Using acoustic wave velocity to select fibre-managed plantation Eucalyptus nitens logs for laminated veneer lumber products

The aims and objectives of this study were to investigate the potential to predict laminated veneer lumber (LVL) stiffness from wood properties measured on trees and logs, and determine variation in log, wood and veneer properties as a function of tree height and age. Log selections were made from trees in three stands that were planned for harvesting at 14, 20 and 21 years of age. Rotary peeled veneer recovery from the logs was on average 65%. After drying, Metriguard testing showed over 50% of the veneer had an estimated dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE_dyn) above 12 GPa, with 20% above 14 GPa, and that veneer from the second log by tree height had higher MOE_dyn values. In visual assessment to the AS/NZS 2269.0:2012 Standard, no veneer could be utilised in a panels face or subface positions and the older-age stand provided almost four times the volume of usable veneer. Standing-tree acoustic wave velocity (AWV) explained a moderate amount of variance in log MOE_dyn and Pearson correlation coefficients between the (Metriguard) veneer MOE_dyn, log AWV, log MOE_dyn and disc basic density were significant, positive and strong, with log AWV explaining most of the observed variance in log stiffness. A moderately strong and positive linear regression existed between log AWV and veneer MOE_dyn, supporting the use of log AWV tools for the ranking of stiffness in fibre-grown plantation E. nitens logs. Mechanical strength testing of LVL studs extracted from panels manufactured from the trial’s veneer indicated they equalled, and for some tested parameters exceeded, the characteristic design strength values previously published by commercial LVL manufacturers for equivalent size pine products.     

Investigation on transversal variation of poplar tension wood quality using ultrasound wave parameters

Transversal variations of some ultrasound wave parameters (phase velocity, group velocity, attenuation coefficient and acoustic radiation) were measured from the pith to the bark of poplar tension wood discs in different orthotropic directions. Over 80 cubic specimens of 2 × 2 × 10 cm³ (radial, tangential and longitudinal, respectively) were prepared and tested acoustically. Samples containing tension woods were separated from normal ones using anatomical experiments. Results showed acoustical behaviour of normal and tension wood improved in longitudinal direction while the distance between pith and bark increased; also, wave parameter variations were less important in radial and tangential directions. In addition, phase velocity and acoustic radiation – which significantly varied – were the best parameters for quality assessment of poplar wood compared with group velocity and attenuation coefficients. Since samples near the bark were acoustically better than counterparts near the pith, they could be used in products requiring more strength, like lumber. Finally, acoustic radiation and phase velocity were correlated more strongly with density than group velocity and attenuation.     

杨树与落叶松原木中应力波的不同传播速度

通过应力波测试仪对健康的杨树和落叶松原木试件进行检测试验,研究应力波在这2种原木试件中径向、弦向和纵向(原木心材和边材)传播速度之间的关系以及径向传播速度和直径、弦向传播速度和检测角之间的相关关系.结果表明:在这2种树种中,应力波径向传播速度和原木直径呈正相关,原木纵向边材传播速度比相应心材中的要大,弦向传播速度与检测角呈现二次函数关系.通过试验分析得出应力波在原木纵向心材和边材传播速度与径向传播速度比的域值.     

Acoustoelastic birefringence effect in wood II: influence of texture anisotropy on the polarization direction of shear wave in wood

Ultrasonic shear waves were propagated through the breadth direction of a wood beam which was subjected to a bending load such that it was in a plane-stress state. The oscillation direction of the shear waves with respect to the wood beam axis was varied by rotating an ultrasonic sensor, and the relationship between the shear wave velocity and the oscillation direction was examined. The results indicate that when the oscillation direction of the shear wave corresponds to the tangential direction of the wood beam, the shear wave velocity decreases sharply and the relationship between shear wave velocity and rotation angle tends to become discontinuous. When the oscillation of the shear waves occurs in the anisotropic direction of the wood beam instead of in the direction of principal stress, the shear wave velocity exhibits a peak value. In addition, the polarization direction was found to correspond to the direction of anisotropy of the wood beam according to the theory of acoustoelastic birefringence with respect to plane stress. This indicates that when the acoustoelastic birefringence method is applied to stress measurement of wood, it is appropriate to align the oscillation direction of the shear wave with the principal axial direction of anisotropy in order to carry out ultrasonic measurement.     

古建筑木材中应力波传播速度的影响因素

对应力波在古建筑木材中传播速度的影响因素及其影响规律进行了检测和分析,目的是找出各种因素变化与应力波扫描图像之间的关系,从而更好地判定木材内部缺陷的位置和面积。研究表明:含水率对应力波传播速度影响显著;在相同含水率下,应力波径向传播速度大于弦向,其传播方向偏离髓心越远,传播速度越小;树种和年代对应力波传播速度也有影响。     

沙棘硬枝扦插无性繁殖技术

文章对俄罗斯无刺沙棘硬枝扦插繁殖的外部因子,如激素种类、浓度、浸泡时间等,以正交试验方法的结果进行了分析。结果表明:沙棘硬枝扦插,插穗用生根促进激素(ABT、NAA、IBA)处理,以河沙插壤基质,喷水使苗床的温度保持在25℃左右,扦插生根率可达95%。     

应力波在木材内部传播时间特性研究

在确定传感器布置方式及数量的基础上,通过敲击不同位置源传感器,测试未钻孔木圆盘试样应力波传播时间,在同一试样钻一定直径孔洞,测试应力波传播时间;在源传感器位置相同的条件下,分别测试出有孔洞、无孔洞传播时间-目标传感器位置曲线,对比分析应力波在有孔洞木材内部传播时间变化的特点,实现对木材内部孔洞定性判别.     

应力波和超声波在立木无缺陷断面的传播速度

为进行立木无损健康检测,采用Arbotom应力波成像系统、Resistograph针式阻抗仪和RSM-SY5超声仪对4个树种共计120株树分断面进行测试,研究超声波和应力波在立木108个无缺陷断面传播速度变化规律,并对比分析二者的差异和相关性。结果表明:1)采用8个测点对立木测试时,超声波和应力波在立木无缺陷断面具有类似的传播规律,即沿Path A(相邻两传感器)传播时速度最低,沿Path D(径向传播)传播时速度最高,从Path A到Path D传播速度呈递增的变化趋势;2)对于小叶杨、榆树、旱柳、水曲柳4种立木,Arbotom测得的无缺陷断面应力波径向传播速度平均值分别为788.46,1 025.45,940.62和1 146.06 m.s-1;RSM-SY5测得的超声波径向传播速度平均值分别为1 159.57,1 537.5,1 323.15和1 558.6 m.s-1;3)尽管Arbotom和RSM-SY5测得的应力波和超声波传播速度差值较大,但二者的径向传播速度具有显著正相关性,决定系数R2均在0.77以上,因此采用这2种仪器对立木进行无损检测都是可行的。     

Acoustoelastic birefringence effect in wood III: ultrasonic stress determination of wood by acoustoelastic birefringence method

Stress conditions produced in wood were analyzed by means of the acoustoelastic birefringence method. Bending load was applied against a wood beam specimen. Under loading, ultrasonic shear waves were propagated through the breadth direction of the wood beam specimen. The velocities of shear waves polarized in the longitudinal or tangential direction of the wood beam specimen were measured with the sing-around method. Bending stresses were determined by dividing the difference between the acoustic anisotropy and the texture anisotropy by the acoustoelastic birefringence coefficient. Shear stresses were also determined. These stress distributions of the beam specimen were in good agreement with those obtained by the strain gauge method and mechanical calculation.     

超声波在原木内部传播理论研究

超声波技术在木材无损检测中已有广泛的应用,尤其是一些研究表明超声波在原木内部的传播规律对无损检测效果产生重要影响.根据弹性波在固体介质中的传播理论,通过对微小单元体的受力分析,得出弹性动力学运动微分方程,并在此基础上,根据正交各向异性介质的弹性常数,应力与应变之间的相互关系,几何方程（应变和位移的关系）以及超声波传播（无旋波）的方向向量,最终得出以位移表示的运动微分方程;然后利用分离变量法,建立超声波在原木内部传播过程中的位移方程和速度方程.     

Causes of color changes in wood during drying

The forest industry operates in a dynamic and global market where change and competition are the rule rather than the     

浙江桂幼龄材的生长特性及主要材性

以3株6年生浙江桂幼龄材为试材,研究了其生物量、材积、基本物理力学性能及生长轮的宽度、纤维长度、宽度、微纤丝角和结晶度的径向变异规律。结果表明,浙江桂幼龄材单株平均总生物量27.93 kg,平均材积0.0124 m3,生长轮平均宽度9.15 mm（3.12~10.57 mm）,基本密度为0.414 g/ cm3,除髓心外其余各生长轮宽度和密度无明显差异,反映浙江桂生长较为稳定;顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度和弹性模量等物理力学综合性能中上等;纤维长度为830.6μm（581~1043μm）,纤维宽度为23.6μm（21~24μm）,结晶度为38.46％~58.43％,微纤丝角为13.6°~24.6°;纤维长度、宽度和结晶度自髓心向外逐渐增加,微纤丝角自髓心向外逐渐减小,结晶度与纤维长度、宽度间相关性极显著。     

应力波在原木中传播理论的研究

对原木中微小单元进行动力学分析,确定应力波沿原木轴向传播的波动方程,应用分离变量法,得出应力波沿原木轴向传播的位移、速度、应力和应变方程。根据波动学理论中的反射和透射原理,从传播方向与界面垂直和不垂直2个方面得出界面两侧位移、速度、应力、应变的关系式。在此基础上,建立传播方向与界面垂直情况下的应力波沿原木径向或弦向传播的位移、速度、应力和应变方程。从这些方程可以得出:微小单元的位移、速度、应力和应变不仅与原木试件的弹性模量、密度有关,而且与小锤的敲击力、小锤与原木试件作用时间、敲击方向有关。     

Bending creep behavior of hot-pressed wood under cyclic moisture change conditions

This study examined the bending creep behavior of hot-pressed wood during cyclic moisture changes. Sugi (Cryptomerica japonica D. Don) specimens were pressed in the radial direction under six combinations of nominal compressive strain (33% and 50%) and press temperatures (140°C, 170°C, 200°C). Creep tests were conducted at 20°C with three cyclic relative humidity changes between 65% and 95% under 25% of short-breaking stress. The effect of moisture content (MC) change on elastic compliance and mechanosorptive (MS) compliance was investigated. The relation between MS compliance and thickness swelling was studied. The results indicated that total compliance increased over the history of cyclic moisture changes; and its behavior was closely related to the changes in MC and thickness swelling. The total compliance increased during adsorption and decreased during desorption. Elastic compliance increased linearly with MC and was dependent on press temperature and compression. With increasing MC change, MS compliance increased during adsorption and decreased during desorption. The first adsorption led to greater MS compliance than did the subsequent adsorption with the same amount of MC change. In general, the elastic parameterK _E and the MS parameterK _Mincreased with compression and decreased as the press temperature increased. The MS parameterK _M was apparently greater than the elastic parameterK _E. The MS parameterK _M increased with swelling coefficient K_SW of the hot-pressed specimen during adsorption and decreased with an increasing shrinkage coefficientK _SH during desorption.     

微波处理松材线虫病疫木技术研究

该文对利用微波处理松材线虫病疫木技术进行了研究，结果表明：不论木材厚薄大小、含水量多少、在微波处理炉腔内怎样堆放，以及环境温度、微波功率等因素的如何变化，只要SWB-Ⅱ型隧道式微波除害处理设备显示的木材表面温度大于68℃，持续30min，就能有效地杀死松木中的松褐天牛和松材线虫。     

弦向角对应力波在原木横截面传播速度的影响

为了研究应力波在原木横截面上传播时应力波波速的变化规律及其影响因素,选择柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨4个树种的原木为试验材料,在原木的横截面上,测试不同弦向角所对应的应力波波速,并用MATLAB软件对弦向角和应力波波速进行曲线拟合。结果表明:1)随着弦向角的增加,应力波在柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨原木横截面上的传播速度均呈3次曲线趋势增加;2)当弦向角大于36°时,应力波在大青杨原木横截面上的传播速度最快,在柞木原木横截面上的传播速度最慢;3)应力波在柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨原木横截面上的径向最大传播速度分别为1109.0,1220.4,1245.8和1618.3m·s-1。     

油松株内幼龄材与成熟材材性的比较研究

本文就中条山油松株内幼龄材与成熟材材性差异的比较研究,讨论对幼龄期划分的依据。根据木材解剖特征、物理力学性质的径向变异规律,确定其幼龄期为14年。随着树干高度的增加,油松木材幼龄期逐渐缩短、株内幼龄材范围及所占断面上的比例变小。株内幼龄材与成熟材材性差异显著。幼龄材管胞长度短、直径小,胞壁薄,微纤丝角度大,生长轮较宽,晚材率低,浸提物含量高,基本密度较大。幼龄材的力学强度远远小于成熟材。     

Effect of growing site,sampling date,wood location in trunk and drying method on concentration of soluble proanthocyanidins in Betula pendula wood,with special reference to wood colour

Proanthocyanidins (PAs), which are common phenolic compounds in plants, are considered to be mainly defensive compounds against different kinds of stress, e.g. herbivory. In addition to increasing after stress, they may condense and/or oxidize to form coloured compounds when cells die, which may affect both the resistance of xylem to rot and its colour. This is important in the mechanical wood industry. The effects of some biological factors (growing site, sampling date, wood location in the trunk) on the concentration of soluble PAs (sPAs) were studied in fresh and dried birch wood. Those factors that affected sPA concentration most were sampling date and radial location. Drying method also had a great effect on the sPA concentration, which in turn correlated with the colour of the wood.     

木材科学与技术研究新进展

木材作为世界四大基础材料中(钢铁、水泥、塑料、木材)唯一的可再生资源,广泛应用于家具、建筑、能源、新材料等领域,与人们的生活息息相关,已成为国民经济重要支柱产业.从木材微观分子生物学到宏观木结构,再到新型木质纳米材料进行全面阐释,对于木材科学与技术领域的基础理论研究和重大核心技术突破具有重要指导意义.木材科学与技术已发...     

常温下落叶松材的渗透性

落叶松林改性处理的关键是研究它的渗透性。本实验是在常温加压条件下通过加压时间的改变来考察浸注深度和湿增重的变化，以探索处理工艺与渗透性的关系。