ZL200520144367．7、zL200720190790．X。发明专利2项：zL200410029730．0、ZL200510086522．9）。     

Über die Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis in Kombination mit dem synthetischen Pyrethroid Ambusch auf Operophthera brumata,Tortrix viridana und die Insektenfauna eines Eichenbestandes

In order to increase the effect of the biopreparation Thuricide HP, we mixed it with pyrethroid Ambusch, a substance highly effective against insects possessing satisfactory parameters as regards toxic residua. Using aerial application, we tested Thuricide HP as a 0.5% suspension in a dose of 1 kg in 200 l water per one ha, the same dose of the preparation combined with a sublethal dose of Ambusch (8 ml/ha, i. e., 2 g of effective substance), and Ambusch in a dose of 120 ml/ha, i. e., 30 g of effective substance/1 ha. The mortality of larvae ofO. brumata andT. viridana attained 61% after the application of Thuricide HP, 83% after Thuricide HP combined with Ambusch, 96% after treatment with Ambusch. As indicated by our results, the biopreparation killed only larvae of Lepidoptera, while pyrethroid effected the entire spectrum of insect species colonizing the crowns of the treated stand. A combination of the biopreparation with a sublethal dose of pyrethroid was sufficiently effective against the pest, with a decreased effect on the remaining insect species.     

Reproductive potential of the parasitic wasp Microplitis rufiventris Kok. (Hym.: Braconidae), reared in hosts treated with chitin synthesis inhibitors

Different developmental stages of Microplitis rufiventris Kok. larvae were each exposed to a sublethal dosage (0.4?ppm) of Lefenuron [N-{2,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-phenylaminocarbonyl}-2, 6-difluorobenzamide] or Lefenuron/Deltanet [O-n-butylO-(2.2-dimethyl-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-y1)-N, N'-dimethyl-N-N'-thiodicarbamate] by feeding treated artificial diets to parasitized Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae to evaluate their effects on the reproductive potential of resulting parasitoids. Lefenuron treatments caused a great reduction in the reproductive ability of either the host insect or its parasitoid. Ovaries of parasitoid females (1 day old) emerged from Lefenuron/Deltanet treatments contained more ova than those from either Lefenuron or controls. Experienced females from Lefenuron/Deltanet treatments deposited significantly more eggs and contained at death more remaining mature oocytes in their calyx and egg-reservoirs. The combination of carbamate insecticide (Deltanet) and chitin-inhibiting growth regulator (Lefenuron) may enhance the reproductive ability of insect parasitoid and may provide a potential means for developing more effective biological control methods against insect pests.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of cycloxaprid,a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide,on the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

Recently, Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae) has become an important insect pest of Bt cotton and fruit trees in China. At present, the application of chemical insecticides is the main control option for this pest. We investigated the lethal effect of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on A. lucorum adults, including six commercialized neonicotinoids and a novel one, cycloxaprid, which is developed in China. In addition, we assessed the sublethal physiological (longevity, fecundity) and behavioral (pre-oviposition and oviposition periods) effects of LD₁₀ (low lethal dose) and LD₄₀ (moderate lethal dose) of cycloxaprid on the mirid bug. Lethal effect of the insecticides was determined using a topical exposure method; contact toxicity against the adults was ranked as follows: cycloxaprid, nitenpyram > clothianidin > acetamiprid, imidacloprid > thiamethoxam > dinotefuran. Among these insecticides, the toxicity of cycloxaprid against the adults was the highest; its LD₅₀ value was 2.54 ng a.i. (active ingredient)/adult. Both LD₁₀ (0.74 ng a.i./adult) and LD₄₀ (1.98 ng a.i./adult) of cycloxaprid induced sublethal effects in the adults; we observed a reduced longevity in males and the LD₄₀ also shortened the longevity of females. In addition, the LD₄₀ prolonged the pre-oviposition period and shortened the oviposition period of females, and it decreased their fecundity. The hatching rate of eggs laid by the females exposed to LD₁₀ and LD₄₀ greatly decreased (two-fold lower when exposed to LD₄₀). Our results demonstrate that cycloxaprid is among the best candidate insecticides for controlling A. lucorum, and it showed significant lethal and sublethal effects on this mirid bug.     

Assessing toxicity of post-emergence herbicides to the Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

The lethal and sublethal effects of three post-emergence herbicides, 2,4-D ethyl ester (Weedkill 80WP), imazethapyr (Pursuit 10EC) and quizalofop ethyl (Tergasuper 5EC) fortified with artificial diets were studied on larvae of Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Quizalofop ethyl and imazethapyr caused significant reduction of pest survival at almost all levels; however, 2,4-D ethyl ester was nontoxic. Interestingly, LC₅₀ data (0.230 and 0.855% for quizalofop ethyl and imazethapyr, respectively) obtained from probit analysis were almost equal to labeled doses (x) of quizalofop ethyl (x = 0.16%) and imazethapyr (x = 0.625%), which shows the high toxicity of these compounds against S. obliqua larvae. Among the three herbicides, imazethapyr caused sublethal effects on this pest, increasing the larval period at almost all concentrations tested in the artificial diet. Considering the markedly significant effect of quizalofop ethyl on pest survivorship with no sublethal effect, we suggest incorporating it into the integrated pest management module for S. obliqua in legumes or oilseed crops with other biorational insecticides. Based on toxicity, imazethapyr can be a potential candidate for integrated management of S. obliqua. However, because of its sublethal effects, we advocate caution while using it in the presence of pest infestations.     

Effects of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl on the larval ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor

Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an ectoparasitoid that is used for inundative biological control of various lepidopteran insect pests. Lethal and sublethal effects of two biorational insecticides, methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl, were evaluated on H. hebetor under laboratory conditions. The adults were exposed to dry insecticide residues that were applied on glass plates. Bioassays showed that the LC₅₀ values of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl were 155 and 1,226 μg a.i./ml, respectively. The LT₅₀ values of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl were 2.1 and 3.3 days, respectively. The effects of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl on larvae were tested using a dip method with field-recommended concentrations of either insecticide. The emergence rates were reduced by 24.4 and 29.3 % for methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl treatments, respectively. In order to assess the sublethal effects of low-lethal concentrations of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl, adult wasps were exposed to the LC₃₀ concentration of each insecticide, and demographic parameters of live wasps were recorded. Exposure of adults to low-lethal concentrations (LC₃₀) negatively affected the fecundity, fertility, and sex ratio, and also the intrinsic rate of increase (r _m), finite rate of increase (λ), generation time (T), and doubling time (DT). The longevity and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of H. hebetor were not affected by sublethal exposure to these insecticides. The results showed that despite low acute toxicities of both insecticides on larval and adult stages of H. hebetor, they may negatively affect the population of the parasitoid and interfere in IPM programs.     

Warming increases tolerance of an insect pest to fungicide exposure through temperature-mediated hormesis

Pest management strategies relying on agrochemicals could be altered by climate change, because of the temperature-dependent toxicity of the compound involved. Many studies have explored the response of targeted pests to pesticide and temperature. Pesticides are seldom strictly selective and also affect nontarget pests. Surprisingly, the way temperature may shape these side effects of pesticides remains overlooked, limiting our understanding of the net impacts of future chemical treatments on the overall damage induced by different pests. We investigated how temperature modulates the response of a major grape insect pest (the tortricid moth Lobesia botrana) to a copper-based fungicide. We examined the lethal (larval survival) and sublethal (larval development, pupal mass, immune parameters) effects of exposure to different concentrations of copper in larval food. We found that copper concentration had negative linear effects on larval development and pupal mass. In addition, copper concentration had biphasic curvilinear effects on total phenoloxidase activity, which is indicative of hormesis (stimulation and inhibition of insect performance at low and high copper concentrations, respectively). Temperature stimulated development, while compromising immunity (total phenoloxidase activity). Significant interaction between copper concentration and temperature was detected for larval survival and phenoloxidase activity: warmer conditions improved pest tolerance to copper through temperature-driven hormesis (larval survival) or by shifting the hormesis-related peak of performance toward higher copper concentrations (phenoloxidase activity). This combination of simple and interactive effects could propagate to populations, communities and agroecosystem, with implications for future management of viticultural pests.

     

昆虫信息素及其在害虫防治中的应用

昆虫信息素是由昆虫体内产生、具有引诱昆虫行为反应的化学物质，其人工合成化合物称为引诱剂。昆虫性引诱剂是一种无公害的杀虫剂，其特点是灵敏度高、防治效果好、不污染环境、不杀伤天敌、使用方便。利用白杨透翅蛾（Paranthrene tabaniformis)、梨小食心虫（Garpholitha molesta)、棉红铃虫（Pectinophora gossypiella)等农林害虫的性引诱剂防治相应的害虫已获成功，并且防治效益好，成本低廉，证明应用昆虫性引诱剂监测和防治害虫很有应用前途。     

荔枝园昆虫群落优势功能团的季节演变及其相关性

以功能团为研究单元,对不同处理荔枝园昆虫群落季节演变规律进行了研究.结果表明:咀嚼害虫、刺吸害虫、捕食性天敌以及中性昆虫是昆虫群落的优势功能团;两处理区各害虫、中性昆虫功能团种群数量变动基本一致;无公害区捕食性天敌数量及优势度多数月份要高于常规区,但又显著低于对照区;中性昆虫是维持捕食性天敌种群数量的主要功能团;无公害防治对害虫的防治效果与常规化学防治相当,有利于维持果园昆虫群落的稳定.     

森得保粉剂对木荷林昆虫多样性的影响

在3月和4月,对用森得保粉剂防治油茶尺蛾的木荷林昆虫多样性进行了调查,结果表明：森得保粉剂虽对木荷防火林带林冠层昆虫群落多样性有一定的抑制,但其极大地降低木荷防火林带林冠层内植食性昆虫的数量,导致植食性昆虫在群落中的比例降低;而对捕食和寄生昆虫的数量影响不大,从而使捕食性和寄生性昆虫所占比例都有不同程度的上升。这对木荷防火林带林冠层昆虫群落的稳定性有一定的促进作用。     

植物次生性物质对植食性昆虫的抗虫作用及其分析方法

植物次生物质是一种十分重要的抗虫物质,它对植食性昆虫具有驱避、抑食、毒害作用。此外还对昆虫的天敌具有引诱作用。在植物次生物质的分析手段方面,主要包括色谱法和波谱法。在实际应用过程中,二者常是结合在一起使用的,色谱-波谱联用技术在植物次生物质分离分析过程中已经成为不可缺少的工具。