橡胶树抗寒种质遗传多样性分析

应用RAPD和ISSR技术对20份橡胶树抗寒种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明，16个RAPD引物和12个ISSR引物分别扩增出条带113和101条，多态性条带指数(PPB)分别为61.1%和63.4%。据Nei-Li相似系数，ISSR标记在相似系数约0.74处，可将20份材料分为野生种质和栽培种质两大类；RAPD标记在相似系数约0.70处，也可将供试材料分为野生种质和栽培种质两类，但只有XJ002420为野生种质。对2种标记的分析结果进行相关分析，结果表明，RAPD和ISSR所检测的遗传相似系数呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0.672。以上结论表明，RAPD和ISSR标记可用于橡胶树种质资源的遗传多样性研究，但鉴于ISSR较RAPD有更强的多态性检出能力，ISSR技术应作为遗传多样性研究的首选单引物标记。     

湖北巴东县野生茶树种质资源遗传多样性及种群结构亲缘关系分析

野生茶树种质资源具有较高的遗传多样性,是开展茶树品种选育的优质基因库。收集了来自湖北省巴东县的26份野生茶树资源,利用简单重复序列（Simple sequence repeat,SSR）分子标记并结合对照栽培型茶树品种对野生茶树资源的遗传多样性及种群结构等进行分析。结果如下：（1）16对引物在供试材料中共扩增得到82个等位位点,每对引物扩增所得的等位基因范围为3～8个,平均检测出等位位点5.12个,有效位点数量3.65个,香农多样性指数平均值1.378。（2）从16对引物中筛选出6个核心引物位点,可对26份野生茶树进行有效检测并鉴别。（3）UPGMA进化树将48份材料分为7个类别,野生茶树与栽培型茶树能通过SSR标记进行有效划分;进一步种群遗传结构分析发现26份野生茶树可分为2个亚群。（4）依据生化成分含量,筛选得出2份高EGCG含量的茶树种质资源及2份适制红茶的茶树种质资源。研究结果显示,巴东野生茶树多样性丰富,种群内部遗传变异高,为进一步保护、开发和利用巴东野生茶树种质资源奠定了基础。     

欧洲野生甘蓝的核质遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析

为了解欧洲野生甘蓝遗传背景,以栽培甘蓝、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜作对比,对引进的7个生态地理群体共80份野生甘蓝材料进行了核质遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析。利用10对特异性SSR引物分析叶绿体基因组多样性,获得8个差异性标记,将参试94份材料划分为3类,即甘蓝（含栽培和野生甘蓝）、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜;包括6种单倍型,其中野生甘蓝2个,甘蓝型油菜3个,白菜型油菜1个。利用6对SRAP引物对核基因组多样性进行分析,获得75个多态性标记;聚类及遗传结构分析表明7个野生甘蓝群体中,F、D、G三个群体聚为独立的亚类,E群体大部分单株归于G亚类。其它3个群体A、B、C则相互混杂在一起。野生甘蓝群体Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon’s 指数（I）分别为0.301 3和0.461 1。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明野生甘蓝以群体内变异为主,占80%;群体间变异仅占20%。结果显示引进的野生甘蓝群体核质遗传多样性丰富。     

用EST-SSR标记分析巴西橡胶树的遗传多样性

利用19对EST-SSRs引物对41份巴西橡胶树材料(6个野生材料和35个栽培种)进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:19对引物均获得了预期的扩增结果,得到92个多态性位点,每对引物检测到的等位基因数为2～7个,平均为4.84个.在相似系数为0.64的水平上,野生材料和栽培种区分开来,在相似系数0.75的水平上,又可将栽培种材料分为四个类群;栽培种和野生材料间的遗传距离在0.11～1.16之间,栽培种间遗传距离较小,野生材料间遗传距离相对较大.在栽培种和野生材料之间,遗传距离最大的是AC/T/15/114与PR261(1.16),最小的是保亭155与热研7-20-59(0.11).     

3份橡胶树野生种质杂交子代早期鉴定初报

为探讨巴西橡胶树野生速生种质在橡胶树新品种选育中的应用前景,2003~2005年连续采用优选的3份1981’IRRDB野生种质XJA05583、XJA05664和XJA05164作为父本与我国自主选育高产无性系热研88-13进行人工杂交授粉,于2006年进行橡胶树有性系比试验。2010年对参试3个组合的287个子代进行茎围增粗、试割产量鉴定。结果表明,所有杂交组合的子代年平均茎围增粗均较快,其中2个杂交组合子代与对照RRIM600有极显著性差异;试割干胶产量总体表现较差,其中组合热研88-13×XJA05664和热研88-13×XJA05583分别有18株和2株高于对照平均,分别占各自组合的15.65%和1.66%,最终从参试材料中初选12株优良个体进入下一阶段试验。野生种质的速生性状能够较好地遗传给后代,且存在培育高产子代的潜力,其高效利用可考虑胶木兼优品种的选育。     

橡胶树 HMGS 编码基因的分离鉴定

羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶 A 合成酶（HMGS）将乙酰辅酶 A 转化为羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶 A,是甲羟戊酸代谢 途径的限速酶之一。本研究从橡胶树热研 879 和热研 7-33-97 品系的胶乳中分离出 HbHMGS1 和 HbHMGS2 基因。相比 HbHMGS1 基因在胶乳和树皮中的共表达模式,胶乳中高丰度表达的 HbHMGS2 基因可能是乳管细胞中参与天然橡胶合 成的主效基因,而 HbHMGS1 是功能冗余基因。HbHMGS2 基因在橡胶树高产品系热研 879 胶乳中的表达量亦高于测序 品系热研 7-33-97,表明 HbHMGS2 基因的高水平表达可能有助于橡胶的合成。其上游启动子的顺式作用元件差异可能 与该基因在热研 879 和热研 7-33-97 的差异表达有关。HbHMGS2 基因的转录亦受茉莉酸诱导,可能参与了茉莉酸信号 调控天然橡胶的合成过程。HbHMGS2 基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达为后续研究该基因的功能、利用该基因生产活性物质 提供新的基因资源。     

基于nSSR和cpDNA序列的城步峒茶群体遗传多样性和结构研究

采用简单重复序列标记(nSSR)与叶绿体DNA序列(cpDNA)分析技术,对城步峒茶群体进行了遗传多样性、遗传结构和遗传分化等研究。结果表明,15对nSSR引物在参试81份资源中共获得142个等位位点,平均每对引物9.47个,城步峒茶群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)和Nei期望杂合度(Nei)分别为0.49、0.62和0.62,具有较高的遗传多样性。Structure分析将79份峒茶资源分成3个类群,但各类群的遗传背景较为复杂,没有明显的群体结构。F检验表明,城步峒茶群体的近交系数F_IS为正值(F_IS=0.177 5),群体间的遗传分化系数F_ST较小(F_ST=0.034 5),分化程度较低,基因流Nm较高(Nm=7.01)。3对cpDNA引物分别获得了473 bp(rbcL)、704 bp(matK)和320 bp(psbH-trnA)的片段序列,变异位点占总位点的比例分别为0.42%、0.71%和1.25%。将3个序列依次拼接,共产生了9个单倍型,单倍型数由多到少的居群依次为TXZ(6)、DZC(4)、DPS(4)、TYS(3)、HJZ(2),群体的单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.732和0.001 39。9个单倍型中,单倍型H1和H5处于进化网络图的中心节点上,并且包含资源数量最多,属于比较原始的单倍型。同时,nSSR和cpDNA的AMOVA分析结果基本一致,居群内的变异百分比分别达到96.69%和80.54%,城步峒茶的遗传变异主要存在于居群内。     

国家橡胶树种质资源大田鉴定圃2011年“纳沙”台风风害调查

对国家橡胶树种质大田鉴定圃中橡胶树种质资源,在2011年第17号台风“纳沙”登陆海南后的抗风害能力进行全面调查。结果表明：201份橡胶树魏克汉(Wickham)品种未受风害,抗风比例为51.41%;520份1981'IRRDB野生种质未受风害,抗风比例为30.82%。种质资源圃中存在大量抗风的橡胶树资源,但遗传背景不同的种质在抗风能力上具有一定程度的差异。同时发现,大田圃四周的马占相思(Acacia mangium willd.)防风林带在风向辐射18m内防风效能比较明显。     

橡胶树EST-SSRs发掘研究

随着橡胶树大量ESTs序列的产生,为EST-SSRs发掘提供了丰富的公共序列资源.本研究首先将11 809条橡胶树ESTs组装成3 932条非冗余序列,其中323条ESTs检索到SSRs 358个,SSRs出现的频率为9.1%.SSR重复单元共93种.其中二核苷酸重复(57.5%)、三核苷酸重复(26.0%)和六核苷酸重复(12.8%)占所有重复单元的96.3%.对323条SSR-ESTs进行特异扩增弓l物设计,共获得158对引物,对48份包括31份魏可汉种质、12份1981'野生种质、2份色宝橡胶、2份光亮橡胶和l份少花橡胶扩增,其中60对引物扩增出l条预期长度DNA片段,占所有设计引物的38%,并筛选到40对具有多态性的引物.EST-SSRs标记的发掘为巴西橡胶树分子辅助育种、种质资源功能遗传多样性分析等研究提供了良好的标记.     

橡胶树野生种质59号杂交子代早期鉴定初报

为了探讨巴西橡胶树野生速生种质在橡胶树新品种选育种上的应用前景,2003～2004年连续采集1981'IRRDB种质59号雄花与我国自主选育高产无性系热研88-13进行人工杂交授粉。2010年对人工授粉的137个子代进行生长、产量试割鉴定,结果表明杂交子代总体生长较快,大于对照RRIM600平均生长量的个体占71.53%;试割干胶产量表现较差,只有2株高于对照平均,仅占1.66%。速生性状能够较好的遗传,且存在高产子代的可能。因此,野生种质高效利用可考虑胶木兼优品种的选育。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.