不同氮肥用量对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

在设施栽培条件下,采用田间小区试验,以番茄为指示植物,研究了不同氮肥用量：农民习惯施氮量（N1,尿素,纯氮1000kg·hm^-2）、70%农民习惯施氮量（N2,尿素,纯氮700kg·hm^-2）、70%农民习惯施氮量结合调节土壤C/N（N3,尿素,纯氮700kg·hm^-2）、50%农民习惯施氮量结合调节土壤C/N和采用滴灌（N4,尿素,纯氮500kg·hm^-2）对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,减施氮肥处理（N2、N3和N4）的番茄产量没有降低,N4处理产量最高,比N1增产9.7%。N2和N4处理氮肥的农学效率和肥料的产投比均显著高于N1处理（P〈0.05）,其中N4处理最高,为28.9kg·kg^-1和12.6,施肥效益最高。不同施氮肥处理间果实Vc含量虽没有显著差异,但N4处理是N1处理的1.2倍。番茄果实的硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,两者呈显著的正相关关系（R^2=0.8307,P〈0.05）,N3和N4处理果实硝酸盐含量均显著低于N1处理（P〈0.05）。0～100cm土层累积的硝态氮随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,N1处理土层累积的硝态氮含量最高,减施氮肥处理均降低了土壤对硝态氮的累积。土壤硝态氮多累积在0～40cm土层,硝态氮的相对累积量约为50%,这部分残留的氮素可被下季作物吸收利用。果实硝酸盐含量与土壤累积的硝态氮存在显著的相关关系（R^2=0.8003,P〈0.05）,说明土壤硝态氮含量过高能够增加果实对氮素的吸收和积累。在寿光设施蔬菜生产条件下,在农民习惯施氮量基础上减氮30%～50%既可以保证较高产量和较好的果实品质,同时降低土壤中硝态氮累积,从产量、肥料效益和土壤可持续利用角度来看,N4处理更具优势,具有较好应用价值。     

施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响

在高肥力土壤条件下,研究了施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长期间,施氮处理0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著大于不施氮处理;当施氮量大于150.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加;随小麦生育进程推进,施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮下移趋势明显,至小麦成熟时,施氮1952～85.kg/hm2处理60100.cm土层硝态氮含量显著大于其它处理。小麦生长期间,0100.cm土层铵态氮积累量较为稳定,施氮处理间亦无显著差异。与不施氮肥相比,施氮提高小麦生长期间040.cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量;当施氮量小于240.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,土壤微生物量氮含量增加。小麦的氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而降低;施氮1051～95.kg/hm2,收获时小麦植株吸氮量、生物产量、子粒产量和子粒蛋白质含量提高;而施氮量大于240.kg/hm2时,小麦生育后期的氮素积累量降低,收获时植株吸氮量、生物产量和子粒蛋白质含量降低。说明本试验条件下,施氮1051～50.kg/hm2可满足当季小麦氮素吸收利用,获得较高的子粒产量和蛋白质含量。继续增加施氮量,土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但土壤中残留大量硝态氮,易淋溶损失。     

滴灌施氮对高垄覆膜马铃薯产量、氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

通过田间试验研究了高垄覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量（N 0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2）对马铃薯产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,N180处理的马铃薯块茎产量最高。马铃薯收获期各处理硝态氮含量为表层土（020cm）最高,且在0120 cm剖面呈现降低的趋势;各处理040 cm土层硝态氮积累量占0120cm土层硝态氮积累总量的47.74%～53.17%。施氮量与马铃薯吸氮量、土壤硝态氮残留量、氮素表观损失量呈显著正相关,马铃薯吸氮量、硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的37.93%、45.99%和16.08%。马铃薯块茎吸氮量和收获指数随着施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥生理利用效率均以N 90处理最高,分别为67.97%、68.06 kg/kg和154.92 kg/kg。在内蒙古阴山北麓马铃薯主产区,覆膜滴灌施氮量应控制在90～180 kg/hm2。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中不同施氮水平对玉米生长及其根际土壤氮的影响

在河北衡水潮土上进行田间试验,以当地习惯高氮用量(小麦季施N 300 kg/hm2,玉米季施N 240 kg/hm2)为对照,研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中减少氮肥用量对玉米季植株生长、氮素吸收及根际土壤中无机氮与微生物量氮的影响。结果表明,两季作物氮肥施用量减少25%和40%,对玉米产量、生物量及植株体内氮累积量未产生明显影响,氮肥利用率提高。不同氮肥施用量对根际和非根际土壤铵态氮含量的影响不显著;减少氮肥施用量,对玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量也没有明显影响。在玉米苗期、抽雄期和成熟期,习惯高施氮量处理的非根际土壤硝态氮含量较高,其中抽雄期,非根际土壤硝态氮含量较氮肥减施40%用量处理高出近一倍,但非根际土壤微生物量氮水平含量明显降低。氮肥减施未影响根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,反而增加了非根际土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。在高肥力的潮土上,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中适当减施氮肥并未影响玉米根际土壤氮素水平,可保证玉米稳产,实现减氮增效。     

施氮量对冀西北春玉米氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

在田间条件下研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响,旨在为冀西北春玉米氮肥优化管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,春玉米产量随施氮量的增加而提高,当施氮量高于225 kg/hm2时,春玉米产量和氮肥利用率显著降低。从春玉米播种前到收获后,不施氮处理0-90 cm各土层硝态氮含量不断降低,施氮处理0-30 cm和30-60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈先上升后迅速下降并保持稳定的趋势,而60-90 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势;春玉米收获后随着土层深度的增加,硝态氮呈波浪式下降,施氮量300,375 kg/hm2处理60-90,120-150,150-180 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其它处理。随着施氮量的增加,春玉米0-90,90-180,0-180 cm土层硝态氮累积量均呈增加趋势,高施氮量土层累积的硝态氮存在着更大的淋溶风险。因此,综合分析氮肥用量对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率的影响,并考虑土壤硝态氮时空分布下的环境风险,合理的施氮量应控制在195~225 kg/hm2之间。     

日光温室白萝卜生产系统的氮素利用与平衡研究

在日光温室条件下,研究了不同氮素供应水平对白萝卜（Raphanus sativus L．）氮素利用和土壤硝态氮累积动态,并对土壤-作物体系的氮素表观平衡进行了评估。结果表明,随氮肥用量的增加,白萝卜产量和干物质累积量均没有显著升高,但根块内富集的硝酸盐含量显著增加。增施氮肥对白萝卜维生素C（Vc）,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量没有显著影响;随施氮量增加白萝卜根块氮素吸收量显著增加,当季氮肥利用率降低;当氮肥用量低于推荐施氮量（有机肥＋200kg urea—N·hm^-2）时,整个白萝卜生长期,根层（0～60cm）土壤硝态氮均处于耗竭状态。当施氮量高于推荐施氮量时,根层硝态氮下降幅度减小,并在播种30d以后呈上升趋势;土壤一作物体系中播前无机氮（Nmin）和氮肥投入是主要输入项,输出项中以土壤无机氮残留和作物吸收为主。随施氮量的增加,氮素表观平衡值和土壤残留Nmin明显增加。系统氮素盈余量随施氮量的增加而增加。结合当地地力条件,在有机肥和磷钾肥配施的基础上,秋冬季白萝卜施氮量应控制在200kg·hm^-2以内。     

土壤高残留氮条件下施氮对夏玉米氮素平衡、利用及产量的影响

土壤残留氮是不容忽视的土壤氮素资源.通过田间小区试验研究了土壤高残留氮下不同施氮量(0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡、氮素利用及产量的影响,分析了夏玉米的经济效益.结果表明,土壤剖面硝态氮积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理;各施氮处理土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm土层含量最高,在0--180 cm剖面呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.不施氮处理夏玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量高达378 kg/hm2,随施氮量的增加,无机氮残留和氮表观损失显著增加.作物吸氮量、氮表观损失量与总氮输入量呈显著正相关,总氮输入量每增加l kg作物吸氮量增加0.156 kg,而表观损失量增加0.369 kg,是作物吸氮量的2.4倍.高残留氮土壤应严格控制氮肥用量,以免造成氮素资源的大量浪费.夏玉米籽粒吸氮量随施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势,氮收获指数呈降低的趋势.氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥利用率和氮素利用率在施氮量80 kg/hm2时最高,随施氮量的增加降低;增施氮肥能降低高残留氮土壤中氮肥的增产效果和利用率.综合考虑产量、氮素利用和环境效应,N 80 kg/hm2是氮素高残留土壤上玉米的合理施氮量.     

玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦土壤氮素表观盈亏及产量的影响

【目的】以秸秆还田定位试验为平台,探讨玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素表观盈余和氮肥利用率的影响规律,明确砂姜黑土玉米秸秆全量还田条件下冬小麦生长季的最佳施氮量。【方法】试验以秸秆处理为主区,设秸秆还田和秸秆移除2个水平;施氮量为副区,设6个水平,分别为0、162.0、202.5、243.0、283.5、324.0 kg/hm2。测定了冬小麦播种前、拔节期、成熟期地上部植株含氮量,土壤0—20、20—40和40—60 cm硝态氮含量,小麦产量以及籽粒氮含量,计算了冬小麦生育期土壤的氮素表观盈余,小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率以及不同阶段的氮素盈余。【结果】玉米秸秆还田后小麦增产365 844 kg/hm2,增产率为4.2%9.3%,尤其以配施243.0 kg/hm2的增幅最高,产量达9858 kg/hm2。小麦整个生育期,秸秆还田显著增加了0—60 cm土层的土壤硝态氮累积量,而秸秆移除条件下,土壤硝态氮累积量与氮肥施用量相关,高量氮肥增加了硝态氮累积量,N施用量高于243.0 kg/hm2时,硝态氮累积量较小麦播种前增加19.8%28.6%。施氮均显著增加了植株氮素积累量;小麦播种到拔节期,植株的氮素积累量随基肥比例的增加而增加。小麦生育期不施氮处理表现为氮素亏缺,施氮处理显著增加了0—60 cm土层的土壤氮素盈余量,且随基肥、追肥量的增加而增加,盈余值每增加100.0kg/hm2,秸秆还田配施氮肥和单施氮肥的土壤剖面硝态氮积累量就会分别增加74.2和91.4 kg/hm2。秸秆还田配施氮肥提高了氮肥农学效率、植株地上部氮肥吸收利用率、籽粒氮肥吸收利用率,特别是在高氮肥时,基肥和拔节肥的利用率显著高于单施氮肥。在施氮处理间、相同氮肥施用下秸秆还田和移除处理间氮素收获指数均无显著差异。氮肥表观回收率随施氮量的增加而降低,基肥表观回收率显著高于拔节肥表观回收率。【结论】秸秆还田和施氮水平对小麦植株氮素的吸收转运没有显著影响,但可提高基施和追施氮肥的利用率,可增加土壤0—60 cm土层中硝态氮的含量。综合各项指标,冬小麦生长季玉米秸秆全量还田适宜的氮肥配施量为202.5 243.0 kg/hm2。     

不同施磷量对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

【目的】在两种蔬菜地土壤上研究不同磷肥施用量对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响,为武汉城郊蔬菜合理施用磷肥和安全生产提供理论依据。【方法】利用大型原状土柱渗漏装置,2种实验土壤(粉质粘土和粉质粘壤土)均为武汉城郊典型蔬菜土壤,分别采自华中农业大学校内蔬菜基地和湖北新洲。试验期间共种植了四种蔬菜(小白菜、 辣椒、 苋菜及萝卜)。试验设置了4个P2O5水平处理(0、 125、 250、 375 kg/hm2),氮肥施用量均为N 750 kg/hm2,钾肥施用量均为K2O 500 kg/hm2。试验期间年降雨量为1043.0 mm,各土柱总灌溉量为120.1 L。秋冬季每15天、 春夏季每10天收集一次淋洗液,另外根据天气和降雨情况适当调节,每次收集淋洗液时记录淋洗液体积并测定淋洗液硝态氮浓度。在每季蔬菜生长成熟后将蔬菜收获称重,烘干后测定蔬菜中氮素含量。【结果】1)与不施磷肥相比,施用磷肥显著增加了两种土壤上小白菜、 苋菜、 萝卜产量以及四季蔬菜总产量,其产量随磷肥施用量增加而增加或显著增加,在磷肥施用量最大时产量达到最大值。粉质粘土上的产量显著低于粉质粘壤土上的产量,粉质粘壤土总产量约是粉质粘土总产量的1.63~2.36倍。2)施用磷肥显著增加了小白菜、 苋菜氮素吸收累积量以及四季蔬菜总吸收累积量,且两种土壤上总氮素吸收累积量均在磷肥施用量最大时达到最大值。粉质粘壤土上氮素总吸收累计量显著高于粉质粘土上氮素总吸收累积量。3)磷肥水平对土壤总渗漏液体积并无显著影响(粉质粘壤土P2O5 125 kg/hm2处理除外),粉质粘土渗漏水量显著大于粉质粘壤土。4)施用磷肥降低或显著降低土壤淋失液硝态氮浓度(粉质粘土苋菜季除外),随着磷肥施用量的增加硝态氮淋失浓度不断降低,4季蔬菜平均淋失浓度最大降低了38.6%(粉质粘土)和28.8%(粉质粘壤土)。5)磷肥施用显著降低了两种土壤上硝态氮淋失量(苋菜季除外),且在粉质粘土上随着磷肥施用量的增加硝态氮淋失量不断降低,而在粉质粘壤土上硝态氮淋失量先降低后上升。粉质粘土硝态氮淋失量显著大于粉质粘壤土,磷肥施用降低硝态氮淋失量分别达到达26.4%~33.7%和23.5%~39.9%。【结论】磷肥施用增加了蔬菜产量和作物氮素吸收累积量,从而显著降低了两种土壤上硝态氮的淋失; 土壤质地对硝态氮淋失有较大影响,质地较轻的粉质粘壤土硝态氮淋失显著小于质地较重的粉质粘土; 粉质粘壤土上施用P2O5量为250 kg/hm2时能提高产量同时减少硝态氮淋失,而粉质粘土上施用P2O5量为375 kg/hm2时能获得较大产量和较少硝态氮淋失量。     

新疆石河子地区玉米产量及氮素平衡的施氮量阈值研究

【目的】合理施用氮肥不仅会提高肥料利用率,还会降低氮素面源污染的风险。通过2年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同氮肥用量下,土壤无机氮积累量、 氮素平衡和玉米产量间的相互关系,为氮肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】研究采用肥料田间定位试验,小区试验于2011-2012年开展,设计6个氮肥（N）用量水平: 0、 225、 300、 375、 450、 600 kg/hm2,分别以N0、 N225、 N300、 N375、 N450、 N600表示,其中300 kg/hm2为当地玉米农田氮肥推荐用量,磷肥（P2O5）施用量为75 kg/hm2,钾肥（K2O）施用量为37.5 kg/hm2。【结果】 1）施用氮肥增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮残留量,硝态氮主要残留于060 cm土层,铵态氮主要分布在020 cm土层深度。2011年试验中,土壤无机氮残留量随氮肥用量增加而显著增加,与对照相比,施氮处理无机氮残留量增幅为12%~102%,与施氮量呈指数增长关系。2012年氮肥用量对土壤无机氮残留量的影响与2011年相似。2）施氮量 225 kg/hm2时,0100 cm土层深度土壤无机氮积累量降低,表现为负积累效应,N0和N225处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年降低165%和170%; 施氮量高于 300 kg/hm2时,土壤无机氮积累量显著增加,表现为富集现象,其中,N375、 N450和N600处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年增加17%、 388%、 170%。土壤无机氮积累量与施氮量显著呈二次抛物线关系,2011年回归方程为y=0.0001x2 + 0.1013x－22.537（R2 = 0.9288）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为187 kg/hm2; 2012年为 y = 0.0003x2 + 0.1417x - 52.78（R2 = 0.9583）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为245 kg/hm2。土壤氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量的增加幅度随氮肥用量增加而显著加大。3）氮肥投入可提高玉米产量,产量与施氮量呈显著的二次抛物线或线性加平台的关系,施氮量高于300 kg/hm2时,玉米产量与最高产量差异不显著; 产量与无机氮积累量呈二次抛物线形关系,当土壤无机氮达到平衡时,玉米产量显著低于最高产量,当玉米产量达到最大时,土壤无机氮有一定积累。氮肥利用率则随氮肥用量增加呈指数关系显著降低。施氮量270 kg/hm2为产量与氮肥利用率的交点,施氮量340 kg/hm2 是土壤无机氮残留量与氮肥利用率的交点。【结论】利用产量效应、 环境效应与肥料效应函数的交点确定氮肥投入阈值,是较为优化的方法。合理的氮肥投入不仅能获得玉米高产,降低氮素面源污染风险,还能获得较高的氮肥利用率。因此,施氮量260340 kg/hm2为本研究区玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入阈值。     

Empirical analysis and prediction of nitrate loading and crop yield for corn-soybean rotations

Nitrate nitrogen losses through subsurface drainage and crop yield are determined by multiple climatic and management variables. The combined and interactive effects of these variables, however, are poorly understood. Our objective is to predict crop yield, nitrate concentration, drainage volume, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage from a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation as a function of rainfall amount, soybean yield for the year before the corn-soybean sequence being evaluated, N source, N rate, and timing of N application in northeastern Iowa, U.S.A. Ten years of data (1994-2003) from a long-term study near Nashua, Iowa were used to develop multivariate polynomial regression equations describing these variables. The regression equations described over 87, 85, 94, 76, and 95% of variation in soybean yield, corn yield, subsurface drainage, nitrate concentration, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage, respectively. A two-year rotation under average soil, average climatic conditions, and 125 kg N/ha application was predicted to loose 29, 37, 36, and 30 kg N/ha in subsurface drainage for early-spring swine manure, fall-applied swine manure, early-spring UAN fertilizer, and late-spring split UAN fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate), respectively. Predicted corn yields were 10.0 and 9.7 Mg/ha for the swine manure and UAN sources applied at 125 kg N/ha. Timing of application (i.e., fall or spring) did not significantly affect corn yield. These results confirm other research suggesting that manure application can result in less nitrate leaching than UAN (e.g., 29 vs. 36 kg N/ha), and that spring application reduces nitrate leaching compared to fall application (e.g., 29 vs. 37 kg N/ha). The regression equations improve our understanding of nitrate leaching; offer a simple method to quantify potential N losses from Midwestern corn-soybean rotations under the climate, soil, and management conditions of the Nashua field experiment; and are a step toward development of easy to use N management tools.     

Residual effects of pig slurry applied to a Mediterranean soil on yield and N uptake of a subsequent wheat crop

Abstract. In areas of intensive pig farming, fresh pig slurry is often applied annually to the same fields. Thus, to avoid nitrogen (N) losses correct fertilizer practice should take account of residual effects of slurry on the following crops. The residual effects of different rates of slurry applied during three years were evaluated in subsequent wheat crops. The experiment was conducted on an irrigated Mediterranean Typic Xerofluvent soil, where plots were left unfertilized or fertilized with 150 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammonium nitrate. Grain yield and grain N uptake increased with slurry rates in both fertilized and unfertilized treatments. The increases in the unfertilized treatments were interpreted as a nitrogen effect of the previous 1996–98 slurry applications. The equivalent mineral N released from the pig slurry was underestimated by two existing decay-series approaches. Although decay-series are useful tools for estimating manure residual effects they should be adjusted for local conditions. A significant positive relationship was detected between apparent N use efficiency of the slurry and the total amount of applied organic N, which was interpreted as a specific residual effect rather than due to the N dose of previously applied pig slurry.     

不同肥源对萝卜硝酸盐累积分布和同化的影响

采用田间试验研究了牛粪、化肥单施和配施对萝卜产量,菜体硝酸盐累积、分布、同化,及土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响。结果表明,牛粪、化肥单施和配施,萝卜产量动态变化依次为FOM(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)、OM(牛粪)F(化肥)CK(无肥),叶部和肉质根硝酸盐含量高低依次为FFOMCKOM,粗蛋白累积量依次为FFOMCKOM,土壤硝态氮含量动态变化依次为FFOMOMCK。综合各因素总体以化肥配施牛粪最为适中,若重点考虑食用安全和土壤硝态氮累积环境效应,则以单施牛粪表现为最佳,各处理引起硝酸盐富集和土壤硝态氮残留的风险依次为化肥(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)牛粪。萝卜硝酸盐含量分布表现为叶部生长旺盛期叶部硝酸盐含量高于肉质根,肉质根生长旺盛期地下部将贮存更多的硝酸盐。在地上部,当植株硝酸盐富集时,硝酸盐累积在内叶和叶柄中;当植株生长处于养分"饥饿"状态时,硝酸盐释放到外叶和叶片中。因此,菜地连续施用有机肥,不仅可减少蔬菜对硝酸盐的富集,且可维持后期蔬菜产量。     

苏南稻田4种冬绿肥养分特性及对翻压前土壤无机氮的影响

为充分利用苏南冬闲稻田发展适宜绿肥作物种植,在大田试验条件下,研究了毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）、 光叶苕子（Vicia villosa var.）、 紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）和肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）4种绿肥作物的生长、 营养特性,比较分析了绿肥作物翻压前不同处理间耕层土壤无机氮含量与构成的差异。结果表明,在绿肥作物翻压期,4种绿肥作物均达到较高生物量和养分累积量,鲜重、 干重分别为24.8 30.7 t/hm2和3.6 4.2 t/hm2,不同绿肥作物间无显著差异。 4种绿肥作物的吸氮量为69.8 136.4 kg/hm2,毛叶苕子最高,肥田萝卜最低。吸磷量为7.1~11.3 kg/hm2,肥田萝卜最高,紫云英最低。吸钾量为117.6~151.3 kg/hm2,毛叶苕子最高,光叶苕子最低。与对照冬闲相比,种植绿肥作物不同程度地降低了耕层土壤无机氮含量（平均降低38.9 kg/hm2）,其中硝态氮含量下降明显,铵态氮含量均较对照土壤有增加趋势（平均提高6.5 kg/hm2）,毛叶苕子和光叶苕子处理铵态氮含量增加显著。4种绿肥作物均适合苏南冬闲稻田种植,能潜在降低无机氮的损失风险和为后季水稻作物生长提供养分。     

Comparative evaluation of broiler and layer poultry manure for greenhouse lettuce production

Abstract

Disposing poultry manure from broiler and layer flocks by its incorporation into the soil was evaluated on greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Paris Island cos). Floor litter that contains the manure mixed with sawdust and wood shaving, was 8 weeks old from broilers and one year old from layers. Broiler manure had 19% moisture and 5.5% N, while layer manure had 22% moisture and 3.7% N. Application of 27.5 ton/ha broiler manure and 18 ton/ha layer manure, on wet basis, gave comparable yield of lettuce as did an application of 100 kg N/ha from NH₄NO₃ in 2 split applications, and an unfertilized treatment. The manure was effective for lettuce growth 10 months after its incorporation in the soil. The highest yield was in manure treated plots, however, the lack of significant response in yield is due to the sufficient levels of soil NO₃‐N and available P. There was no effect on soil EC, pH, and available P due to the treatments; however, soil NO3‐N was significantly increased under all fertilized treatments. Leaf concentration of PO4‐P was not affected by the treatments, but NO3‐N was significantly increased under all fertilized treatments. It may be concluded that broiler and layer poultry manure when disposed of by soil incorporation, are equally effective as a fertilizer for a leafy crop such as lettuce.     

Can the agronomic performance of urea equal calcium ammonium nitrate across nitrogen rates in temperate grassland?

In temperate grassland, urea has been shown to have lower nitrous oxide emissions compared to ammonium nitrate‐based fertilizer and is less expensive. However, nitrogen (N) loss via ammonia volatilization from urea raises questions regarding yield performance and efficiency. This study compares the yield and N offtake of grass fertilized with urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and urea treated with the urease inhibitor N‐(n ‐ butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at six site‐years. Five annual fertilizer N rates (100–500 kg N/ha) were applied in five equal splits of 20–100 kg N/ha during the growing season. On average, urea produced slightly better yields than CAN in spring (103.5% of CAN yield) and slightly poorer yields in summer (98.4% of CAN yield). There was no significant difference in annual grass yield between urea, CAN and urea + NBPT. Urea had the lowest cost per tonne of DM grass yield produced. However, the urea treatment had lower N offtake than CAN and this difference was more pronounced as the N rate increased. There was no difference in N offtake between urea + NBPT and CAN. While this study shows that urea produced yields comparable to CAN, urea apparent fertilizer N recovery (AFNR) tends to be lower. Urea selection in place of CAN will increase national ammonia emissions which is problematic for countries with targets to reduce ammonia emissions. Promisingly, NBPT allows the agronomic performance of urea to consistently equal CAN across N rates by addressing the ammonia loss limitations of urea.     

The effect of crop, N-level, soil type and drainage on nitrate leaching from Danish soil

Abstract. Nitrate leaching measurements in Denmark were analysed to examine the effects of husbandry factors. The data comprised weekly measurements of drainage and nitrate concentration from pipe drains in six fields from 1971 to 1991, and weekly measurements of nitrate concentration in soil water, extracted by suction cups at a depth of 1 m, from 16 fields in 1988 to 1993. The soils varied from coarse sand to sandy clay loam.
The model used for analysing the data was: Y = exp (1.136–0.0628 clay + 0.00565N + crop ) D^0.416, with R²= 0.54, where Y is the nitrate leaching (kg N/ha per y), clay is the % clay in 0-25 cm depth (%), N is the average N-application in the rotation (kg/ha/y) and D is drainage (mm/y). The most important factor influencing leaching was the crop type. Grass and barley undersown with grass showed low rates of leaching (17-24 kg/ha/y). Winter cereal following a grass crop, beets, winter cereals following cereals and an autumn sown catch crop following cereals showed medium rates of leaching (36-46 kg/ha/y). High rates of leaching were estimated from winter cereals following rape/peas, bare soil following cereals and from autumn applications of animal manure on bare soil (71-78 kg/ha/y). Estimates of leaching from soil of 5, 12 and 20% clay were 68, 44 and 26 kg/ha/y, respectively. Leaching was estimated to rise significantly with increasing amounts of applied N.
The model is suitable for general calculations of the effects of crop rotation, soil type and N-application on nitrate leaching from sandy soil to sandy clay loarns in a temperate coastal climate.     

Effects of repeated straw incorporation on crop fertilizer nitrogen requirements, soil mineral nitrogen and nitrate leaching losses

Abstract. The effects of straw disposal by burning and incorporation on soil and crop nitrogen (N) supply, were investigated on two light textured soils in central (ADAS Gleadthorpe) and eastern England (Morley Research Centre) over the period 1984 to 1995. Nitrogen balance calculations showed that after 11 years of contrasting straw incorporation versus burn treatments, the cumulative N returns in straw were c . 570kg/ha at Gleadthorpe and c . 330 kg/ha at Morley However, these N returns via straw incorporation were not reflected in increased total soil N levels in autumn 1994. There were no differences ( P > 0.05) between straw disposal treatments in autumn soil mineral N supply, readily mineralizable N or organic carbon. Similarly, there were no consistent differences between the treatments in terms of crop yield, crop N uptake or optimum fertilizer N rates. Fertilizer N applications of 200 kg N/ha/y increased topsoil organic carbon from 1.18 to 1.28% and total N content from 0.091 to 0.102% on the loamy sand textured soil at ADAS Gleadthorpe, but not at Morley. Previous fertilizer N applications increased the quantity of nitrate-N leached in drainage water by c . 20 kg/ha at Gleadthorpe and c . 60 kg/ha at Morley overwinter 1994/95, and by 10–20 kg/ha at both sites overwinter 1995/96. There was some indication overwinter 1994/95 that straw incorporation reduced nitrate-N leaching by 10–25 kg/ha, but there were no differences between treatments overwinter 1995/96.     

不同供N水平对花生硝酸盐累积与分布的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同供氮水平对花生植株硝酸盐累积、分布及产量的影响。结果表明,花生荚果产量随施氮量的增加呈二次曲线变化趋势,当施用量为N.150.9.kg/hm2时产量最高;植株硝酸盐含量、累积量和累积速率基本随施氮量的增加而提高。同一氮素水平,不同器官的硝酸盐含量因生育期不同存在较大差异,幼苗和花针期茎中的含量最高,饱果成熟期地下器官的含量明显高于地上器官;全生育期叶片和茎中的硝酸盐含量随生育进程逐步降低,而子仁和果壳中含量逐步增加;收获时硝酸盐在茎中的分配比例随施氮量的增加而提高,在根中的分配比例下降。在一定的氮素水平内(N135.kg/hm2),硝酸盐在子仁中的分配比例与供氮水平一致,但过量施氮会导致在营养体中的比例上升,子仁中的比例下降,其它器官规律不明显。在本试验范围内,子仁及其它器官中的硝酸盐含量均未超出WHO和FAO制定的标准,未造成硝酸盐污染;但过量施氮能够显著提高花生荚果和耕层土壤硝酸盐含量。因此,综合考虑花生品质、单位肥料的增产量以及生态效应,花生适宜的施氮量为N.90.kg/hm2。     

露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥利用率与硝态氮淋溶损失研究

以我国北方主要蔬菜作物———大白菜(Brassica.penkinensis)为研究对象,利用渗滤池研究了露地栽培条件下不同供氮水平对氮肥利用率和硝酸盐淋失的影响。结果表明,施有机肥(折N120kg/hm2)的增产效果显著,不会造成硝态氮向下层土壤剖面淋溶和增加硝态氮的淋洗损失,有机肥N的利用率达25%。在有机肥的基础上施用化学氮肥的增产效果不明显,3个化学氮肥用量(375、750和1125kg/hm2)处理下VCR(产投比)值均低于2.0,而且随氮肥用量增加土壤剖面硝态氮残留量呈线性递增;渗滤池1.3m处的硝态氮淋失量分别为16.6、21.0和37.6kg/hm2,呈指数增加;氮肥表观淋失率为2.3%、1.8%和2.6%,氮肥利用率分别为7%、2.9%和2.6%,氮肥表观气态损失率分别为25.4%、37.5%和40.5%。总的来看,露地大白菜施肥水平偏高,氮肥利用率偏低,环境风险较大。