向海湿地迁徙鸟类的调查分析与保护对策

连续4 a对向海湿地迁徙鸟类进行调查与分析,结果表明:湿地整体生境呈缓慢恢复态势;以2005年为调查基准年,2006年2、007年、2008年迁徙鸟类的种类分别增加了8.6%、11.4%、10.0%,种群数量分别增加了87.8%、75.5%、59.8%,迁徙鸟类的种类和种群数量呈增加趋势。自然力作用的湿地缺水旱化和人畜活动仍是影响迁徙鸟类生境的2个主要原因。加强湿地生境保护、开展湿地功能恢复与提高技术的研究、开展迁徙伤病鸟救治、建立多方合作保护体系等是有效对策。     

Soil carbon stock in relation to plant diversity of homegardens in Kerala,India

Conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of global warming are two major environmental challenges today. In this context, the relationship between biodiversity (especially plant diversity) and soil carbon (C) sequestration (as a means of mitigating global warming) has become a subject of considerable scientific interest. This relationship was tested for homegardens (HG), a popular and sustainable agroforestry system in the tropics, in Thrissur district, Kerala, India. The major objectives were to examine how tree density and plant-stand characteristics of homegardens affect soil C sequestration. Soil samples were collected at four depths (0–20, 20–50, 50–80, 80–100 cm) from HG of varying sizes and age classes, and their total C content determined. Tree density and plant-stand characteristics such as species richness (Margalef Index) and diversity (Shannon Index) of the HG were also determined. Results indicated that the soil C stock was directly related to plant diversity of HG. Homegardens with higher, compared to those with lower, number of plant species, as well as higher species richness and tree density had higher soil carbon, especially in the top 50 cm of soil. Overall, within 1 m profile, soil C content ranged from 101.5 to 127.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Smaller-sized HG (<0.4 ha) that had higher tree density and plant-species density had more soil C per unit area (119.3 Mg ha⁻¹) of land than larger-sized ones (>0.4 ha) (108.2 Mg ha⁻¹). Soil C content, especially below 50 cm, was higher in older gardens. The enhanced soil-C storage in species-rich homegardens could have relevance and applications in broader ecological contexts.

Diversity of non-timber forest products in Cachar District,Assam, India

We identified 67 and 21 NTFP-yielding plant and animal species, respectively, in a reserve forest in Cachar district of Assam. We recorded globally threatened species listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered （plant species Dipterocarpus turbinatus）, Vulnerable （plant species Aquillaria malaccensis）, Endangered （animal species Hoolock hoolock, Indotestudo elongata and Manis pentadactyla）, and Vulnerable （animal species Nilssonia hurum and Rusa unicolor）. The whole plant or animal and/or their various parts were used as food or medicine, in house construction, magico-religious activities and others. While some NTFPs were harvested throughout the year, others were harvested seasonally. A comprehensive NTFP policy, along with scientific measures for regen- eration, restoration and augmentation of NTFP-yielding plants and animals, would help in addressing the conflicting demands of conservation and livelihood in the forests of this area.     

Complexity and variety of zonal pattern in the mangroves of the Hinchinbrook area, Northeastern Australia

Hinchinbrook Island, a wilderness National Park, lies closely adjacent to the Australian mainland within the boundaries of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage area. The mangroves that occupy much of its shoreline and the neighbouring mainland intertidal are major features. Recent preliminary surveys have revealed considerable floristic variety at local scales and, over the total area, often intricate vegetal patterning (Bunt, 1997). It is the intention now to define the most conspicuous features in numeric and graphical terms. Particular attention has been given to differences in shore normal species sequencing within the study area and to the complexities associated with overlap in species distributions.     

北京云蒙山森林公园雀形目鸟类的组成和分布

2004年8月至9月对北京云蒙山森林公园的雀形目鸟类群落组成以及分布进行了调查,结果显示,该区域共有雀形目鸟类15科41种,其中包括古北型15种,东北型9种,广布型4种,南中国型和东洋型各3种,华北型和全北型各2种,东北型(东部为主)、喜马拉雅-横断山型、季风型各1种;居留性方面,留鸟18种,夏候鸟13种,旅鸟10种。     

香港郊野公园森林群落结构和物种多样性

通过香港大榄郊野公园森林群落的样地调查,利用物种的丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数对群落的类型、结构和物种多样性进行了分析和研究。结果显示了7个主要的森林群落的物种多样性和群落结构的关系,森林群落的物种多样性顺序为:土沉香群落>台湾相思群落>红胶木群落>木荷群落>毛叶桉群落>湿地松+鸭脚木群落>柠檬桉群落。森林群落的乔、灌、草3个层次的丰富度和多样性指数普遍以灌木层最高,均匀度指数则以乔木层最高。而影响物种多样性的因素主要为造林技术和频繁的山火。       

南昌市区山茶属植物种类与园林应用研究

经过近4a的系统调查,查明目前南昌园林中应用的山茶属植物有8种,编制了分种检索表,探讨了其分布地点、观赏价值与园林应用。     

Trends in allometric models and aboveground biomass of family Rhizophoraceae mangroves in the Coral Triangle ecoregion,Southeast Sulawesi,Indonesia

This study aims to establish allometric models and estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) of mangroves Rhizophoraceae in the Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Allometric models of the AGB of mangroves Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Ceriops tagal were established using independent variables consisting stem diameter at 30 cm from the ground (D₃₀), diameter at breast height (DBH), D₃₀²H and DBH²H. The AGB of mangroves was estimated by applying allometric model and tree census. The results showed that the best fitting allometric models of AGB for R. apiculata is based on variable DBH, while DBH²H is the best variable for R. mucronata trees. Conversely, the D₃₀ is the best variable for estimating AGB of C. tagal trees. Thus, there is some variation of independent variables on allometric models for the estimation of AGB for Rhizophoraceae mangroves. The AGB (ton ha^?1) of R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and C. tagal was estimated respective 651.60, 232.11 and 154.56 in the protected area, and respective 137.59, 189.35 and 39.06 ton ha^?1 in the unprotected area. Higher AGB of mangroves growing in the protected area indicated the suitable condition and undisturbed by human activities. The conservation of mangroves is necessary for the sustainability of mangroves and coastal ecosystems in the Coral Triangle ecoregion.     

Restoration of the mangrove vegetation in the Mahanadi delta,Orissa, India

In India, mangroves occupy 6740 km² of which the Mahanadi delta andBhitarkanika mangrove forests of Orissa cover 191.44 km², most of whichhas been severely overexploited. World wide concern to conserve mangrovesnecessitated propagation of mangroves to re-establish them on barren andswampy land along tidal creeks around Paradeep port of Orissa. Avicenniaofficinalis, Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera parviflora, B. sexangula,Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera fomes, Kandelia candel,Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia apetala were vegetatively propagated andplanted over 10 ha of degraded salt-marshy wetlands of Mahanadi delta inpure and mixed stands depending on the intensity and the frequency of tidalinundation at the experimental site. Survival was significantly higher(80%) in S. apetala followed by A. officinalis, R. mucronata, K.candel and H. fomes (70–75%). S. apetala recorded the maximumgrowth in height (3.0 m after 2 years) whereas C. decandra showed theminimum growth (0.5 m). Growth performance was better with plants in mixedstands than the plantation with single species. This gives us hope topropagate and re-establish mangroves for conservation in scientificallymanaged plantations in a physiologically arid environment.     

Tree diversity and carbon stocks of some major forest types of Garhwal Himalaya,India

Four forest stands each of twenty major forest types in sub-tropical to temperate zones (350 m asl–3100 m asl) of Garhwal Himalaya were studied. The aim of the study was to assess the stem density, tree diversity, biomass and carbon stocks in these forests and make recommendations for forest management based on priorities for biodiversity protection and carbon sequestration. Stem density ranged between 295 and 850 N ha⁻¹, while total biomass ranged from 129 to 533 Mg ha⁻¹. Total carbon storage ranged between 59 and 245 Mg ha⁻¹. The range of Shannon–Wiener diversity index was between 0.28 and 1.75. Most of the conifer-dominated forest types had higher carbon storage than broadleaf-dominated forest types. Protecting conifer-dominated stands, especially those dominated by Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara, would have the largest impact, per unit area, on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation.     

Heartwood, sapwood and bark content of teak trees grown in Karnataka, India

We evaluated heartwood, sapwood and bark content in teak trees. A total of 27 sample plots were laid out in teak plantations raised by State Forest Department in Karnataka covering different age groups...     

Fleshy fruits eating birds and their role in the seed dispersal of plants in Maoer Mountain, NE China

There are 16 species of fleshy-fruit cating birds in Autumn in Maoer Mt. NE China. According to their feeding strategies. we can divide them into 3 groups: 1. Pulp-cating birds, they get nutrition from pulp. so. their seeds are defecated completely. These birds have a great effect on seed dispersal. 2. Seed-cating birds, they obtain nutrition from the seed but pulp. Seeds are digested totally. They don’t disperse seeds at all. 3. Whole-fruit-eating birds, both seed and pulp are digested when passing through gut. They don’t have any effect on seed dispersal either. Supported by NSFC 39370137 (Responsible Editor: Sun Yueqi)     

Traditional herbal remedies for gynecological disorders in women of Bidar district, Karnataka, India

A survey of medicinal plants used by rural population in Bidar district, Karnataka, India is reported. Eighteen plant species belonging to 13 families and 18 genera were included. Their botanical and vernacular names, plant part used, popular medicinal use, forms of preparation and application of the herbal remedies are given.     

Development of a stand density management diagram for Santalum album plantations in Karnataka,India

Stand density management diagrams are average stand-level models that graphically display the relationship between stand yield, density, height and diameter throughout the various stages of forest development in even-aged stands. These are useful tools for designing, displaying and evaluating alternative density regimes in even-aged forest ecosystems to achieve a desired future condition. In this paper, we present a stand density management diagram constructed for sandalwood stands in Karnataka state of India. The relationship between stand density, dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, relative spacing and stand volume is exhibited in one graph. The relative spacing index was used to characterise the growing stock level. Two equations were fitted to the data collected from 19 sample plots measured annually for three years: one relates quadratic mean diameter with stand density and dominant height, whereas the other relates total stand volume with quadratic mean diameter, stand density and dominant height.     

Species composition, similarity and diversity in three successional stages of a seasonally dry tropical forest

The objectives of this study were to describe the floristic composition, species diversity, similarity and richness among three stages of forest regeneration, and to investigate the influence of the previous land use on species composition in a seasonally dry tropical forest in northwestern Costa Rica. The species diversity and richness of woody stems with diameter greater or equal to 5 cm in 26 0.1 ha plots was found to be the greatest in the intermediate stage followed by the late and early stages. The structural changes of this chronosequence of successional stages were quantified with a modification of the Holdridge complexity index. Using satellite imagery for site selection and historical ground truth analysis the influence of past land use and the frequency of anthropogenic disturbances on species composition was illustrated.     

苏北农林生境蚂蚁多样性及群落结构研究

通过诱捕法和样方调查法获得苏北地区农林生境蚂蚁4亚科11属14种。优势种为铺道蚁（Tetramorium cae-spitum）、针毛收获蚁（Messor aciculatus）、中华小家蚁（Monomorium chinense）和日本弓背蚁（Camponotus japonicus）。从生境分布来看,前2种亦是研究区域的广布种。根据调查数据分析了该地区7种农林生境中蚂蚁群落的结构及多样性特征,以及人为干扰和生境异质性对蚂蚁群落的影响。结果表明：7种生境中蚂蚁群落种类组成和多样性等指标均不相同。山地针叶阔叶林中蚂蚁群落种类数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）最高;蔬菜果园农田蚂蚁群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）最低。人类干扰越强的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越低;生境质量和异质性越高的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越高。PCA分析可将这7种生境蚂蚁群落分为3大类型。相关分析与群落结构PCA分析结果基本一致。     

金寨县森林害虫的种类、结构分布与危害

金寨县通过2003～2005年林业有害生物普查,基本摸清了全县主要森林害虫种类、结构分布与危害。全县主栽的13个树种中,普查到害虫402种,其中危害程度轻微、中等、严重的害虫分别为353、35和14种,分别占害虫种类总数的87.81%、8.71%和3.48%。害虫的分布结构为:食叶害虫(286种)>枝梢害虫(77种)>蛀干害虫(24种)>果实害虫(9种)>根部害虫(6种)。总体发生率51.4%,其中危害轻微、中等和严重的发生率分别为32.87%、12.85%和3.67%。     

Species Composition,Distribution, and Diversity of Woody Species in a Tropical Dry Forest of India

We investigated the composition of tropical dry forest woody species at adult, sapling, and seedling stages, in terms of plant diversity, distribution, and importance value index (IVI), and identified the dominant and ubiquitous species in the five study sites having variable edaphic properties. Species varied markedly in the composition and IVI at different sites. The semi-evergreen species, Shorea robusta, was dominant at the wettest site at all the three growth stages; at the driest site, highly deciduous species Lannea coromandelica was the dominant adult species and Nyctanthis arbortristis the dominant sapling and seedling species. Soil moisture content (SMC) altered the distribution of about 8% of the adult species. ANOVA indicated significant site-wise differences in the Shannon-Wiener index, Whittaker’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, and β-diversity for the woody species at all the three stages. The Shannon-Wiener index, Whittaker’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, and β-diversity were greater in seedlings as compared to adult and saplings of tree species. These variations in species composition and distribution are evidently on account of different levels of SMC as well as habitat heterogeneity as indicated by β-diversity which was independent of SMC.