7个品种芒果花的挥发性化合物比较与分析

花朵挥发物是传粉昆虫和食花害虫定位花朵的嗅觉线索,不同品种间花朵挥发物含量组分的差异影响昆虫的选择行为多有报道。芒果依赖昆虫传粉,且易受食花害虫为害。而不同品种芒果花的挥发性化合物尚无报道,不利于引诱剂/趋避剂的开发。因此,本研究利用动态顶空吸附法收集四季蜜芒、台农1号、桂热82号、凯特芒、红芒6号、红象牙、金煌芒的花朵挥发物,运用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）鉴定分析其挥发性成分的组成差异和相似度。结果表明：7个品种芒果花挥发物共鉴定出挥发性成分115种,其中萜烯类44种、烷烃类30种、酯类16种、醇类16种、酮类5种、醛类3种、酚类1种。四季蜜芒、台农1号、桂热82号、凯特芒、红芒6号、红象牙和金煌芒的挥发性成分分别为82、49、46、49、60、49和59种。7个品种芒果花挥发物的共有成分有14种,分别为α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、3-蒈烯、α-萜品烯、D-柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯、萜品油烯、1-石竹烯、大牛儿烯D、邻-异丙基苯、苯甲酸乙酯和2-丙基-1-戊醇;特异性成分有33种,其中四季蜜芒有24种,台农1号有4种,金煌芒有2种,桂热82号、红芒6号和凯特芒各有1种。7...     

不同加工方法对胡椒精油化学成分的影响

以70%～80%成熟度的胡椒鲜果为原料,通过不同加工方法制备黑胡椒、白胡椒与青胡椒,并通过GC-MS对其胡椒油化学成分进行分析.结果表明:(1)加工方法不同对胡椒油化学成分的种类与含量都有显著影响.(2)3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、反式-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、L-水芹烯、α-蒎烯6种烯类是3种胡椒精油中含量较多的化学成分.其中,黑胡椒精油中特有成分4种:5-甲基-3-己醇、氨基甲酸叔己脂、木罗烯、α-蛇床烯;白胡椒精油中特有成分7种:2-甲基-2-戊醇、3-甲基-3-戊醇、γ-萜品烯、樟脑、乙酸松油酯、β-檀香烯、δ-杜松烯;青胡椒精油中特有成分5种:朱栾倍半萜、γ-古芸烯、4-甲基-3-己醇、2,5-二甲基-2-己醇、反式3-蒈烯-2-醇.     

芒果叶片挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对金煌芒和爱文芒2个品种叶片的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明:金煌芒叶片中检测出26种成分,其中含量最高的是α-萜品油烯(44.75%);爱文芒检测出23种成分,其中含量最高的是3-蒈烯(44.16%)。2个品种叶片挥发性成分主要是以单萜类为主,分别达到90.86%和73.26%。     

海南地区白胡椒粉风味成分的研究

采用固相微萃取法采集海南地区白胡椒粉的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱法分析鉴定,并用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积对其风味成分进行归一化定量分析。结果表明：共鉴定出26种化合物,分别为3-蒈烯(20.37 %)、石竹烯(19.81 %)、柠檬烯(14.36 %)、β-蒎烯(9.10 %)、γ-萜品烯(8.18 %)、α-水芹烯(6.70 %)、α-蒎烯(3.60 %)、δ-榄香烯(3.22 %)、罗勒烯(1.97 %)、可巴烯(1.76 %)、异松油烯(1.63 %)、α-石竹烯(1.46 %)和δ-杜松萜烯(1.     

野生柳叶蜡梅茎挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

采用常压水蒸气蒸馏法提取柳叶蜡梅茎的挥发油,经GC-MS分析,从挥发油中鉴定出89种化合物,占总油量的84.98％.其中含量较高的成分为亚油酸(11.96％)、棕榈酸(11.38％)、(-)-β-杜松烯(5.10％)、按叶油醇(4.89％)、大根香叶烯D(4.84％)、β-石竹烯(4.16％)、(1α,4aα,8aα)-1,2,4a,5,6,8a-六氢-4,7-二甲基-1-异丙基-萘(2.91％)、樟脑(2.43％)、石竹烯氧化物(2.23％).     

胡椒梗中胡椒碱及香气物质研究

对电热鼓风干燥和真空冷冻干燥的胡椒梗主要组分进行分析,并采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(SPME-GC-MS)对两种干燥方式下胡椒梗中的香气成分进行研究。结果发现,胡椒梗中胡椒碱含量0.07～0.10 g/hg、脂肪含量约0.9%、粗蛋白含量17%～19%、总酚含量2.5%～2.8%、维生素C含量2.8～5.6 mg/hg。胡椒梗中鉴定出的主要化学成分为：芳樟醇、δ-榄香烯、古巴烯、石竹烯、律草烯、杜松烯含量较多,以石竹烯含量最高(≥52.55%)。     

胡椒果与胡椒叶精油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取胡椒鲜果、黑胡椒、白胡椒和胡椒叶中的精油,得率分别为1.46%、1.77%、2.30%和1.25%。对精油进行GC-MS分析,分别鉴定得到38、31、36和63种化学物质,δ-榄香烯、3-蒈烯、D-柠檬烯、α-古巴烯、石竹烯和律草烯在果与叶中含量均较高,其中叶中δ-榄香烯含量占38.54%;蒎烯、月桂烯、α-水芹烯和间伞花素在果中含量较高,而在叶中含量较低;甘香烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、β-榄香烯、α-古芸烯、β-古巴烯、α-蛇床烯、花柏烯、4-异亚丙烯-7-甲基-6-亚甲基-2-辛烯酸甲酯和桉油烯醇在叶中含量较高,而果中含量较低或没有。此外,采用电子鼻方法可有效区分胡椒粉和胡椒叶。     

固相微萃取分析海南地区黑胡椒粉风味成分

采用固相微萃取采集海南地区黑胡椒粉的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱法分析鉴定,并用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积进行归一化定量分析其风味成分,共鉴定出α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯和石竹烯等15种化合物。     

8个杧果品种胶乳挥发性成分及胶乳的灼伤机制初探

以‘台农1号’‘贵妃’‘金煌’‘玉文’‘红象牙’‘四季蜜杧’‘金穗’和‘红杉林’8个杧果品种的胶乳为材料,利用气相色谱–质谱联用技术对其挥发性成分进行测定,用NIST 11标准谱库对测定的质谱数据进行自动检索对照,保留匹配度大于90%的化合物,并对不同杧果品种的胶乳挥发性成分进行差异性分析,旨在为确定杧果胶乳中灼伤果皮的主要挥发性成分提供科学参考,并采用超景深三维显微镜观察果皮灼伤前后变化,为初步探索胶乳灼伤果皮机制提供参考。结果表明：（1）8个杧果品种共鉴定出30种匹配度大于90%的化合物,这些化合物分为萜烯类、酚类、醛类和烷烃类。其中,萜烯类是主要挥发性成分,酚类、醛类和烷烃类占比极少。8个杧果品种胶乳中共有的化合物有α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、α-水芹烯、4-蒈烯、(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、桧烯、(1R)-(+)-α-蒎烯、萜品油烯、L-石竹烯和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚共10种。其中,3-蒈烯和萜品油烯为8个杧果品种胶乳的主要挥发性成分。（2）根据8个杧果品种胶乳中各挥发性成分的相对含量为数据源进行主成分分析将其分为5类：第一类为‘贵妃’和‘金煌’,第二类为‘台农1号’和‘四季蜜杧’,第三类为‘红象牙’和‘金穗’,第四类为‘玉文’,第五类为‘红杉林’。同一类别杧果品种其胶乳的主要挥发性成分及相对含量相似,不同类别杧果品种其胶乳的主要挥发性成分及相对含量差异较大。（3）杧果胶乳导致果皮皮孔褐变损伤,‘台农1号’接触胶乳的1 h后发生轻微灼伤,贵妃接触胶乳10 min时明显灼伤。研究结果明确了8个杧果品种乳胶中挥发性成分及其在不同品种中相对含量的差异,为揭示不同杧果品种胶乳灼伤果皮机制提供了基础。     

黄牛木果实挥发油的化学成分研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术GC-MS对黄牛木[Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume]果实挥发油的化学成分进行分析,共鉴定出46种化合物,占其总量的95.361%。在已鉴定的46种化学成分中,含量较高的成分依次为β-石竹烯(24.060%)、油酸(14.629%)、反式-β-罗勒烯(11.572%)、石竹烯氧化物(11.447%)、α-蒎烯(7.540%)。     

NR/ENR/SiO_2复合材料的阻尼性能研究

采用机械混炼的方法制备不同ENR含量的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料,使用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的动态力学性能和阻尼性能进行分析。结果表明:ENR对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼性能具有显著影响。动态热机械分析测试结果表明,随着ENR用量的增多,NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料在使用温度范围内的损耗因子积分面积增大,阻尼性能提高。橡胶加工分析频率扫描和应变扫描测试结果表明,在频率小于10 HZ不同应变时,加入了ENR的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼因子均高于NR/SiO2复合材料。扫描电镜分析结果证实,ENR的加入减少了SiO2的自聚,改善了填料在橡胶基体中的分散,从而使NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料力学性能得到提高。     

In VitroDigestion of Wheat Microstructure with Xylanase and Cellulase fromTrichoderma reesei

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

纳米TiO_2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗菌性研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,以钛酸四丁酯掺杂金属Ag制备纳米二氧化钛(Ag-TiO2)水溶胶,并与天然胶乳湿法共混制备得到纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料。紫外可见光谱表明,金属Ag能提高TiO2的光催化性能;透射电子显微镜观察到TiO2颗粒粒径为50nm左右,并且均匀的吸附在胶粒表面。研究此复合材料的抗菌性能结果表明,其具有良好的抗细菌和抗霉菌效果,对大肠杆菌的抗菌率达到90%以上,特别是硫化过后的纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗细菌率更达98.5%。     

Physicochemical Studies on Resistant StarchIn VitroandIn Vivo

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

细旦涤麻棉针织物的纤维素酶整理

本文介绍了酶整理技术在细旦涤麻棉针织物上的应用，提出了现在主要三种纤维素酶处理细旦涤麻棉针织物的最佳工艺及效果。     

Polymorphism of Low Mr Glutenin Subunits in Triticum tauschii

A collection of 173 Triticum tauschii accessions was analysed to evaluate the variability of low molecular weight (M_r) glutenin subunits. These proteins were analysed by one-step one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were divided into B-, C- and D-subunits in accordance with their electrophoretic mobility. Extensive polymorphism, both in the number and electrophoretic mobility, was detected in lowM_r glutenin subunits present in T. tauschii. Thirty different patterns for B-subunits and forty-three for C-subunits were identified, some of which were with identical electrophoretic mobility than those observed in hexaploid wheat. Glutenin subunits with the same electrophoretic mobilities of low M_r D-glutenin subunits as well as subunits encoded at the Glu-D4 and Glu-D5 loci, were also detected in accessions of T. tauschii. These results provide new basic knowledge regarding the genetics variability of the low M_r glutenin subunits, as well as their potential to create novel germplasm for the improvement of wheat quality in breeding programs.     

巴西橡胶树AnnHb1基因的克隆及表达分析

根据一个从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的EST片段的序列设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码annexin的cDNA,命名为AnnHb1。序列分析表明,AnnHb1长为1 198 bp,含有945 bp的阅读框,62 bp的5'-UTR和191 bp的3'-UTR,编码314个氨基酸,分子量为35.99 ku,等电点为8.18。该氨基酸序列与蓖麻、麻疯树、棉花、苜蓿、烟草和拟南芥中的annexin的同源性分别为82%、72%、72%、64%、60%和60%。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明AnnHb1基因在愈伤、花、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在愈伤组织中表达量最低,树皮中表达量最高。     

Comparative Enzyme Kinetics of Two Allelic Forms of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Beta -amylase

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Franklin and Schooner, contain two different allelic forms of beta -amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) encoded on chromosome 4H by the Bmy 1-Sd1 and Bmy 1-Sd2L alleles, respectively. The corresponding enzymes, referred to as Sd1 and Sd2L, were purified from both mature barley grain and germinated barley (green malt), and their physical and kinetic properties studied. Approximately 4 kDa were cleaved from both Sd1 and Sd2Lbeta -amylases after germination. The K_mvalue for green malt beta -amylase was less than that of mature grain beta -amylase for both varieties when potato starch was used as a substrate, although V_maxwas similar. This indicated that proteolysis after germination increased the affinity of beta -amylase for potato starch. No significant kinetic differences were observed between beta -amylase from mature grain and green malt of the two barley varieties when amylose (degree of polymerisation 100 and 18) and maltopentaose were used as substrates. Kinetic differences were also observed between the two allelic forms of beta -amylase. Sd1 beta -amylase from green malt exhibited a lower K_mvalue for potato starch than Sd2L beta -amylase, demonstrating that at non-saturating starch concentrations Sd1 beta -amylase is better able to hydrolyse starch than Sd2L beta -amylase. As the degree of polymerisation of the substrates decreased from approximately 740 (potato starch) to 5 (maltopentaose), the K_mvalues for beta -amylase increased, whereas V_maxvalues decreased. Maltose, the hydrolytic product of beta -amylase, was found to be a weak competitive inhibitor of both Sd1 and Sd2L green malt beta -amylases with respect to potato starch and amylose. Taken together the kinetic observations for bet a-amylase suggest that the allelic differences and C-terminal proteolysis might be exploited to improve the efficiency of starch hydrolysis during the mashing stage of the brewing process.     

Protein Inhibitors ofAlpha-amylase in Mature and Germinating Grain of Rye (Secale cereale)

The activities of endogenous (R-type) and exogenous acting (D-type) protein inhibitors ofalpha-amylase and the activities ofalpha- and total amylase were determined in milling fractions of rye. High D-type amylase inhibitor activities were detected in the embryo (255 IU/g) and in the endosperm fraction (64·9 IU/g), low inhibitor activities were found in the aleurone layer fraction (25·9 IU/g). The highest R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activity was found in the aleurone layer fraction (32·6 IU/g), and the lowest value in the epidermis containing fraction (5·0 IU/g). The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities varied with growing conditions. D-type amylase inhibitor activities were found to be high in those samples which grew under drought conditions and low in samples cultivated under wet and cool weather. Higher R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities were found in rye genotypes cultivated under wet conditions and lower values under dry weather. There were small variations inalpha-amylase inhibitor activities between sprout-stable and sprout-sensitive rye genotypes. The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities of all varieties were stable during 72 h of germination. Similar soil conditions will therefore lead to differentialalpha-amylase inhibitor activities depending on weather conditions during growth.     

杜鹃红山茶离体快速繁殖

以杜鹃红山茶实生小苗为试验材料,探讨离体快速繁殖的方法。结果表明:茎段外植体在MS+BA 1 mg/L+IBA 0.01 mg/L+GA3 10 mg/L的培养基上培养60 d,侧芽萌发率高达68%;将这些萌发的侧芽连同原来的茎段外植体移至添加BA 0.2～0.4 mg/L的培养基培养1个月,74%的侧芽能够继续生长并形成丛生芽;再将丛生芽移至1/2 MS+IBA 4 mg/L+0.1%活性炭的培养基上培养1个月,得到大量伸长的芽条;将芽条切离母体后插植于1/2 MS+IBA 8 mg/L的培养基,60 d后生根率达到90%。通过以上过程繁殖得到的小苗质量良好,移栽1个月后的成活率可达90%。