红小豆低产原因分析及高产栽培技术初探

红小豆又名赤豆、红饭豆、赤小豆,系豆科菜豆属作物。红小豆适应性强,生育期较短,可以清种,也适应与高秆作物间作套种,利用田埂地边,斜坡隙地种植,具有改良土壤,培肥地力的积极作用。 1986年开始,我所承担了省科委下达的豆类研究课题,对大豆、绿豆、红小豆开展新品种选育及栽培技术方面的研究。经过几年的生产调查与试验研究,总结分析了当前红小豆低产的主要原因,初步摸索出红小豆高产栽培的几项措施,供生产上参考应用。     

豆类品种资源的搜集和整理

从1997年10月开始至今,我室从全国各地引进豆类品种共214个,其中豇豆类76个;菜豆类64个;扁豆类65个;刀豆、四棱豆和牛奶豆各1个.经过两年栽培和调查,对这214个品种进行了初步的整理.     

豇豆煤霉病的发生与防治

豇豆煤霉病,又称叶斑病,是由半知菌亚门尾(霉)属引起的一种真菌性病害,病菌除侵染豇豆外,还危害菜豆、毛豆(大豆)、蚕豆、扁豆、绿豆、红小豆、豌豆及刀豆等多种豆科作物,常常造成较大的损失. 1 发病规律 1.1 传染途径 病菌以分生孢子梗下的子座在病株残体上越冬,次年产生大量分生孢子,成为初次侵染源.豇豆植株感病后,在病斑上下不断产生分生孢子,在田间进行重复感染.     

绿豆基因组SSR引物在豇豆属作物中的通用性

分子标记的种间通用性可降低其开发成本,提高利用效率,也有助于促进遗传研究较薄弱物种的分子遗传学研究。本文选取绿豆、小豆、豇豆及饭豆材料各3份, 分析1 205对新开发的绿豆基因组SSR引物在这些材料中的扩增效果,结果显示绿豆基因组SSR引物在豇豆、小豆和饭豆中的通用性比率分别为50.0%、73.3%和81.6%;多态性比率分别为4.1%、1.7%和1.5%;在4个种间均通用的引物469对。这些通用性SSR引物将有助于这4种食用豆类在多样性评价、连锁图谱的构建、基因定位及比较基因组学等方面的研究。     

健康杂粮

健康杂粮是小杂粮和小宗杂豆的俗称,泛指生育期短、种植面积小、种植地区和种植方法特殊,有特种用途的多种粮豆,其特点是小、少、杂、特。健康杂粮包括,荞麦、燕麦、谷子、糜子、高粱、大麦(含青稞)、薏苡、籽粒苋、绿豆、小豆、豇豆、普通菜豆、多花菜豆、饭豆、黑豆、蚕豆、豌豆、小扁豆、鹰嘴豆、草豌豆     

看图识虫—常见鞘翅目储粮害虫的识别——第四讲:绿豆象,蚕豆象,豌豆象 黄斑露尾甲,脊胸露尾甲

绿豆象成虫特征身体长椭圆形,长约4毫米。体色不一,有“淡色型”和“暗色型”之分,但数目较多的是背面颜色大部分为褐色的“淡色型”绿豆象。复眼大,凸出。前胸背板的前缘较后缘狭许多,略成三角形(图1)。触角11节,雄虫的触角为梳状(图1a),雌虫的触角为锯齿状(图1b),容易识别。栖息场地和习性绿豆象是一种世界性的为害贮藏豆类的害虫。绿豆、豇豆、赤豆、蚕豆、豌豆、大豆,菜豆以及莲子等均受其害。在我国,绿豆象主要为害绿豆和赤豆;在非洲等热带地区,     

根腐病对菜豆、豇豆的侵害与防治措施

菜豆、豇豆都是人们喜食的蔬菜,也是日常大量供应的蔬菜品种,因此在各地种植面积均十分广泛。然而近几年根腐病为害对菜豆、豇豆生产影响较大,发病轻时可减产10%～20%,发病重时减产可达50%～60%,特别严重时几乎绝收。在常年种植菜豆、豇豆的地区,菜农朋友必须重视该病的防治工作。1.发病症状①菜豆。主要侵害其根部或茎基部,病部可见黑褐色     

我国在小豆上批准登记的农药产品

<正>小豆,古代称荅、赤菽、小菽等,又称红小豆、红豆、赤豆、赤小豆、五色豆,为豆科菜豆族豇豆属一年生、直立或缠绕草本植物。小豆具有耐湿、耐瘠薄和生育期短等特点,可以作为灾后补种作物。小豆在我国栽培已有2000多年的历史,主要分布于华北、东北和黄河及长江中、下游地区,以黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河北、山西和陕西等省(区)种植面积较大,其次为江苏、江西、云南等省,天津、北京、广西和广东等省(自治区、直辖市)也有种植。小豆具有利尿祛     

我国在绿豆上批准登记的农药产品

<正>绿豆俗称绿小豆,又称青小豆、植豆、吉豆、文豆,为豆科菜豆族豇豆属一年生草本植物。绿豆也是补种、填闲和救荒的优良作物。绿豆在我国各地均有种植,春绿豆、夏绿豆分别集中于长城沿线及以东地区和黄淮海流域的平原地区,以黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、河南、安徽、湖北和湖南种植面积较大,其次为江苏、四川、重庆、甘肃和云南等省(市),辽宁省也有种植。北方春绿豆多在5月中下旬至6月上     

发展小杂豆生产的实践意义

杂豆是小宗豆类作物的俗称,泛指种植面积少、种植地区和种植方法特殊、有特殊用途的多种豆类.主要种类有蚕豆、芸豆、小豆、绿豆、豇豆、豌豆、饭豆等.随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们饮食逐步向营养化、保健化、卫生化方向发展,杂豆生产具有独特优势和很好的发展前景.     

Linkage analysis among loci for RAPDs, isozymes and some agronomic traits in Brassica campestris L.

Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. is intercropped or relay cropped with maize in many Andean highlands of Colombia and Peru. Breeding beans for the target multiple cropping systems is essential for the development of productive and sustainable agriculture for the Andean smallholders. Outline of the breeding programme should follow the farming system approach with the establishment of on-farm trials and early farmers involvement. Bean breeding is oriented to minimize intercrop competition and to stabilize complementarity with maize. Genetic traits needed for improved varieties are divided as follows : traits not interacting with the cropping systems, traits specific to intercrops and traits related with socioeconomic and seed quality aspects. Screening, prebreeding and recombination nursery are better made under sole cropping while varietal improvement and on-farm trials are conducted under the target multiple cropping systems. Breeding schemes may involve recurrent, pedigree and bulk hybrid selection. The given application concerns the genetic improvement of P. coccineus, P. polyanthus and interspecific hybrids of P. vulgaris for both simultaneous and relay intercropping in Colombia and Peru. Earliness, cold tolerance, resistance to fungus diseases (mainly Ascochyta leaf blight and anthracnosis) and seed yield potential were the major objectives of the bean improvement programme. Priority has been given to the exploitation of the large diversity available in the secondary gene pool of common bean. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA variation within and among bean landrace mixtures (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Tanzania

Genetic characterization of 51 individual pure lines from 13 landraces of three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mixtures from the southern highlands of Tanzania was undertaken using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. A dendrogram generated by cluster analysis from data derived from fragments amplified by 12 random 10-base primers divided the bean individuals onto two main branches with less than 60% genetic similarity. Branches A and B subdivided into two and four clusters, respectively. Mixture 2, comprising three landraces, was the most uniform, most plants appearing on cluster 4 of branch B. Three of the four landraces of mixture 1 appeared on cluster 3 of branch B while the fourth landrace appeared on major branch A. Mixture 3 showed the greatest genetic variation with components appearing on both major branches. The clear separation of the 13 landraces onto two main branches of the dendrogram together with phenotypic characters, notably variation in bean size, suggests that the two groups might represent two distinct gene pools of P. vulgaris. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identification of a novel source of resistance to angular leaf spot disease of common bean within the secondary gene pool

Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferr., the agent of angular leaf spot disease of common bean, is a highly variable pathogen for which resistance gene diversification is required. This study analysed genetic resistance to this disease within genotypes of three Phaseolus species. Twenty-nine genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus polyanthus were inoculated with 54 isolates of Phaeoisariopsis griseola. The genetic resistance was estimated according to the symptom intensity observed for each plant genotype-pathogen isolate combination. Globally, genotypes of the common bean secondary gene pool were resistant to a higher number of isolates than common bean varieties. Interactions between plant genotypes and pathogen isolates suggested vertical resistance genes within P. vulgaris, as well as within P. coccineus and P. polyanthus. The ‘NI666’accession (P. coccineus) showed resistance to all the fungal isolates inoculated while the variety ‘Aroana’(P. vulgaris) was susceptible to most of the isolates. Interspecific hybridization between these two genotypes gave F₁ hybrid plants which showed resistance to angular leaf spot disease.     

A geographical approach to identify phosphorus-efficient genotypes among landraces and wild ancestors of common bean

Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) capable of yielding well at low levels of native or added phosphorus (P) are highly desirable in many tropical production systems. The objective of the present study was to identify geographical regions which might be sources of such genotypes. A total of 364 landraces, cultivars and wild genotypes, drawn from a broad geographic range, were divided on the basis of growth habit into four field trials, each comprising two levels of P, stressed and unstressed, on an infertile Andosol in Popayan, Colombia. The regression relationship between grain yield per plant in the presence and in the absence of stress was determined, and each genotype's deviation from this relationship was used as a measure of P-efficiency. There was highly significant variation in efficiency among genotypes in all growth habits, and in climbing beans there were consistent regional differences, superior genotypes being identified with greater frequency among those from Bolivia, West Mexico and South Mexico-West Guatemala. The latter region was promising for prostrate bush genotypes also. Wild beans in general performed relatively poorly; it appears that P-efficiency traits in P. vulgaris have been acquired during or after domestication. These results confirm that genetic differences in P-efficiency exist among common bean genotypes and suggest that these are related to geographic origin. Furthermore, the use of a representative sample of germplasm can help to identify segments of the gene bank that are especially promising as sources of desirable traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

矮生菜豆叶片的解剖学观察

本试验采用石蜡切片技术和番红-固绿染色法对矮生和蔓生菜豆的叶片进行了解剖学研究,为选育优良的矮生菜豆品种提供理论依据。结果表明：矮生菜豆叶片下表皮的气孔数大于蔓生品种,且差异极显著。矮生品种叶片厚度、海绵组织厚度、海绵组织厚度/叶片厚度明显小于蔓生品种;而栅栏组织厚度/叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度则大于蔓生品种,叶片主脉维管束木质部导管数目、输水面积、韧皮部截面积均表现出矮生品种小于蔓生品种。因此,叶片的栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度可以用于矮化菜豆的形态指标筛选。     

食用豆类种子蛋白研究初报

为比较食用豆类种子蛋白的品质,我们对红小豆(Phaseolus angularis)、绿豆(Phaseolus aureus)、豌豆(Pissum sativum)、蚕豆(Vicia faba)的种子蛋白含量及氨基酸组成进行了生化分析,并分别提取清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶谷蛋白和谷蛋白,测定其蛋白质及氨基酸的含量。分析结果表明:食用豆类种子中,蛋白质的含量比禾谷类的高一倍左右     

菜豆几丁质酶基因Bchi的克隆及其在转基因烟草中的表达

本文根据GenBank中公布的菜豆几丁质酶基因cDNA序列设计引物,通过RT-PCR得到一个菜豆几丁质酶基因家族基因Bchi.该基因编码一个327个氨基酸的多肽,其结构包括信号肽、几丁质结合区、铰链区、催化区和液泡定位多肽,属于Class Ia类内切几丁质酶.构建该基因的植物表达载体pMHL7133-Bchi,并通过发根农杆菌R1000介导转化烟草,经PCR和Southern blot鉴定获得了4株转基因烟草株系.几丁质酶活性分析表明,转基因烟草几丁质酶活力明显高于对照.抗真菌实验结果显示,转基因烟草的叶片基本无病斑产生,表明Bchi基因在烟草中高水平的表达显著提高了烟草对真菌病害的抗性.     

菜豆组织培养及遗传转化研究进展

笔者概述了近年来国内外菜豆组织培养及菜豆遗传转化研究进展。重点阐述了菜豆组织培养过程中外植体选择、分生组织培养、愈伤组织的诱导、不定芽的诱导、生根培养及移栽等方面的研究成果。同时总结了农杆菌介导法和基因枪法2种遗传转化方法在菜豆转基因方面的应用情况。指出了基因型的差异是菜豆组织培养及遗传转化的主要限制因素,因此如何建立一套不存在基因型差异的菜豆再生体系,是今后菜豆组织培养和遗传转化的研究重点。     

Relationships between productivity and carbon isotope discrimination among dry bean lines and F2 progeny

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and tepary bean (P. acutifolius Gray) are grown for their edible seed and production is limited by insufficient soil moisture in many parts of the world. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) against 13CO_2 during photosynthesis has been suggested as a useful selection criterion to improve crop productivity in water-limited environments, however, there is a need to first understand relationships between productivity and Δ in common bean. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate relationships between productivity (as measured by seed yield and biomass) and Δ among diverse dry bean lines and F2 progeny, 2) evaluate associations for Δ, seed yield and biomass among lines grown in different field environments and 3) estimate narrow sense heritability for Δ, seed yield and yield components. One hundred dry bean lines were evaluated at Yellow Jacket, CO in irrigated and non-irrigated field plots during 1988 and 1989. All significant relationships between seed yield or biomass and Δ were positive. In general, relationship between seed yield and Δ among lines were weak and R2 ranged from near zero to 0.29 across years and environments. The correlations for Δ, seed yield and biomass production among lines grown in different environments were all significant and positive (0.76 > r > 0.36). Narrow-sense heritability estimates for Δ and seed yield were 0.78 and 0.75, respectively. These results support the positive relationship between productivity and Δ in bean, however, the weak relationships between Δ and seed yield do not suggest that Δ would be a useful sole selection criterion to improve productivity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interactions amongst Grain Variables in Various Dwarf Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important leguminous crop. Seed variables such as protein, oil, cellulose, ash, nitrogen-free extract, testa and moisture contents and the thousand-seed weights of seven bean cultivars currently cultivated in Turkey, namely, A-111 Pinto, Çalı, Yunus-90, Eskişehir-855, Şehirali-90, Karacaşehir-90 and Romano, were analysed in the laboratory with respect to their effects on the quality of bean seed grown under Central Anatolian ecological conditions. Statistically significant variations were found by ANOVA amongst the cultivars for all the variables examined, except the ash content of the seeds, and different groups were obtained by Duncan's multiple range test. Correlations amongst the variables as well as their direct and indirect effects on protein content were also calculated using the correlation and path coefficients analyses, respectively.