基于高光谱的橡胶单叶叶绿素含量研究

采用高光谱分析和线性回归技术分析了3个橡胶树品种单叶片的室内光谱反射数据和叶绿素含量,确定了橡胶单叶高光谱特征参数(三边面积、反射率和一阶微分值)与3个品种综合的不同物候期和物候期综合下的叶绿素含量的敏感波段。结果表明：三边面积均与叶绿素含量的相关达到1 %的极显著检验水平;基于反射率和一阶微分值的变量与叶绿素主要呈负相关,敏感波段主要在蓝边范围;利用一阶微分值构建的线性回归模型对叶绿素含量估算较好。     

基于无人机航拍图像的水稻叶片SPAD值反演

为利用无人机航拍图像实现水稻叶绿素含量的高通量检测,以籼型三系杂交水稻品种兆优5431为材料,设置3个密度水平和5个施氮量水平,共15个处理,在水稻不同生育期通过大疆精灵4RTK无人机获取航拍图像和人工测定水稻叶片SPAD值,并选取7种与水稻叶片SPAD值显著相关的可见光植被指数,采用线性回归和机器学习方法构建了水稻叶片SPAD值反演模型,通过精度验证确定水稻叶片SPAD值最优预测模型。结果表明,机器学习模型中,随机森林模型精度均高于其他回归模型,该算法构建的模型具有较高的预测精度,其模型各项指标分别是建模集R2为0.85、RMSE为2.73,验证集R2为0.76、RMSE为3.64。因此,机器学习模型能为水稻叶片SPAD值进行无损、快速监测提供参考。     

橡胶树叶片镁素含量高光谱估算

镁素与橡胶树生长和产胶密切相关,快速、准确测定橡胶树叶片镁素含量,对橡胶树叶片镁素营养状况评价和实施配方施肥具有重要意义。本研究采集多区域、多品种、多割龄的橡胶树成熟鲜叶,旨在获得涵盖缺、正常、丰富等不同镁素含量等级的叶片样品,利用FieldSpec4和化学方法同步获取叶片样品的光谱反射率和镁含量数据,对光谱反射率进行噪声波段去除和重采样后,采用Kennard-Stone(KS)算法将样本集划分为校正集和验证集。对叶片光谱反射率进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)微分变换,基于全波段的不同变换模式下的微分光谱与镁含量数据,采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）及留一交叉验证方法建模,通过筛选,得到最佳微分变换模式为：微分阶数为2,滤波窗口大小为71,多项式次数为2或3。通过PLS回归系数特征波长优选得到23个最佳微分光谱特征变量,基于最佳微分光谱特征变量和镁含量数据,采用PLS方法建立了橡胶树叶片镁素含量高光谱估算模型。结果表明,相比原始光谱反射率,基于微分光谱特征变量构建的模型预测效果明显提升,R²从0.666提升到0.805,RMSE从0.475 g/kg减小到0.372 g/kg,RPD从1.739提升到2.217。SG微分光谱变换和PLS回归系数特征波长优选能够明显提升模型估算精度,RPD位于2.0~2.5之间,模型估算能力良好。     

基于高光谱技术的茶鲜叶含水率检测与分析

茶鲜叶含水率是茶叶加工业中衡量茶叶品质的一个重要指标。为了实现茶叶加工过程中茶鲜叶含水率的快速检测,本文提出了一种应用高光谱技术分析茶鲜叶含水率的无损检测方法。通过对茶鲜叶高光谱图像感兴趣区域光谱数据的提取,利用4种不同的算法对原始数据进行预处理,采用逐步回归分析法对预处理后的数据提取特征波长,并采用多元线性回归法、偏最小二乘回归建立特征波长和茶鲜叶含水率定量分析模型。研究结果表明,经过卷积平滑处理后的正交信号校正的预处理结合逐步回归分析法所建立的偏最小二乘回归茶鲜叶含水率预测效果最佳,模型校正集、交叉验证集和预测集的相关系数分别为0.8977、0.8342和0.7749,最小均方根误差分别为0.0091、0.0311和0.0371。由此可见,高光谱技术能有效的实现茶鲜叶含水率的检测,这为茶叶加工业中衡量茶叶品质提供了新的检测方法。     

基于连续小波变换定量反演冬小麦叶片含水量研究

为了解连续小波转换对利用冬小麦冠层高光谱数据反演叶片含水量精度的提高效果,以河北省衡水市安平县为研究区,基于野外高光谱数据,提取、筛选其光谱特征敏感波段,应用光谱指数、连续小波变换进行光谱处理,并采用偏最小二乘法构建冬小麦叶片含水量的定量反演模型。结果表明,连续小波变换可明显凸显冬小麦冠层光谱特征,提升其对叶片含水量的敏感性。在连续小波变换下,基于1尺度构建的冬小麦叶片含水量的反演模型为最优模型,模型的决定系数(r~2)和RMSE分别为0.756和0.994%,独立样本验证时r~2和RMSE分别为0.766和1.713%,说明反演模型的拟合效果和预测精度均较高。因此,利用连续小波变换可将冠层光谱信息进行二次分配,能有效将有益信息与噪声信息进行分离,提升光谱信息对冬小麦叶片水含量的敏感性,增强冬小麦叶片水含量的预测能力与稳定性。     

利用多种回归模型对比估算琯溪蜜柚叶片钾素含量

钾素是蜜柚营养三要素之一,是准确诊断和定量评价生长状况的重要指标,建立合适的蜜柚叶片钾素含量高光谱估算模型,为实现快速、无损、精确的钾素含量估测提供依据。基于蜜柚叶片高光谱数据和钾素含量实测数据,首先分析蜜柚叶片钾素含量与原始及一阶微分光谱的相关性,然后分析与敏感波段植被参数的相关性,并找出相关性较好的光谱参数,建立蜜柚叶片钾素含量偏最小二乘回归模型（PLS）、BP神经网络回归模型（BPNN）、随机森林回归模型（RF）和支持向量机回归模型（SVM）,并确定蜜柚叶片钾素含量最佳估算模型。在513~598 nm和699~735 nm处,蜜柚叶片钾素含量与原始光谱反射率呈显著负相关,最大负相关系数分别为-0.47（554 nm）和-0.45（715 nm）。在507~552 nm和691~711 nm处,蜜柚叶片钾素含量与一阶微分光谱反射率呈显著负相关,最大负相关系数分别为-0.54（528 nm）和-0.53（702 nm）;在557~655 nm处,二者呈显著正相关,最大正相关系数为0.58（579 nm）。选择554、715、528、579、702 nm构建光谱参数,建立差值植被指数（DVI_{λ1, λ2}）、比值植被指数（RVI_{λ1, λ2}）和归一化植被指数（NDVI_{λ1, λ2}）等,其中与蜜柚叶片钾素含量相关性较好的光谱参量为NDVI′_579,702、RVI_554,715、RVI′_528,579、R′₅₇₉。建立PLS、BPNN、RF和SVM等4种回归模型估算蜜柚叶片钾素含量并进行对比验证,4种估算模型的决定系数（R²）分别为0.72、0.74、0.84和0.81,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为2.44、2.28、1.49和1.61;相对误差（RE）分别为9.95%、9.01%、7.84%和8.01%。验证模型的R²分别为0.79、0.84、0.85和0.82,RMSE分别为1.69、1.48、1.34和1.41,RE分别为8.47%、7.70%、6.12%和6.35%,RF估算模型精度稍高于PLS、BPNN和SVM估算模型。     

不同氮肥水平下大豆叶片光谱反射率与叶绿素含量的相关性研究

用Unispec光谱分析仪和SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定不同生育时期不同氮肥水平大豆叶片光谱反射率及叶绿素含量,并分析了光谱植被指数与叶绿素含量的相关性。结果表明:不施氮肥处理光谱反射率高于施氮处理,随着施氮量的增加,大豆叶片光谱反射率下降,并初步断定结荚期是大豆氮素光谱营养诊断的敏感时期;随着氮肥水平的提高叶绿素含量增加;整个生育时期,除鼓粒期不施氮处理外其它处理的植被指数mND705与叶绿素含量均呈极显著正相关;在花期和结荚期,各处理的mSR705与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,PSSRc与叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关。     

不同施氮水平下大豆反射光谱预测叶片氮含量模型

通过分析不同施氮水平下大豆叶片氮含量与叶片光谱反射率之间的关系,确立了大豆叶片氮含量的敏感波段及预测方程.结果表明:在 530、550、890和930 nm 4个波段的光谱反射率与大豆叶片氮含量的相关性达显著或极显著水平.通过4种植被指数的比较,NDVI的R2最大,RMSE最小.筛选得到回归方程:Y= -323.214×NDVI2 (890,530)+469.9307×NDVI (890,530)-165.021,该模型适用于不同生育期大豆叶片氮含量的预测.     

基于不同分析模型的大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI光谱估算比较

为探讨在大豆鼓粒期采用光谱技术估算叶片SPAD值和LAI的有效分析模型和方法，本研究以大田鼓粒期大豆为试验材料，在3个不同时段9:45～10:15(10AM)、11:45～12:15(12PM)和13:45～14:15(2PM)测量冠层全波段光谱反射率，并分别使用极限学习机(ELM)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)构建大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI估算模型，并对比不同模型分析结果的估算精度。结果表明：在各模型中，12PM和2PM测定的光谱反射率与大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI的拟合精度均高于10AM。基于RF的大豆叶片SPAD值估算模型验证集的R²为0.910,RMSE为2.006,MRE为3.684;基于RF的大豆LAI估算模型验证集的R²为0.916,RMSE为0.209,MRE为4.383,与ELM、PLSR和SVM相比，有更高的估算精度。综上结果说明大豆鼓粒期在11:45～12:15和13:45～14:15采用RF模型，运用全波段的光谱反射率估算大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI可得到较准确的结果。     

基于无人机RGB影像的染条锈冬小麦花青素含量监测

小麦植株感染条锈病后叶片花青素含量会发生明显变化。为了在地块尺度上利用冬小麦花青素值实现条锈病害的直观、快速监测,通过监测叶片花青素含量评估小麦条锈病严重程度,2021年获取感染条锈病的小麦田块的无人机RGB影像和采集地面病害区域的花青素含量数据,利用影像提取采样点感兴趣区的光谱特征参数和基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征参数,采用连续投影算法(SPA)结合相关性分析优选特征参数,分别采用单一光谱特征参数和组合参数,结合主成分回归(PCR)、拉索回归(LR)、随机森林回归(RFR)、梯度提升回归(GBR)和误差反向传播神经网络(BPNN)等方法构建了小麦花青素含量估算模型,并利用最优模型反演了田块的花青素含量。结果表明,图像光谱特征结合纹理特征后,花青素估算模型的R²增大,RMSE减小,模型精度显著提升。基于组合特征参数构建的随机森林模型精度最高,验证集R²、RMSE和MAE分别为0.801、0.026、0.021。该模型具有良好的花青素含量估算能力,得到的花青素值分布图与条锈病的空间分布具有一致性,能够定量化、可视化地反映病害严重程度。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.