不同来源淀粉特性对水晶皮质构品质的影响

为了研究原料淀粉特性对水晶皮质构品质的影响,该文选用小麦、玉米、马铃薯、木薯、绿豆5种淀粉原料,测定并分析淀粉颗粒特性、破损淀粉含量、糊化特性与水晶皮的透明性、质构等品质的关系。结果表明:不同来源的淀粉制作水晶皮品质差异较大,小麦淀粉皮品质最好,其次是马铃薯、木薯、玉米淀粉皮,绿豆淀粉皮品质最差。淀粉颗粒特性、破损淀粉含量与水晶皮品质指标密切相关。平均粒径、膨胀度越大,水晶皮亮度、透明性越好;适宜的破损淀粉含量能够保证水晶皮较好的综合质构品质;淀粉的糊化特性与水晶皮品质指标之间存在显著相关性;淀粉峰值粘度和衰减值与水晶皮透光率呈极显著正相关。谷值粘度、最终粘度、回生值与水晶皮硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、剪切力呈极显著正相关,起始糊化温度与水晶皮品特性相关性不显著。因此,在水晶皮制作进行原料选择时,可以测定淀粉粒径、膨胀度、峰值粘度、衰减值来预测淀粉皮亮度与透光率;测定淀粉破损淀粉含量、谷值粘度、最终粘度、回生值来预测淀粉皮适口性等品质特性。该文旨在为加工水晶产品原料选择以及品质改善提供基本的理论支撑。     

4种不同甘薯淀粉成分、物化特性及其粉条品质的相关性研究

为了研究不同品种甘薯淀粉性质与其粉条品质之间的关系,本文研究了4种不同淀粉型甘薯(卢选1号、徐薯22、冀薯65和冀薯98)来源淀粉化学成分和物化特性,并分析了甘薯淀粉成分和物化特性与粉条品质间的相关性.结果表明,不同品种间甘薯淀粉由于化学成分的不同而使其物化特性和粉条品质都发生不同程度的变化;通过对甘薯淀粉的成分和物化性质与其粉条品质之间的相关性分析,发现甘薯淀粉的直链淀粉和脂质含量、回生黏度、峰值时间、糊化温度、膨胀势、老化值等指标与甘薯粉条品质呈正相关,而甘薯淀粉的最终黏度、溶解度和粒径等指标与甘薯粉条品质呈负相关.通过综合比较,卢选1号的粉条品质优于其他3个品种的粉条.因此,本研究为合理选择甘薯粉条制备所需淀粉原料提供了理论依据,为进一步选育粉条专用型甘薯提供了基础数据.     

紫薯全粉添加量对甘薯淀粉物化特性及粉条性质的影响

在粉条中添加紫薯全粉以提高其营养价值对于改善居民膳食营养、丰富淀粉制品种类具有重要意义。采用AOAC相关方法、扫描电子显微镜、差式热量扫描、膨胀势、溶解度、回生速率等评估紫薯全粉添加量(0%、5%、8%、10%、12%、15%)对甘薯淀粉物化特性的影响,并对紫薯粉条的质构及烹煮性质等进行了测定。随着紫薯全粉添加量的增加,甘薯淀粉膨胀势、溶解度、回生特性和a*值显著提高,凝胶强度、黏度和亮度显著降低,热特性发生显著改变。甘薯粉条的亮度、质构性质、烹煮性质都随紫薯全粉添加量的增加而显著降低(p0.05)。紫薯全粉添加量对甘薯淀粉物化特性及粉条性质影响显著,且在紫薯全粉添加量为12%时甘薯粉条品质较好。本研究为甘薯营养粉条的研究与开发提供基础数据。     

冰温贮藏期间淀粉添加对水滑肉品质的影响

水滑肉是我国传统的菜肴,具有爽滑细嫩、鲜香无比的特点。为了探究水滑肉淀粉外壳变化对水滑肉品质的影响,以质构、剪切力、水分含量、回生程度、淀粉热力学特性等为评价指标,研究了在冰温贮藏期间水滑肉品质的变化情况。结果表明：与水煮肉进行对照,在冰温贮藏期间淀粉的添加显著抑制了水滑肉的硬度、咀嚼性及剪切力的增加;水滑肉在贮藏期品质指标劣化,但感官得分优于对照组。在冰温贮藏期间,水滑肉外壳的水分含量、糊化焓值及R_1047/1022依次增加了7.29%、327.42%、5.17%,增长幅度均低于淀粉组 (P＜0.05);肉的存在显著减缓了水滑肉淀粉外壳的回生(P＜0.05)。在冰温贮藏条件下,淀粉外壳的回生与水滑肉的质构指标呈现显著正相关(P＜0.05),即淀粉外壳的回生会劣化水滑肉的硬度、咀嚼性和剪切力。冰温条件下,肉中水分向淀粉外壳转移可能会延缓淀粉外壳的回生,从而延缓其品质劣化;冰温贮藏第8 天可能为水滑肉品质变化的关键点。研究结果可为水滑肉预制菜肴品质研究提供参考。     

拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米粉糊化和热力学特性的影响

以苏玉糯1号、苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,研究了拔节期追氮量（N 0、150和300 kg/hm2）对鲜食糯玉米粉糊化和热力学特性的影响。结果表明,随着拔节期追氮量的增加,峰值黏度和崩解值下降,糊化温度升高,而谷值黏度、终值黏度和回复值呈先降后升趋势; 热力学特征参数中,回生值、终值温度、糊化范围和峰值指数受拔节期追氮量影响较小。原样品热焓值和回生后样品热焓值均表现为随着拔节期追氮量的增加呈先降后升趋势。糊化和热力学特征值对拔节期追氮量的响应不同品种间存在差异。鲜食糯玉米粉的理化特性存在显著的基因型差异,峰值黏度以苏玉糯5号最高,苏玉糯1号最低; 峰值温度苏玉糯1号和苏玉糯5号无显著差异,但均高于渝糯7号; 热焓值、回生值、糊化范围和峰值指数不同品种间相对稳定。相关分析表明,峰值黏度与原样品热焓值和峰值指数呈显著正相关; 崩解值与糊化温度及转变温度,回生值与淀粉的终值黏度和回复值呈显著负相关。在本试验条件下,拔节期追氮总体上使糯玉米食用品质降低,其中以苏玉糯5号在不追氮处理下的糊化和热力学特性较优,即峰值黏度、崩解值和热焓值较高,回生值较低。     

缓释肥施用时期对春播鲜食糯玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响

为探明缓释肥施用时期对鲜食糯玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响,本研究以苏玉糯11号为材料,在等量施肥条件下,以常规施肥方式(N15CK,基施复合肥+六叶期追施尿素)和不施肥为对照,研究缓释肥于播种期(SN15-0)、三叶期(SN15-3)和六叶期(SN15-6)一次性施用对鲜食糯玉米鲜果穗和鲜籽粒产量,籽粒淀粉和蛋白质含量、碘结合力、热力学特性和糊化特性的影响。结果表明,缓释肥处理的鲜果穗产量和鲜籽粒产量显著高于常规肥处理,且SN15-6和SN15-3的鲜果穗产量分别比SN15-0提高14.0%和7.4%,鲜籽粒产量提高14.6%和2.0%。SN15-6的籽粒中淀粉、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量均显著高于其他处理。缓释肥延后施用使淀粉粒径变小,SN15-6与N15CK的淀粉碘结合力和最大吸收波长显著高于其他处理。与不施肥相比,施肥提高了籽粒淀粉的糊化温度和胶凝温度(起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度),降低了回生热焓值和回生值。其中SN15-3的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度最高,而SN15-6的回复值、回生热焓值和回生值最低。综上,缓释肥适当延后施用有利于提高鲜食糯玉米产量,增加籽粒中蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖含量,降低淀粉平均粒径;另外,三叶期施用可显著提高籽粒糊化黏度,六叶期施用使籽粒回生值显著降低。本研究结果可为春播鲜食糯玉米绿色高产优质轻简栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

红花甜荞籽粒淀粉的理化特性

为明确红花甜荞籽粒淀粉理化特性,选用12个红花甜荞品种为材料,分析了其淀粉颗粒形态、粒度分布特征、直链淀粉含量、溶解度、透明度及糊化特性以及品种间差异。结果表明,红花甜荞淀粉颗粒多为不规则多角形和球形,多角形多且颗粒较大,球形颗粒较少且颗粒小,淀粉粒径范围介于0.38～25.78 μm;品种间淀粉粒径、直链淀粉含量、溶解度、透明度存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;起始糊化温度在62.80～72.60℃,峰值黏度在126.58～141.00 RU;品种间谷值黏度、最终黏度、破损值、回生值和峰值时间差异显著。定边甜荞谷值黏度大,为118.00 RU;破损值及回生值小,分别为13.00和57.33 RU;达到峰值时间最长,达5.80 min;淀粉糊稳定性好。因此,在进行优质专用品种选育和产品加工时,应根据不同目标选择不同的甜荞品种。     

垄沟集雨覆盖对旱作马铃薯块茎淀粉颗粒形态、颗粒分布及糊化特性的影响

为探讨垄沟集雨覆盖栽培对旱作马铃薯块茎形成过程中淀粉颗粒形态、颗粒分布及糊化特性的影响,以马铃薯栽培品种青薯9号为材料,设置全膜双垄(M2)和地膜垄作(M1)覆盖栽培模式,以露地平播为对照(M0),采用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪、粘度分析仪,测定马铃薯块茎形成过程中淀粉的颗粒形态、分布及糊化特性指标。结果表明,从块茎发育全程来看,全膜双垄覆盖栽培模式下马铃薯块茎淀粉颗粒的平均粒径、峰值粘度、低谷粘度及最终粘度整体较高;地膜垄作覆盖栽培模式下马铃薯块茎淀粉颗粒的离散度、崩解值、回生值整体较高;各栽培模式间马铃薯块茎淀粉颗粒形态、糊化温度无显著差异;马铃薯淀粉颗粒的平均粒径与各阶段粘度呈显著正相关,与糊化温度呈显著负相关,与崩解值、回生值无显著相关性;马铃薯淀粉颗粒的离散度与淀粉的糊化特性各指标均无显著相关性。综上,全膜双垄覆盖栽培模式所产生的淀粉品质较好。     

栖热菌4-α-糖基转移酶对马铃薯淀粉的改性作用

该文将栖热菌4-α-糖基转移酶（TSαGT）作用于马铃薯淀粉,分别利用理化分析、质构TPA分析及酶解分析等方法研究该酶对淀粉糊化、凝胶特性和消化性的影响。结果表明,TSαGT可以显著降低马铃薯淀粉中直链淀粉质量分数,使从初始的21%降低至15%,从而使淀粉糊冻融稳定性得以提高、糊透明度得到改善;对酶处理马铃薯淀粉凝胶的研究结果显示,TSαGT对淀粉的改性存在最适作用条件,控制0.024～0.06?U/g的酶用量作用30?min可以明显改善淀粉凝胶质构特性,使凝胶硬度降低,而弹性、咀嚼性、黏结性和胶着性得到不同程度的提高;进一步的消化试验结果表明,使用0.024?U/g以下的酶用量作用30?min,马铃薯淀粉的抗消化性得到提高,继续加大酶量则使抗消化性下降。因此,应用TSαGT对马铃薯淀粉改性处理,控制合适的酶作用程度可以显著提高马铃薯淀粉糊及凝胶的应用特性,同时增加其抗消化性。     

预糊化条件对萌芽糙米蒸煮质构特性及品质的影响

为了解决萌芽糙米不易蒸煮且蒸煮后米饭口感较硬、黏弹性不足、粗糙感明显等问题,该文应用预糊化技术对萌芽糙米进行品质改良,评价了预糊化条件(米粒含水率43.21%±2.15%、34.64%±1.49%、29.83%±1.67%,蒸汽处理时间2、5、10、15、20、25 min)对萌芽糙米蒸煮特性、米饭质构特性及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,随着米粒含水率的降低,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间、蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率显著增大(P0.05),固形物损失率显著降低(P0.05);预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度、黏附性、黏聚性、胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂。随着蒸汽处理时间的延长,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间显著缩短(P0.05),蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物损失率变化较小且无明显规律;预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度先减小后增大,黏附性、黏聚性先增大后减小,胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性变化较为复杂。感官评定结果表明,预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭感官评分随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂,随蒸汽处理时间的延长先增大后降低。总体而言,米粒含水率29.83%±1.67%、蒸汽处理15 min的预糊化条件可以显著改善萌芽糙米的蒸煮特性、质构特性及感官品质,使其接近白米的品质指标。研究结果可为预糊化萌芽糙米的产业化开发提供依据。     

甘薯淀粉性质与其粉丝品质的关系

为了弄清不同品种甘薯淀粉所制粉丝品质差异的原因,该研究通过对各种甘薯淀粉的理化性质、热力学特性、分子结构与甘薯粉丝品质的测定,并以绿豆淀粉做对照,对三者与其粉丝品质进行了相关性分析。结果表明：淀粉理化性质对粉丝品质影响较大,按相关系数大小依次是：膨润力＞溶解度＞表观直链淀粉含量＞蛋白质含量＞颗粒大小。回生对粉丝品质的影响远远大于糊化对其的影响。快速黏度分析参数与粉丝品质有显著的相关性,可作为预测其相应的粉丝品质的重要手段之一。淀粉分子结构对粉丝品质影响更大,按显著程度依次是：直链淀粉（A _m ）含量＞支链淀粉（A _P ）短链量＞A_P长链量＞A_m分支数＞A_P短链长度＞A_m链长＞A_P长链长度。     

Elucidation of Fermentation Effect on Rice Noodles Using Combined Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Thermal Analyses

Natural fermentation of whole polished rice grains (indica) is a traditional processing method widely applied in China and South Asia to improve the texture of rice noodles. To elucidate the effects of fermentation on noodle texture, thermal analysis of rice flour and rheological measurement were performed on a gel made from the rice flour with the same solids concentration as practical noodles. The test method proved useful for monitoring starch granule swelling, gel forming, and retrogradation of rice gels during rice noodle production. Dynamic viscoelasticity in a temperature ramp sweep test showed that starch granules of the fermented sample swelled more and were more resistant to breakdown than those of the nonfermented sample. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the gelatinization temperature of fermented rice flour shifted to a lower temperature. The decreased protein content after fermentation also played a role in the modified rheological and thermal properties of fermented rice flour. Both fermented and nonfermented rice flour formed an elastic gel just after heating to the conclusion temperature of gelatinization (T_c). The fermented rice flour gel formed earlier with a well‐formed structure; however, it had slower retrogradation during aging. The result also indicated that the retrogradation of amylopectin impaired the desired texture of rice noodles.     

Effects of LAB Fermentation on Physical Properties of Oat Flour and Its Suitability for Noodle Making

Flour was obtained from oats fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to study the effect of fermentation on the physical properties and the suitability of fermented oats for use in starch noodle production. The results showed that fermented samples had a significantly lower pH than control samples. Gel strength and amylose content initially increased and then decreased (P < 0.05) with fermentation time. The peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback value decreased with fermentation time. Fermented noodles showed a higher hardness and springiness. In particular, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) induced the highest springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience over 12 hr of fermentation. The cooking quality evaluation indicated that fermentation improved the quality of oat starch noodles. Fermented oats resulted in noodles with low cooking loss and higher cooking weight compared to noodles made from fresh flour. The use of LP for 12 hr of fermentation time yielded noodles of the best quality.     

Multifunctionalities of oleyl-branched oligosaccharide phosphate from potato starch with a high phosphate content

Branched oligosaccharide phosphate (BOS-P) and oleyl BOS-P (OA-BOS-P) were prepared from potato starch with a high phosphate content by limited amylolysis with α-amylase and exhaustive digestion with glucoamylase and oleylation of BOS-P through a lipase-catalyzed solid-phase synthesis. The multifunctional properties of OA-BOS-P were evaluated in terms of surface tension, emulsifying ability, Ca(2+)-binding ability, and ability to control the gelatinization and retrogradation of potato starch. OA-BOS-P exhibited better emulsifying ability than BOS-P and Ca(2+)-binding ability similar to that of BOS-P. OA-BOS-P elevated the gelatinization temperature and reduced viscosity more than BOS-P. OA-BOS-P also reduced retrogradation as indicated by the reduction in the setback viscosity, turbidity, development of the ordered structure and crystalline structure, and digestibility, whereas BOS-P elevated the setback and turbidness, despite reducing the development of the crystalline structure, except for development of the ordered structure, similar to that of the control. These results show that OA-BOS-P could be a useful material with novel emulsifying, Ca(2+)-binding, and starchy food-controlling properties.     

Suitability of Different Starches for Production of Kuanfen (Chinese Flat Starch Noodles)

Starches from potato, corn, sweet potato, and rice were compared with mung bean starch for their suitability for producing kuanfen, Chinese flat starch noodles. Significant differences were found in the chemical composition and swelling power among starches (P < 0.05). Maximum tensile stress and maximum tensile strain was highest for kuanfen made from mung bean starch and sweet potato starch, respectively. Higher work was needed to break kuanfen made from mung bean and sweet potato starches. Kuanfen made from mung bean starch was most favored by panelists, followed by those from sweet potato starch. General acceptability of kuanfen correlated positively and significantly with chewiness, cohesiveness, and elasticity of the noodles. For predicting sensory acceptability of kuanfen using instrumental methods, correlation was performed between sensory variables and tensile parameters. Results showed that work-to-break correlated significantly with chewiness, elasticity, and general acceptability while maximum tensile strain correlated significantly with sensory cohesiveness. Therefore, both of these two tensile parameters could be useful for predicting the textural properties of kuanfen.     

回生抗性淀粉种类对米淀粉凝胶形成的影响

为寻找改善普通米淀粉制品的结构及品质的新型食品添加剂,该文以普通米淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、质构分析仪、全自动X射线衍射仪及示差扫描量热仪等手段,研究添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆回生抗性淀粉(retrograded resistant starch,RSⅢ)对米淀粉凝胶微观结构及理化性质的影响。结果表明:添加锥栗、马铃薯及绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉凝胶的结构及性质产生显著影响(P0.01),以锥栗RSⅢ的作用最为突出。添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉糊的黏度特性没有影响(P0.05)。未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶存在很多不规则、深浅不一的大洞,而加入RSⅢ使米淀粉凝胶的网状结构变得更为规整、致密,且其胶着性与黏聚性变化不大(P0.05);添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ后能加速米淀粉凝胶的形成,与未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶比,其硬度分别增加了2.38、1.97和1.25倍(P0.01),黏着性分别增加2.56、1.99和1.32倍(P0.01),弹性增加1.07、0.81和0.53倍(P0.01)。米淀粉以A-型晶体占优,锥栗RSⅢ以V-型晶体占优,马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ均以B-型晶体占优;不加或加入RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶粉末都转变为以V-型晶体为主,且总相对结晶度没有改变(P0.05)。加入RSⅢ后的米淀粉糊除有低温吸热峰外还出现高温吸热峰,是否添加RSⅢ对低温吸热峰的温度参数影响不大(P0.05),但吸热焓显著降低(P0.01);而对于高温吸热峰,添加马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ的各项参数没有差别(P0.05),但比添加锥栗RSⅢ的显著增高(P0.01)。可见添加不同来源的RSⅢ可以有效改善米淀粉凝胶的结构与品质。该研究结果为抗性淀粉用于提高米制品品质与营养功能的研究和生产提供了重要参考。     

不同品种甘薯淀粉组分、物化及粉条品质的比较研究

为探讨不同品种甘薯淀粉特性与其粉条品质的关系,本研究选用济薯25、济薯26以及商薯19共3个品种于丘陵山地进行试验,收获后进行块根干物质含量、产量测定以及淀粉分离,分析淀粉组分、老化和糊化特性,并对粉条品质进行测定.结果表明,济薯25的薯千产量显著高于其他2个品种(P＜0.05),且3个品种的淀粉结晶结构、形态相似.3...     

不同品种小麦粉的粉质特性对速冻熟制面条品质的影响

为研究不同品种小麦粉与速冻熟制面条质构特性之间的关系,选取30种小麦制粉,用FOSS定氮仪、快速黏度仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪等测定面粉品质指标,制作速冻熟制面条,用质构仪测定质构特性。采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对30种小麦面粉和速冻熟制面条的质构关系进行了分析。结果表明:不同品种小麦粉的湿面筋、糊化温度、弱化度、粉质质量指数与硬度呈极显著相关(P0.01);蛋白质、湿面筋、总淀粉含量、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度、粉质吸水率、粉质曲线稳定时间、面团形成时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力与剪切力呈极显著相关(P0.01);小麦粉的粉质特性,除衰减值、峰值时间和延伸度外,均与拉伸力呈极显著相关(P0.01)。根据方差贡献率提取出可以反映原变量84.023%信息的5个因子,因子1主要反映面粉的粉质拉伸特性,因子2反映小麦粉糊化特性,因子3反映蛋白质特性,因子4和因子5共同反映小麦粉的淀粉特性。这些性状在小麦粉的评价方面起着重要作用,在加工中要注重对它们的选择。聚类分析将30种小麦粉分为4类,结果表明,不能仅凭小麦粉的指标数据和质构数据来选择制作速冻熟制面条的原料,还需考虑到感官评价的影响。该结论可为小麦粉在速冻熟制面条加工应用方面提供一定的理论参考。     

Diversity of Starch Pasting Properties in Iranian Hexaploid Wheat Landraces

Wheat landraces possess a wide diversity in starch physical properties that could be useful in breeding for improved quality of specific products, such as various types of Asian noodles. The pasting properties (using a Rapid Visco-Analyser [RVA]) and flour swelling volume (FSV, using silver nitrate to inactivate α-amylase activity) of wholemeal, were measured for 242 hexaploid accessions of Iranian landrace wheat. FSV values and the peak viscosities were positively correlated (r = 0.73***). FSV values in the landraces ranged from 8.3 to 15.9 mL/g and peak viscosities ranged from 139 to 305 RVA units (RVU). In comparison, FSV of cvs. Eradu and Klasic were 18.6 and 15.0 mL/g, and peak viscosities were 355 and 303 RVU, respectively. Of the landraces, Iranian Wheat Accession (IWA) 8602488 had the highest peak viscosity (305 RVU) and exceptionally high hot- and cool-paste viscosities. Two accessions, IWA 8602430 and 8600544, displayed pasting characteristics considered desirable for high-quality Japanese white-salted noodles. Four landraces were identified that had starch with unusually high resistance to shearthinning. Texture profile analysis was done on the wholemeal gels formed in the RVA canister. The variation in parameters such as hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness in the landraces greatly exceeded that in the cultivars. The hot-paste viscosity, breakdown, setback, and final viscosity values, but not the peak viscosity or FSV, were highly significantly correlated with the hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness of the gel. The Iranian landraces appear to present useful genetic variation for developing wheats for special uses.