海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的取食和寄生选择

许多粉虱寄生蜂雌蜂对粉虱若虫的攻击方式不仅是寄生,而且还能取食。本文以海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati作为测试寄生蜂,Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱作为寄主,在非选择和双向选择条件下调查了寄生蜂对寄主的取食和寄生选择性。研究结果表明,非选择试验条件下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂48 h内取食1～4龄烟粉虱和温室白粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.7、6.4、6.7、5.0头和4.4、3.7、2.8、2.3头,寄生1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为22.1、27.5、25.4、16.5头,但不能寄生各龄期温室白粉虱若虫;而在选择试验条件下,寄生蜂取食1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为同龄期温室白粉虱若虫数量的1.8、2.6、2.5、1.5倍。说明寄生蜂的取食寄主能力明显受寄主种类和龄期的影响。海氏桨角蚜小蜂更适合用来防治烟粉虱,但不适于防治温室白粉虱。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂新疆种群形态特征及其与烟粉虱的时空动态比较

为了解烟粉虱的寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的特征、发生规律,观察了其新疆种群的形态特征,于2012年在田间比较了该寄生蜂在棉花、甜瓜、茄子和辣椒上与烟粉虱的时空动态。结果表明,在辣椒上海氏桨角蚜小蜂成虫发生期最早,7月5日始见成虫;在4种作物上海氏桨角蚜小蜂和烟粉虱成虫分别在茄子和甜瓜上的发生数量最多,单叶虫口数量最高分别为16.12和66.47头;除辣椒外,在其它作物上成蜂的发生期比烟粉虱成虫约晚20 d,而被寄生的烟粉虱若虫与未被寄生的若虫时空动态较吻合;烟粉虱和海氏桨角蚜小蜂在植株上的成虫数量均表现出明显的上部中部下部的分布特征。研究表明,与烟粉虱比较,海氏桨角蚜小蜂新疆种群的时空动态表现出明显的滞后性和跟随效应,且其可能对寄主植物有一定的选择性。     

温度和烟粉虱寄主植物对海氏桨角蚜小蜂生物学特性的影响

海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati(Zolnerowich and Rose)原产于巴基斯坦,是B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)的一种有效天敌.本文报道了不同温度条件(20、22、26、30、34℃,RH65%±5%,光周期14L:10D)和饲养在不同寄主植物--番茄、黄瓜、甘蓝上(26℃,RH65%±5%,光周期14L:10D)烟粉虱对海氏桨角蚜小蜂生物学特性的影响.结果表明,在20℃和30℃恒温条件下,该蜂寄生在番茄上饲养的烟粉虱的发育历期分别为31.7d和12.4d,完成发育的有效积温为247日·度,发育起点温度为11.9℃.在26℃恒温条件下,该蜂寄生番茄、黄瓜和甘蓝上的烟粉虱若虫时,卵至成蜂羽化的发育历期分别为15.7、16.1和15.2d,相应存活率分别为74.6%、72.1%和78.7%,雌蜂寿命分别为7.4、7.6和8.ld,平均繁殖量分别为67.2、62.3和74.7粒卵.本研究结果对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的大量饲养和田间释放具有指导作用.     

寄生Q型烟粉虱的丽蚜小蜂生长发育特性

为了阐明丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对Q型烟粉虱的寄生特性及寄主植物携带病毒对其寄生的影响,采用微虫笼饲养法研究了寄生Q型烟粉虱的丽蚜小蜂生物学特性。结果显示,丽蚜小蜂寄生Q型烟粉虱3龄若虫时,其生长发育显著优于寄生Q型烟粉虱2龄若虫。丽蚜小蜂在感染黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCV）番茄和健康番茄上寄生Q型烟粉虱（分别为VW和NVW）3龄若虫时,其生长发育特性发生了明显变化。丽蚜小蜂以VW若虫为寄主时的寿命为10.25 d,显著长于寄生NVW的丽蚜小蜂寿命（5.90 d）;对VW和NVW后代3龄若虫的寄生率分别为23.81%和17.62%,致死率分别为38.95%和26.52%,差异均显著;而丽蚜小蜂的羽化率和发育历期不存在显著差异。说明丽蚜小蜂寄生Q型烟粉虱3龄若虫时更适宜其生长发育,寄主植物番茄携带TYLCV显著提高丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生效果。     

利用功能反应模型评价两种寄生蜂混合释放对烟粉虱的防控潜能

本文以烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的寄生性天敌浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia为研究对象,在室内研究了不同温度下其单独以及与丽蚜小蜂E.formosa混合释放对不同密度烟粉虱3龄若虫的寄生能力。结果表明;浅黄恩蚜小蜂在各试验温度下,无论单独寄生还是与丽蚜小蜂混合释放,对烟粉虱的寄生均受寄主密度制约,其寄生的功能反应模型均符合HollingⅡ型;浅黄恩蚜小蜂的瞬间攻击率(a')随温度的上升而增加,而对单头寄主的处置时间(Th)均随温度的上升而缩短;此外,在各试验温度下浅黄恩蚜小蜂的瞬间攻击率均表现为混合释放大于其单独寄生时,而对寄主的处置时间均为混合释放短于其单独寄生时。在单独与混合释放中,浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的搜索效应均随寄主密度的升高而增加;而在同一寄主密度下,其搜索效应随温度的上升而增加;浅黄恩蚜小蜂与丽蚜小蜂混合释放对烟粉虱的搜索效应比单独寄生时显著增加。由此可知浅黄恩蚜小蜂与丽蚜小蜂混合释放对烟粉虱的寄生效率显著增强,具有高更的生物防治潜能。     

丽蚜小蜂的粉虱寄主选择性及后代蜂发育适合度

温室白粉虱和烟粉虱常混合发生,危害严重。丽蚜小蜂是粉虱类害虫的重要寄生性天敌,被广泛应用于温室作物上粉虱的防控。本文分别以温室白粉虱和烟粉虱作为扩繁寄主,经多代连续扩繁,各自建立起稳定的丽蚜小蜂种群（分别以W1和W2表示）,以这两种小蜂种群为天敌试虫,研究了其对不同寄主植物上混合发生的两种寄主粉虱若虫的寄生选择性及其后代蜂生长发育适应度表现。结果表明,番茄、茄子、菜豆上温室白粉虱和烟粉虱的同龄若虫同时存在时,小蜂W1和W2均偏好寄生于温室白粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生烟粉虱若虫内的发育历期;黄瓜上两种粉虱混合存在时W1偏好寄生于烟粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生温室白粉虱若虫内的发育历期,但寄主植物及粉虱对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率均无显著影响。综合来看,无论饲养寄主为温室白粉虱或是烟粉虱,丽蚜小蜂均偏好寄生温室白粉虱,且寄生温室白粉虱内的后代蜂发育适合度较高,这对指导寄生蜂的人工饲养及有效利用具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌性生殖系统的解剖结构

首次对烟粉虱的寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati（Zolnerowich＆Rose）和浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia（Girault＆Dodd）的雌性生殖系统结构进行了研究。两种小蜂的卵巢均由6条卵巢管构成,雌蜂羽化后卵巢内有部分成熟卵,而羽化后24 h的成熟卵量较羽化后6 h有所增加,两种寄生蜂均是同步卵（synovigenic）类寄生蜂;海氏桨角蚜小蜂羽化6 h和24 h后体内成熟卵的数量均显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,这与海氏桨角蚜小蜂24 h雌蜂的寄生量显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,而寄主取食量却低于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的结果一致。     

螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应

为了明确螺虫乙酯大量使用后残留剂量对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应,本研究在测定螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂室内毒力的基础上,研究了不同浓度螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂寄生功能反应的影响。结果表明LC₁₀、LC₃₀和LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯均可降低丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的瞬时攻击率。经LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的处理时间延长,达0.13 d,寄生上限降低,寄生效能被抑制。经LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的处理时间缩短,仅0.04 d,寄生上限提高,寄生效能被促进,但其平均寿命仅13.07 d;当烟粉虱若虫密度较高时,LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的搜寻效应提高。LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯可抑制丽蚜小蜂的寄生能力,而LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯可刺激丽蚜小蜂,提升寄生效能,但缩短了成虫寿命。田间使用螺虫乙酯防治烟粉虱时,应注意其残留量对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应。     

烟粉虱寄生蜂种类及繁殖方式多样性

本文列举了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci寄生蜂种类,共计74种,其中恩蚜小蜂属Encarsia 47种,桨角蚜小蜂属Eretmocerus24种,埃宓细蜂属Amitus 2种及新姬小蜂属Neochrysocharis 1种;从生殖方式、寄生行为及寄主发育阶段喜好程度等方面论述了烟粉虱寄生蜂种类及繁殖方式的多样性;介绍了目前烟粉虱寄生蜂的引种工作;最后提出了今后有关烟粉虱寄生蜂的研究方向.     

Note: First report of the Q biotype of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> in Southern Sonora,Mexico

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) adults were collected from poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in retail nurseries in Cd. Obregon and Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico. A single field sample was collected from broccoli plants in Obregon, Sonora. Both adult whitefly and immature instars were observed on infested leaves. Whiteflies were identified asB. tabaci using morphological characters of the pupae to distinguish them from the greenhouse whitefly; and to specific biotype, by molecular analysis using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of mtCOI sequences indicated that poinsettias were colonized both by the Q and the B biotype. The Q biotype was found only on poinsettia plants, and one poinsettia sample was infested with both the Q and the B biotype. The B biotype alone was associated with the field-collected broccoli sample analyzed in the study. A more extensive survey is required to determine the extent of the distribution of the Q biotype in Mexico, particularly where ornamental plants are transported from central to northern Mexico. Such plants could serve as the source of the Q biotype, which has been reported to be highly resistant to insecticides including the neo-nicotinoids that are widely used to control the B biotype in much of Mexico. This is the first report of the Q biotype in Mexico. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 2, 2007.     

First report of the Q biotype ofBemisia tabaci in Japan by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence analysis

The recent upsurgence ofBemisia tabaci (Genn.) as an important insect pest and vector ofTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is directly linked to serious damage to tomato crops grown throughout Japan. The molecular genetic identification and phylogenetic relationships of 12B. tabaci populations collected from representative locations in Japan were determined based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of the whitefly mtCOI sequence indicated that both the invasive B and Q biotypes now occur in Japan. The Q biotype was found at four locations: Mihara in Hiroshima, Nishigoshi in Kumamoto, Miyanojo and Okuchi in Kagoshima prefectures; the remaining eight collections were identified as the B biotype. This is the first report of the introduction of Q biotype in Japan. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2006.     

烟粉虱取食感染TYLCV番茄对其解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

为了明确感染番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的番茄对烟粉虱生理防御的影响,本文采用生化分析法研究了烟粉虱取食感染TYLCV的番茄植株后解毒酶和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,B型烟粉虱在带毒番茄上取食72h及30d(长期饲养种群)后,其谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性呈现先升高后下降的趋势,而P450酶活性则持续上升,取食30d种群是对照种群的1.99倍;三大保护酶系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)则在取食72h后,酶活性高于对照,而在感染TYLCV番茄上取食30d后,保护酶活性则持续高于72h及对照处理,分别是对照种群的1.45倍、8.42倍和5.03倍,差异显著;Q型烟粉虱表现趋势与B型烟粉虱相似。研究结果为进一步明确入侵烟粉虱与双生病毒之间的互作、揭示烟粉虱的适应性机制等补充了资料。     

First record of the Q biotype of the sweetpotato whitefly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>, in Guatemala

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) adults and immatures were collected from poinsettia plants at two commercial production greenhouses in Guatemala during an invited tour to observe IPM practices within the facilities. Despite extensive scouting, only low numbers of insects were collected from vegetable, weed and wild ornamentals species located close to these facilities. Prior to molecular and biochemical analyses, whitefly immatures were initially identified as B. tabaci using morphological characters of the pupae to distinguish them from the greenhouse whitefly. The biotype status of adults and immatures was then established using esterase isozyme patterns and MTCO1 sequencing. The Q biotype was the only biotype found on commercially grown poinsettia plants. The previously recorded B biotype was observed outside the greenhouse facilities on Lactuca spp., Hibiscus spp. and Euphorbia spp. (wild poinsettia). The New World biotype was observed on wild poinsettia and field-grown beans (Phaseolus spp.). This is the first report of the Q biotype in Guatemala, and serves notice of the need for greater vigilance in the management of whiteflies on poinsettia mother stock used as a source of cuttings for export to the USA.     

High-throughput allelic discrimination of B and Q biotypes of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, using TaqMan allele-selective PCR

BACKGROUND: B and Q biotypes of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), are generally regarded as the most significant given their global distribution and strong resistance to insecticides. Since these biotypes can coexist and differ markedly in their insecticide resistance profiles, a rapid but reliable means of discriminating between them would be a valuable complement to resistance monitoring and management programmes. Recently, PCR‐based methods have been developed to determine the biotype status of B. tabaci populations. However, these require post‐amplification procedures, which increase time and labour. RESULTS: The authors have developed an allelic discrimination real‐time PCR assay using fluorescent dye‐labelled probes to distinguish the B and Q biotypes. The assay targets a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene. To evaluate the assay, DNA was extracted from individual whiteflies of six known biotype strains, and all scored correctly as either a B or Q biotype. As further validation, 72 individuals from field samples collected in different parts of the world were also tested by the assay. No failed reactions were observed, with all 72 samples scoring clearly as either the B or Q biotype. CONCLUSION: The development of this rapid and high‐throughput assay has important potential for routine monitoring of B and Q biotypes on ornamental plants and for the screening of B. tabaci populations in countries where these biotypes are not yet established. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

6种杀虫剂对Q型烟粉虱的田间防治效果及抗性测定

本文测试了6种常用杀虫剂对黄瓜上Q型烟粉虱的田间防治效果,并进行室内毒力测定,以确定Q型烟粉虱对不同药剂的抗性。结果表明,施药后第3天,阿维菌素防治效果达78.8%,其次为苦参&;#8226;内酯,防效达65.1%,其他药剂防效低于45%;施药7d后,6种供试杀虫剂防效均下降到45%以下,且药剂间的差异不显著。毒力测定显示,Q型烟粉虱对6种常用杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗性,且抗性水平高于B型。其中,Q型对高效氯氰菊酯抗性（抗性倍数47.69）显著高于B型（抗性倍数7.19）;对阿维菌素抗性则相对较低,抗性指数仅为4.40;对苦参碱、啶虫脒和吡虫啉的抗性居中（抗性倍数4.57~9.44）。     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals at least five genetic races of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> in China

Phylogenetic analysis using ITS1 and CO1 nucleotide sequences has revealed six major races ofBemisia tabaci in the world, including three major indigenous races in the Asia-Pacific region,viz., B. tabaci (Asia),B. tabaci (Bali) andB. tabaci (Australia), but the status of a large collection of genotypes in this region remains unresolved. The ITS1 sequences of representative whitefly samples collected from around China were determined in this study. These sequences and other homologous sequences retrieved from GenBank were then used to conduct a phylogenetic analysis. The results demonstrated that the whiteflies collected in China were split genetically into four groups, where at least five genetic races were revealed,i.e., B biotype (SDLe, XJEp, XJAt, HNNt, BJIb, GDEp, XJGh, GDHrs, XJSm and SHEp), Bali group (ZJGh), M biotype (Hainan1), G biotype (GXCm) and Asian H/K group (FJIb, GDCv), although the Asian H/K group with low bootstrap score remains unresolved. Of all genetic races, the B biotype is the most extensively distributed. In the dendogram, the J biotype, L biotype and Q biotype cluster together and form a sister clade to the B biotype. The data indicate that extensive migration ofB. tabaci has taken place in Asian countries. The populations ZJGh, FJIb, GDCv, GXCm and Hainanl collected in China might have originated there, but the possibility that they were introduced from elsewhere cannot be excluded at this point. Using PyR from Israel as a reference Q biotype, the random amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns of SDLe, XJEp, XJAt and HNNt were shown to be consistent with that of the Q biotype, which indicated that the four local whitefly populations identified as the B biotype based on ITS1 sequences were closely related to the Q biotype. http//www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 12, 2006.     

近10年我国烟粉虱发生为害及防治研究进展

烟粉虱是我国重要农业害虫,近10年来我国烟粉虱发生为害呈现以下特点:烟粉虱的优势生物型/隐种由B型更替为Q型;传播植物病毒(如黄化曲叶病毒、番茄褪绿病毒)成为了烟粉虱重要的为害方式;烟粉虱抗药性问题逐渐突出;化学农药尤其新烟碱类杀虫剂的广泛使用是Q型烟粉虱取代B型烟粉虱的关键因素。烟粉虱的综合防控措施日益完善,抗药性治理与非化学防控措施受到重视,但是依靠农药的现状并未完全改变。本文综述了近10年来我国烟粉虱的发生为害及防治方面的概况,探讨了今后烟粉虱防控方面的研究内容。     

B型烟粉虱携带传播烟草曲茎病毒的能力

B型烟粉虱近20年来入侵许多国家和地区,已成为重要的世界性作物害虫,其主要危害方式之一是传播双生病毒,造成作物病毒病大发生.应用PCR技术,研究了入侵我国的B型烟粉虱个体获取、存留及传播烟草曲茎病毒（Tobacco curly shoot virus,TbCSV）的能力.B型烟粉虱在感染TbCSV的普通烟毒株上饲毒30 min时,就可在40%的个体内检测到TbCSV DNA,个体带毒率随饲毒时间延长而增加,饲毒12 h后,带毒率达100%;TbCSV DNA在B型烟粉虱体内可存留10天左右,但不能终身存留;传毒处理植株的发病症状及PCR检测结果表明,B型烟粉虱是TbCSV的传播媒介.     

湖北省棉花主产区烟粉虱生物型分布及系统发育分析

［目的］ 明确武汉、荆州、孝感、随州、武穴5个棉花主产区烟粉虱生物型组成。［方法］ 通过以线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I（mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, mtCOI）为基础的PCR RFLP和基因测序的方法,鉴定湖北5个棉花主产区烟粉虱地理种群的生物型组成,并分析5个地理种群与其他省种群的系统发育关系。［结果］ Q型烟粉虱为湖北省棉花主产区的优势种群,而武汉温室种群则均为B型烟粉虱,土著生物型ZHJ1型在大田中略有分布;系统发育分析表明,湖北省棉花主产区B型和Q型烟粉虱种群均与中国其他多个省的烟粉虱种群亲缘关系较近。［结论］ 本文研究结果可以为湖北省5个棉花主产区烟粉虱的有效防治提供参考。