Effect of expanded cottonseed meal on laying performance,egg quality,concentrations of free gossypol in tissue,serum and egg of laying hens

Three hundred and sixty Hy‐Line Brown hens, 40 week of age, were allocated to five treatments, each of which included four replicates of 18 hens. After an expanded process of cottonseed meal (CSM), free gossypol content in CSM was decreased from 1.24 to 0.40 g/kg. The dietary treatments were corn‐soybean meal based diets including 6% CSM and 6%, 8% and 10% expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM). Hens fed 8% ECSM had higher (P < 0.05) laying rate and average egg weight than those fed 6% CSM. The albumen height and Haugh unit in the control group, 6% and 8% ECSM groups were superior (P < 0.05) to other treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM resulted in severe (P < 0.05) egg yolk discoloration. Free gossypol (FG) concentrations in yolk and albumen and tissues of the 6% CSM group were greater (P < 0.05) than those in any ECSM treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM and 10% ECSM had the highest (P < 0.05) FG concentrations in the liver compared with those in the kidney and muscle, and higher (P < 0.05) FG residues in yolk than those in albumen. In conclusion, FG in CSM can be reduced by 68% through an expanded process and ECSM can be available in laying hens at up to 10% of the total diet and an appropriate replacement of soybean meal with ECSM may improve performance in laying hens.     

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and iron-treated cottonseed meal in different laying hen genotypes

The effects of dietary screw-pressed cottonseed meal (CSM) and iron-treated CSM on laying performance and discolourations in eggs were examined in a range of hen genotypes. In experiment 1, six genotypes, obtained at point-of-lay from various sources, were fed on a non-CSM diet, a diet with 300 g CSM/kg, and a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg. In experiment 2, two of these genotypes were reared together from day-old and were fed from 10 to 18 weeks on a non-CSM diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 250 g/kg. They were then fed on a non-CSM layer diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design that also examined the effects of the rearing diet. 2. The effects on food intakes and egg production of including CSM and iron-treated CSM in layer diets depended on the genotype of the hens. The strongest interaction between breed and diet was on food intake, the breed Hubbard Golden Comet (HGC) being the least tolerant of CSM and iron-treated CSM. 3. Inclusion of iron-treated CSM in the rearer diet to supply approximately 70% of the dietary protein had no adverse effects on growth or age at first egg. Food intake and egg production between 18 and 26 weeks were affected by the iron-treated CSM layer diet, but there were no carry-over effects attributable to the rearing diets. 4. Genotype was not a factor in the development of the gossypol-related brown yolk discolouration in fresh or warm-stored eggs of hens fed on a CSM-based diet containing 197 mg free gossypol/kg and 52 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg (experiment 1). 5. In both experiments, the susceptibility of eggs to the CPFA-related cold storage effects depended on the genotype of the hen, eggs from hens of the HCG breed being more affected than those of ISA hens. 6. Treatment of CSM with crystalline ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol, prevented brown yolk discolourations in all genotypes tested, as assessed by subjecting egg yolks to atmospheres of ammonia, and cold storage of eggs.     

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal, with and without iron treatment, on laying hens

1. The effects of feeding a screw-press expelled cottonseed meal (CSM) to laying hens at dietary concentrations of up to 300 g/kg, were studied over a 10 week period. 2. The overall performance of hens fed on a 75g CSM/kg diet was not significantly different from controls but a 300g CSM/kg diet, containing 255 mg free gossypol/kg and 87 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg and giving daily intakes per hen of 26.2 mg free gossypol and 9.0 mg CPFA, significantly reduced food intake (P less than 0.01) and egg production (P less than 0.01). The 150g CSM/kg diet (daily intakes of 14.6 mg free gossypol and 4.8 mg CPFA per hen) did not produce adverse effects initially but egg production was slightly depressed towards the end of the experimental period. 3. Treatment of the CSM with a solution of ferrous sulphate hepta-hydrate for inclusion in a 300g CSM/kg diet (100 mg/kg supplemental dietary iron) further reduced food intake (P less than 0.05) and egg production (P less than 0.05). 4. Storage of eggs at warm temperatures for up to 1 month did not lead to discolourations of any kind in the CSM diet groups, but resulted in yolk mottling, a condition reduced by treatment of the CSM with iron. 5. Storage of eggs at cold temperatures for 3 months resulted in brown yolk discolouration and the initial stages of pink albumen discolouration in the 300g CSM/kg diet group; the brown yolk discolouration was reduced by treatment of the CSM with iron.     

膨化棉籽粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例膨化棉籽粕替代豆粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响.选取40周龄海兰褐蛋鸡360羽,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复18羽.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验1组用6％普通未膨化棉籽粕替代豆粕,试验2、3、4组分别用6％、8％、10％的膨化棉籽粕替代豆粕,试验期8周.结果表明:1)饲粮中不同比例膨化棉籽粕对蛋鸡生产性能影响不显著(P＞0.05),而试验1组产蛋率和平均蛋重显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),料蛋比显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).2)与对照组相比,各试验组蛋黄颜色均显著加深(P＜0.05),而试验1、4组蛋白高度显著降低(P＜0.05).饲粮添加棉籽粕对蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度无显著影响(P＞0.05).3)试验1组总蛋白、钾含量均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于对照组和试验2组(P＜0.05),尿酸含量显著高于试验2组(P＜0.05);试验4组血清总钙含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).随着膨化棉籽粕添加量的增加,血清总蛋白、总钙和钾含量均逐步降低,谷丙转氨酶活性则逐步升高,呈现一定的剂量-效应关系.饲粮添加棉籽粕对血清白蛋白含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).由此可见,蛋鸡饲粮中添加8％膨化棉籽粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标无明显影响.棉籽粕膨化处理能有效降低游离棉酚对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质等的影响,提高蛋鸡对棉籽粕的利用能力.     

Dietary Supplementation with Microencapsulated Lutein Improves Yolk Color and Lutein Content in Fresh and Cooked Eggs of Laying Hens

This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of diet supplemented with non-microencapsulated lutein (NL) and microencapsulated lutein (ML) in laying hens. A total of 270 Hy-line Brown laying hens (54 weeks old) were allocated to three groups with six replicates of 15 hens and were adapted to a wheat-soybean meal basal diet for two weeks. Next, the control birds were fed the basal diet, and the test birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg NL (12 mg/kg available lutein) or 90.1 mg/kg ML (10 mg/kg available lutein) for 35 days. Supplementation of lutein did not affect the productive performance of laying hens, but improved (P<0.05) the yolk color and red/green value (a*), with eggs from the ML group displaying improved color and a* values from the 15^th day of the experimental period. The blue/yellow value (b*) for the yolk showed an increase (P<0.05) through both NL and ML supplements. The yolk color of fried and boiled eggs and a* value of the yolk in fried eggs were improved (P<0.05) only through ML supplemented diet. Both NL and ML supplements resulted in lower (P<0.05) lightness and higher (P<0.05) a* values of yolk in boiled eggs, as well as higher (P<0.05) b* values in fried and boiled eggs. Yolk lutein content in fresh, fried, and boiled eggs was increased (P<0.05) in NL and ML groups with the latter being higher. In conclusion, ML improved yolk pigmentation and lutein retention in laying hens better than NL.     

Effects on dietary phosphorus of treating cottonseed meal with crystalline ferrous sulphate for the prevention of brown yolk discolouration

1. Two experiments were carried out to examine whether the adverse effects on laying hen performance of treating cottonseed meal (GSM) with crystalline ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FSH) to prevent brown yolk discolouration, was a consequence of iron reducing the availability of dietary phosphorus. Two batches of CSM, with different free gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acid contents, were treated with FSH at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol, and incorporated into diets at 300 g/kg with or without supplementation with sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SHP), and fed to hens.

2. FSH treatment of CSM reduced food intake and egg production. Although performance was improved by supplementing the FSH‐treated CSM diets with SHP, it was still poorer than that achieved by hens fed a non‐CSM control diet.

3. Brown yolk discolouration was prevented by treatment of CSM with FSH. Additional phosphorus did not produce any significant effects on brown colour development in yolks, indicating that the bioavailable gossypol content of the diets had not been altered; however, chemical analyses showed an apparent increase in the free gossypol content of the diets with the inclusion of SHP, suggesting that the assay gives misleading results.     

Egg discolouration effects of including screw‐press cottonseed meal in laying hen diets and their prevention

The egg discolouration effects of including a screw‐press cottonseed meal (CSM), containing 68.2 g residual lipid/kg, 290 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg and 1226 mg free gossypol/kg, in laying hen diets at 300 g/kg were examined.

2. Discolouration prevention methods included treating the meal with ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FSH), in solution or as crystals, at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol (experiment 1), and reducing its residual lipid (CSL) content to 4.2 g/kg by hexane extraction (experiment 2).

3. In freshly laid eggs, no discolouration was observed when hens were fed a CSM‐based diet containing 250 mg free gossypol/kg and 87 mg CPFA/kg in experiment 1, but slightly brown yolks were produced in experiment 2.

4. Storage of the eggs at 22°C led to yolk mottling, an effect believed to be the initial stages of the brown yolk discolouration.

5. Storage of the eggs at 5°C resulted in enhancement of the brown yolk discolouration, apricot discolouration on surfaces of most yolks and pink albumen discolouration. These effects were prevented when the CSM was extracted with hexane. Apricot yolk and pink albumen discolourations were also produced when hens were fed a non‐CSM diet containing crude CSL at 20.5 g/kg.

6. Dietary CSL increased egg fat saturation, altering the ratios of stearic to oleic, palmitic to palmitoleic and heptadecanoic to hepta‐decenoic fatty acids.

7. Treatment of CSM with FSH reduced the slight brown yolk discolouration in fresh eggs (experiment 2) and the yolk mottling in warm‐stored eggs. Both in solution and as crystals, FSH prevented the enhancement of brown yolk discolouration in cold‐stored eggs, leaving most eggs with apricot yolk and pink albumen discolourations.

8. Treatment of CSM and CSL with FSH reduced the CPFA‐related effects on yolk fat saturation, and the colour and pH changes in cold‐stored eggs.

9. Exposure of yolks to ammonia vapour provided a useful test to predict the development of the gossypol‐related brown discolouration in stored eggs.     

高棉籽粕饲粮对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响研究

为了研究高棉籽粕饲粮对蛋鸡生产性能及鸡蛋品质的影响,试验选用26周龄海赛克斯褐蛋鸡60只,随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂30%的棉籽粕,为期28d,研究高棉籽粕饲粮对蛋鸡生长性能、蛋品质以及对鸡蛋储存后品质的影响。结果表明:①高棉籽粕饲粮对蛋鸡生产性能、鸡蛋常规品质没有显著影响(P>0.05)。②采用物性分析仪测定鸡蛋弹性,当天产新鲜鸡蛋没有出现弹性,经4℃贮藏7d后开始出现弹性,即出现所谓的"橡皮蛋",14d鸡蛋弹性最为明显。经贮藏2周后,试验组鸡蛋蛋黄、蛋白色泽没有变化,无褐色斑点。     

日粮中添加辣诺素对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加辣诺素（辣木和诺丽果的提取物）对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。将产蛋高峰期（22周龄）的海兰褐商品蛋鸡540只随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。负对照组（NC）饲喂基础日粮,正对照组（PC）饲喂添加50 mg/kg杆菌肽锌的基础日粮,4个试验组分别饲喂添加0.25、0.50、0.75和1.00 g/kg辣诺素（LNS）的基础日粮。试验期24周。结果显示：①日粮处理对蛋鸡试验前期和后期生产性能均无显著影响（P>0.05）,试验后期添加0.50和0.75 g/kg辣诺素有改善料蛋比的趋势（P=0.087）;日粮处理对试验前期和后期鸡蛋蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄重和哈氏单位均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但日粮中添加杆菌肽锌和辣诺素有提高蛋壳强度的趋势（P=0.062）,其中以添加0.75g/kg辣诺素组鸡蛋强度最高。②与正、负对照组相比,添加辣诺素显著增加了生蛋黄和熟蛋黄的罗氏蛋黄色比率（P<0.05）,显著降低了蛋黄胆固醇的含量（0.25 LNS组除外）（P<0.05）。③与负对照组相比,添加0.50 g/kg辣诺素显著提高了鸡蛋总黄酮、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、卵磷脂、亚麻酸和亚油酸含量（P<0.05）。综合以上试验结果,辣诺素作为饲料添加剂具有提高鸡蛋营养品质的功能,考虑到添加成本,产蛋鸡日粮中添加0.25~0.50 g/kg为宜。     

黑水虻幼虫粉对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、蛋品质及血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、蛋品质及血液生理生化指标的影响。选取60周龄、健康、产蛋率接近的海兰褐蛋鸡1080只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复45只鸡,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础饲粮中分别添加1%、2%、3%的黑水虻幼虫粉。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组蛋鸡产蛋后期的产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的破软蛋率显著降低(P<0.05)。2)饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉对蛋鸡产蛋后期的蛋壳颜色、蛋形指数、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋黄相对重、蛋壳相对重及蛋黄胆固醇含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组蛋鸡产蛋后期血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性和葡萄糖含量显著提高(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著提高(P<0.05),但饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉对蛋鸡的血液生理指标和其他血清生化指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉可提高蛋鸡产蛋后期的生产性能,改善血清生化指标,且不会对蛋鸡机体内环境稳态产生不良影响。     

芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对京红1号蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在研究芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对京红1号蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响。选择健康、体况良好的404日龄京红1号蛋鸡960只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+益倍佳(凝结芽孢杆菌),试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+赐尔健(纳豆芽孢杆菌),试验Ⅲ组饲喂添加地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(1∶1)混合制剂的日粮,试验组微生态制剂的添加量均为300 mg/kg。试验期25 d,其中预饲期5 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率均显著提高(P<0.05),破、软蛋率均显著降低(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,Ⅱ组鸡蛋平均蛋重显著提高了2.25%(P<0.05);试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ的蛋黄相对重、蛋壳相对重、哈氏单位均无显著影响(P>0.05);试验Ⅲ组蛋壳颜色为1~3级的鸡蛋比例明显增多,差异显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加微生态制剂赐尔健(纳豆芽孢杆菌)可显著提高京红1号产蛋率和平均蛋重,显著降低料蛋比和破、软蛋率;添加枯草芽孢杆菌+地衣芽孢杆菌(1∶1)混合制剂可使蛋壳颜色加深的鸡蛋比例显著增多。     

Is it possible to increase the n-3 fatty acid content of eggs without affecting their technological and/or sensorial quality and the laying performance of hens?

1. The aim of this study was to increase the n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) content of eggs without affecting their sensorial and/or technological properties or the laying performance of hens. Laying hens from line 477 were divided into 5 groups corresponding to 5 different diets over the laying period: control diet (C) and diets containing extruded linseed with a high level of fibre (ELHF), extruded linseed with a low level of fibre (ELLF), microalgae, or a combination of 75% ELLF and 25% MA (ELLF+MA).

2. Dietary enrichment with n-3 FA had no effect on the laying performance, hen body weight or egg white viscosity. The egg yolks produced by hens fed the diet containing microalgae were redder than egg yolks from the other groups, suggesting the presence of red pigments in the microalgae preparation. However, the colour difference was low and not perceptible to the human eye. Moreover, colour measurement of egg yolks by sensorial analysis panellists using the Roche colour fan did not reveal a diet effect on this parameter.

3. Egg yolk lipid content was not affected by diet. The egg yolk of hens fed on diets containing linseed and/or microalgae had greater n-3 FA content (×2.5 to 2.9 compared to group C). Linseed mainly increased the linolenic acid content (×3.0 to 3.4 compared to group C) and the microalgae increased the LC n-3 FA content (×4.1 compared to group C). Dietary enrichment with n-3 FA had no effect on the sensorial quality of shell cooked eggs except for the “unusual flavour” criterion for which the score was higher for the MA group compared to the other groups and corresponded to a fishy flavour.

     

Bitter vetch as a single dietary ingredient for molt induction in laying hens

Molting is used to increase productivity in the second laying cycle of commercial laying flocks. We report here the applicability of whole grain of bitter vetch as an alternative method for molt induction in laying hens. A total of 120 laying hens were molted by feed withdrawal (FW), a high-Zn diet (HZn), a moderate-Zn and Ca-P-deficient diet (MZn-CaP), or whole grain of bitter vetch (BV). Egg production ceased first in FW-treated hens and last in MZn-CaP-treated hens (P < 0.05). The rest period was longer (P < 0.05) in hens exposed to the BV diet, which proved to be comparable with the FW treatment for postmolt egg production. Egg mass for 4 to 16 wk after the molting was greater (P < 0.05) for hens molted by BV than hens molted by the MZn-CaP diet. Egg weight and yolk color were not (P > 0.05) significantly different among various molting induction methods. Albumen height and Haugh unit of eggs from hens molted by BV, for the most part of the experimental period, were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than for birds on the MZn-CaP diet and unmolted hens. In conclusion, use of BV grain as a single dietary ingredient proved to be effective in molt induction and improving postmolt egg production and internal egg quality when compared with unmolted hens.     

Dietary levels of chia: influence on hen weight,egg production and sensory quality,for two strains of hens

1. Laying hens, 225 white and 225 brown, were fed for 90 d to compare a control diet with diets containing 70, 140, 210 and 280 g/kg chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed. 2. Hen weight was not significantly affected by diet; however, manure production was less for the hens fed on chia. 3. Egg weight and production, yolk weight, and yolk percentage were determined at d 0, 30, 43, 58, 72 and 90. 4. A sensory evaluation was conducted on eggs produced during the last week of the trial. 5. No significant differences in egg production were found among treatments for the brown hens. 6. With the 280 g/kg chia diet, the white hens produced fewer and lighter eggs than did the hens fed on the control diet. 7. No significant differences were detected in yolk weight until d 90. 8. On this date the yolks produced by the white hens fed on the 70 g/kg chia diet were significantly lighter in weight, whereas the brown hens produced significantly heavier yolks, compared with the hens fed on the control diet. 9. Yolk weight as a percentage of egg weight was lower for white hens throughout the trial except on d 58 with the 140 g/kg chia diet. Significant differences, however, were detected only with the 70 g/ kg chia diet on d 90 and with the 210 g/kg chia diet on d 58, 72 and 90. 10. No significant differences in taste preference or flavour were found among any of the chia treatments and the control.     

Egg quality and lipid composition of eggs from hens fed Camelina sativa

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Camelina sativa to layer birds on egg production, egg quality characteristics, egg lipids, and fatty acid and lipid oxidation products. Fifty-eight-week-old ISA Brown Leghorn laying hens (n = 48) were kept in individual cages and were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet with added Camelina meal at 0%, (control), 5%, (CAM5), 10% (CAM10), and 15% (CAM15). The experimental diets were fed for a period of 80 d. Hen-day egg production was lowest for CAM15 (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in yolk weight was observed for CAM10 and CAM15 eggs when compared with control eggs (P < 0.05). Yolk weight, as a percentage of egg weight, was lower for CAM10 and CAM15 eggs, whereas albumen weight, as a percentage of egg weight, was higher in CAM10 and CAM15 eggs than in control eggs (P < 0.05). The yolk:albumen ratio was higher in control eggs than in CAM10 and CAM15 eggs (P < 0.05). Egg total fat content was lowest for CAM15 eggs and was 31.5, 31.9, 30.8, and 29.5 for control, CAM5, CAM10, and CAM15 eggs, respectively (P < 0.05). Total n-3 fatty acids constituted 0.32% in control eggs compared with 2.54, 2.69, and 2.99% in CAM5, CAM10, and CAM15 eggs (P < 0.05). An 8-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid was observed in CAM15 eggs when compared with control eggs (P < 0.05). The n-6:n-3 ratio was 14.8, 5.6, 4.6, and 4.3 for control, CAM5, CAM10, and CAM15 eggs, respectively (P < 0.05). Total saturated fats were lowest for CAM5 and CAM10 eggs. Eggs from the CAM15 regimen had higher TBA-reactive substance values (P < 0.05) than those from the CAM5, CAM10, or control regimen. Camelina meal could be incorporated into poultry rations as a source of energy, protein, and essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. However, inclusion of more than 10% Camelina meal in the hen diet may affect egg lipid quality aspects. Therefore, measures for minimizing lipid peroxidation should be used to enhance egg quality and lipid stability.     

不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清、鸡蛋中抗体含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、器官指数和血清、鸡蛋中抗体含量的影响。选取54只38周龄的京红1号产蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组18个重复,每个重复1只鸡,单笼饲养。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg微波真空干燥所得苜蓿粗多糖1(ACPS1)和减压烘干干燥所得苜蓿粗多糖2(ACPS2)。试验期65 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)在试验第28~36天,ACPS1组蛋鸡的平均日采食量显著增加(P0.05);饲粮中添加不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡各阶段的产蛋率和平均日增重均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)试验第63天,ACPS1组蛋鸡的蛋黄颜色显著增加(P0.05);试验第30天,饲粮中添加不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡的蛋壳颜色、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈氏单位均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)ACPS1组蛋鸡的肝脏指数显著增加(P0.05),ACPS2组的卵巢指数显著降低(P0.05);且ACPS1组的肝脏指数和卵巢指数均显著高于ACPS2组(P0.05)。饲粮中添加不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡的脾脏指数和输卵管指数均无显著影响(P0.05)。4)ACPS1组蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白Y(Ig Y)含量显著增加(P0.05),ACPS1和ACPS2组血清中新城疫抗体(NDV-Ab)、蛋黄中NDV-Ab、蛋清中免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)和免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)含量均显著增加(P0.05);且ACPS1组蛋黄中NDV-Ab、蛋清中Ig A和Ig M含量均显著高于ACPS2组(P0.05)。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加苜蓿粗多糖能加深蛋鸡的蛋黄颜色,增加血清和鸡蛋中的抗体含量,且ACPS1的效果更佳。     

Effects of main cereal type and feed form on production performance,egg quality and egg sanitary indices of laying hens

ABSTRACT

1. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cereal types (maize or wheat) and feed forms (pelleted or mash feed) on production performance, egg quality and egg sanitary indices in laying hens.

2. Three hundred and sixty hens (Jinghong No. 1) at 18 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four treatments with six replicates of 15 hens per replicate according to a 2 × 2 factorial design with two cereal types (maize or wheat) and two feed forms (pelleted or mash feed).

3. Compared with the wheat-based diet, the maize-based diet improved (P < 0.05) average egg weight of laying hens. Yolk colour of hens fed with the maize-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) in comparison to those fed the wheat-based diet, while Haugh units were lower (P < 0.05) for the maize-based treatment. Egg mass and average daily feed intake of hens fed the pelleted diet were higher (P < 0.05) than of those fed the mash diet. However, the mash diet improved (P < 0.05) yolk colour compared with the pelleted diet. The percentage of dirty eggs for the wheat-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) than for the maize-based diet. The percentage of dirty eggs was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed the pelleted diet compared with those fed the mash diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between cereal type and feed form, with regard to average egg weight and shell thickness.

4. In conclusion, dietary cereal type affected average egg weight, yolk colour and Haugh units in eggs, while feed form influenced egg mass, average daily feed intake and yolk colour.     

鲜茶叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、蛋黄脂肪酸水平及经济指标的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的鲜茶叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋黄脂肪酸水平的影响。试验将672只产蛋性能一致的28周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复42只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组蛋鸡分别饲喂基础日粮+20（T1）、40（T2）和60?mg/kg（T3）鲜茶叶粉,试验为期6周。结果：与对照组相比,T3组蛋鸡蛋重显著提高6.12%（P＜0.05）。T3和T2组蛋鸡料蛋比较对照组和T1分别显著降低了4.07、6.67%和2.12%、4.77%。T2和T3组蛋壳厚度较对照组分别显著提高了2.06%和2.27%（P＜0.05）。此外,T3组蛋黄颜色a值较对照组和T1组分别显著提高了34.78%和20.16%（P＜0.05）。T3组蛋黄胆固醇含量分别较其他组显著降低了10.90%、7.23%和8.16%（P＜0.05）,而对照组蛋黄硫代巴比妥酸值较处理组分别显著提高了54.91%、59.52%和57.65%（P＜0.05）,而T3组蛋黄C16：1脂肪酸水平较对照组和其他组分别显著降低25.60%、20.05%和24.51%（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮添加60?mg/kg鲜茶叶粉可以显著提高蛋鸡的蛋重、饲料效率和蛋壳厚度,降低蛋黄胆固醇及硫代巴比妥酸值。 [关键词]鲜茶叶粉|蛋鸡|生产性能|蛋品质|脂肪酸     

Use of β-Glucanases and β-1,4-Xylanases to Supplement Diets Containing Alfalfa and Rye for Laying Hens: Effects on Bird Performance and Egg Quality

It is well established that the use of alfalfa in diets for monogastric animals is limited by its high fiber content. However, alfalfa is a natural source of xanthophylls and gives poultry products a desirably yellow color. In addition, alfalfa saponins may contribute to reduce the levels of cholesterol in the meat and egg yolk. We have investigated the potential utilization of β-glucanases and β-1,4-xylanases for enhancing the nutritive value of alfalfa for laying hens. An experiment was conducted with 864 ISA Brown layer hens from 40 to 52 wk of age and fed on diets containing rye (19.6%) or rye and alfalfa (15.1%). The results suggested that inclusion of alfalfa in the diets reduced body weights and total egg mass (P < 0.01). Dietary supplementation with polysaccharidases was unable to significantly improve the performance of laying hens. However, egg yolks from birds that consumed diets containing alfalfa were more deeply pigmented, presenting an increase in yellowness (b*). In contrast, at the percentage of incorporation tested, inclusion of alfalfa in the diets was unable to lower the levels of cholesterol content in the egg yolk. Taken together the results suggest that exogenous plant cell wall hydrolases are not effective for improving the nutritive value of alfalfa-containing diets for laying hens, although inclusion of small percentages of the dehydrated leguminous meal may directly affect the quality of the generated poultry products.     

Long-Term Feeding of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fish Oil to Laying Hens: Effects on Hepatic Histopathology,Egg Quality,and Lipid Components

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term feeding of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fish oil on egg quality characteristics, production performance, liver pathology, and egg fatty acid content of laying hens. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (n = 112), 21 wk old, were placed in cages and randomly assigned to 4 diets (28 hens/diet, 4 replicates of 7 hens) containing 3.0% yellow grease (control), 2.75% yellow grease + 0.25% CLA (YG-CLA), 2.5% yellow grease + 0.25% CLA + 0.25% fish oil (YG-CLA-FO), and 2.75% yellow grease + 0.25% fish oil (YG-FO). The experimental diets were fed for 12 mo. Eggs were collected daily for 12 mo. Feed consumption, hen-day egg production, and feed efficiency were monitored. At the end of the trial, hepatic tissue was collected for histopathology. No effect of diet was found on feed consumption, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, yolk weight, shell weight, or Haugh unit. The YG-CLA and YG-CLA-FO diets produced an increase in CLA and saturated fatty acids in the egg and liver tissue with a concomitant reduction in monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Feeding YG-CLA-FO and YG-FO increased the n-3 fatty acids in egg yolk and liver of hens (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the number of fat vacuoles in the liver tissue. The total fat content of hepatic and abdominal fat pads did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Regardless of the diet, as the hens aged, egg weight, yolk weight, and egg total fat increased, and shell weight decreased (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that eggs with increased n-3 fatty acids and CLA can be generated by minor diet modifications without affecting the production performance or health of birds.