水、肥、热和激素对普通油茶生长影响

油茶是我国南方重要的木本油料树种,影响其生长的因子很多。为探讨油茶的高效栽培技术,进行了水、肥、热和植物激素多因素试验。结果表明:热处理加快春梢生长的效果最好,其次为氮、磷、赤霉素和细胞分裂素处理;水分处理使春梢生长健壮的效果最好,其次是磷处理;磷和热处理的油茶春梢叶片较多;经细胞分裂素处理油茶抽梢率最高,其次是氮处理,再次为热和水分处理,钾处理抽梢率最低;氮肥处理的油茶秋梢生长最为旺盛和粗壮;充足水分供应,油茶生长始终保持旺盛,开花数量最多;赤霉素处理可以提高成花率,喷施生长素、细胞分裂素油茶不能完成花芽分化。     

磷施肥水平对油茶植株营养生长的影响

为了提供科学合理的施肥依据,在氮、钾肥最佳用量的基础上,依次设置5个磷水平处理,对油茶幼林开展施磷肥试验。结果表明:低于每年900 g/株磷肥水平时,油茶植株的株高、地径、冠幅乘积增幅、叶绿度、叶面积及叶片养分N、P、K随着磷素供应水平的增加而增大;在每年900 g/株磷肥水平下,各项指标达到最大值;大于每年900 g/株磷肥水平时,各项生长指标没有增加反而降低了。说明过度施入磷肥,导致植株磷肥利用率的降低,影响植株体内干物质积累,不利于植株生长;不同磷水平处理中,对油茶各指标的影响呈先增大后减少的趋势。叶片养分与油茶树体指标间呈极显著相关性,施磷肥与各项指标关系密切。油茶植株营养生长对磷水平的响应,说明合理施用磷肥有利于油茶植株树体的生长和叶片养分的累积。     

施肥对油茶春梢生长及叶片矿质元素含量的影响

为了实现对油茶的高效精准施肥,以普通油茶良种‘长林4号’盆栽大苗为试材,研究了不同施肥策略及复合肥不同氮、磷、钾配比对春梢生长及叶片主要矿质元素氮磷钾元素含量的影响。研究结果表明:复合肥和有机肥的施用量对春梢长度影响显著,而复合肥不同氮磷钾配比对春梢长度无显著影响;冬季有机肥的施用对春梢叶片氮磷钾矿质元素含量无显著影响,而不同复合肥施用量、氮磷钾配比和施用频次显著影响春梢叶片氮钾元素含量,对叶片磷元素的含量影响则不显著;冬季施用25 g/株有机肥、5月份施用N∶P2O5∶K2O配比为5∶1∶5的复合肥15 g/株,对促进油茶春梢生长、改善春梢叶片氮钾营养效果最佳。     

不同氮、磷、钾施肥配比对油茶花芽分化的影响

[目的]研究施肥配比对油茶花芽分化的影响,掌握氮、磷、钾最佳施肥配比,为油茶高效栽培提供参考依据。[方法]以8年生‘长林4号’油茶为试验材料,采用3因素3水平的正交试验设计L_9(3~4)进行施肥试验。[结果]研究表明:在试验水平范围内,适量加施氮、钾肥有利于提高油茶花芽分化率;提高油茶花芽分化率的氮、磷、钾最佳施肥配比为N_(222.22)P_(81.83)K_(240.24)。在油茶花芽生理分化期,施氮、磷、钾肥能提高花芽内源激素ABA含量;施氮、磷肥可提高花芽内源激素ZR和IAA含量,而ABA含量与花芽分化率呈中等正相关,且相关性显著,ZR、IAA和GA_3与花芽分化率相关性不显著。在油茶花芽形态分化期,施氮、钾肥能提高花芽内源激素ZR、IAA和GA_3含量,降低花芽内源激素ABA含量。[结论]合理的氮、磷、钾施肥配比可能通过影响油茶花芽分化相关内源激素的含量水平,促进花芽分化,提高花芽分化率。     

皮部物理处理对油茶春梢和皮部有机营养的影响

【目的】提升岑溪软枝油茶的春梢质量和促进花芽分化。【方法】以12年生岑溪软枝油茶为试验材料，于2021年3月春梢萌动前对油茶主枝分别进行环剥、环割和环扎处理，并设置对照。处理时和处理后每隔15 d分别采集处理部位上下皮部，测定可溶性糖、淀粉、全氮和有机碳含量；在春梢生长结束时测定春梢长度和基部直径，统计春梢数量，在现蕾期统计花芽分化率。【结果】环剥和环扎处理的油茶春梢长度均低于对照，其中环剥达到显著水平；环割处理春梢长度高于对照，但未达到显著水平；各处理春梢数量和基部直径均无显著差异。环剥处理和环扎处理花芽分化率均极显著高于对照。3种物理处理均有利于处理部位上部皮部可溶性糖和非结构性糖的积累，对处理部位下部影响较小。各处理皮部有机营养呈现不同的差异性。环剥对处理部位上部可溶性糖和非结构性糖积累的影响最大，持续时间最长，处理部位上下部之间的差异最大；环割由于愈合较快，处理部位上下皮部可溶性糖含量之间差异较小。3种物理处理与对照的皮部淀粉含量呈现不同的差异性，相同处理上下皮部淀粉含量在不同时期表现出不同程度的差异性。皮部有机碳和碳氮比变化规律不明显，各处理均提高了春梢伸长结束时和花芽分化时...     

成年油茶林下种养对油茶林的影响及经济效益分析

在成年油茶林下进行养鸡和种植灵芝。在调查种、养对油茶林影响的基础上对其经济效益进行了分析,结果表明：成年油茶林下养鸡或种植灵芝对油茶的生长没有抑制作用,反而养鸡对油茶春梢的伸长、花芽分化和座果有一定的促进作用,种植灵芝对油茶座果也有一定的促进作用;油茶林下养鸡每公顷年收入可增29 250元,种植灵芝每年收入可增17 250元,在油茶林下进行养鸡或灵芝种植的复合经营模式可行。     

水肥耦合对尾巨桉苗木生物量的影响

采用三因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,以土壤含水量、氮肥和磷肥作为试验因子,采用盆栽试验,研究探讨了不同水肥耦合条件对尾巨桉苗木生物量的影响,并建立了尾巨桉苗木生物量的水肥耦合回归模型。结果表明水、氮、磷三因子影响尾巨桉苗木生物量的顺序为:土壤含水量>氮肥>磷肥;单因素边际效应表明,尾巨桉苗木生物量增产效应随着水分供应的增加而增加,随着氮、磷供应的增加而减少;水氮耦合对尾巨桉生物量有较好的正效应,而土壤含水量与磷肥、氮肥与磷肥耦合效应不明显。水肥耦合效应的最优组合为:土壤含水量为田间持水量的79.90%,氮肥5.04g,磷肥12.60g,此时尾巨桉苗木生物量达到最大值为119.81g.株-1。     

不同施肥模式对油茶春梢生长和叶片酶活性的影响研究

为了科学管理油茶林地施肥,通过设置6个施肥模式,探究不同施肥模式对油茶春梢生长、叶片生长、春梢叶片养分累积、以及叶片酶活性产生的影响。结果表明:不同施肥模式对油茶春梢长度、直径、数量、生物量、叶片叶绿度值、春梢叶片数、春梢叶片养分含量和叶片酶活性均产生了显著影响,春梢长度、直径、数量、生物量与春梢叶片全氮、全磷及全钾养分含量间存在极显著正相关,其他指标间均存在极显著正相关,表明不同施肥模式与油茶春梢生长关系密切。不同施肥模式对油茶春梢生长、叶片生长的效果依次是M_0M_2M_3M_1M_5M_4,模式4最能促进油茶春梢生长及春梢叶片生长;对油茶春梢梢数和叶片酶活性的效果依次是M_0M_1M_2M_3M_4M_5,模式5能显著促进油茶春梢梢数增加及叶片酶活性的提高;对于油茶春梢叶片养分的效果依次是M_0M_1M_3M_2M_4M_5,模式5对油茶春梢叶片养分的累积起着显著的作用;故在油茶林生产上推荐采用施肥模式M_5。     

红豆树人工幼龄林施肥效应

在福建省永春碧卿国有林场,采用L9(34)正交设计对幼龄期红豆树人工林开展氮、磷、钾追肥试验。结果表明:在福建山地土壤磷元素欠缺较突出的情况下,磷肥的及时补充供给对幼龄期红豆树林木胸径、树高生长发挥明显的促进作用,氮、磷、钾三元素对幼龄期红豆树林木胸径、树高生长的重要性依主次关系为磷氮钾;氮、磷、钾施肥组合中,以N1P1K3(尿素150 g·株-1+钙镁磷肥120 g·株-1+氯酸钾30 g·株-1)对红豆树胸径生长影响最大;以N2P1K1(尿素100 g·株-1+钙镁磷肥120 g·株-1+氯化钾90 g·株-1)对树高生长促进作用最大。由此可见,在福建山地红豆树幼林施肥以磷肥为主,单株施钙镁磷肥120 g,配合施100~150 g尿素和少量氯化钾为宜。     

R8油茶裂果和落果矿质营养分析

【目的】裂果和落果是经济林果树栽培中高度关注且尤为严重的问题。本研究以生长正常油茶、裂果油茶和落果油茶为试材,测定叶片、果皮和土壤中的矿质元素含量,分析矿质营养对油茶果实发育的影响,为油茶科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以采集的裂果和落果为试验材料,分别用原子吸收光谱、钼锑抗比色法及凯氏定氮法测定果皮矿质元素含量,用索氏提取法测定种子含油率,分析R8油茶各器官矿质元素与果实品质指标间的相关性以及正常果、落果与裂果各指标间的显著性,明确矿质元素对果实生长发育及含油率的影响。【结果】小坑林场土壤pH为5.1,有机质含量为27.715 g·kg-1;R8油茶裂果和落果中部分大量元素和微量元素含量低于对照果。其中氮、铜、钙、锌、铁、锰含量变化与落果和裂果有直接关系,落果和裂果的发生可能与磷和硼元素含量有关,而镁元素丰富度不是落果和裂果的限制因子。【结论】小坑林场在油茶的施肥管理中可以适当减少氮、锰和硼肥的施用,增施钾、磷、铁、锌和钙、镁肥,结合整形修剪、水分管理等措施以减少裂果和落果的发生,实现油茶的优质高产。     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

Plant communities, species diversity, richness, and regeneration of a traditionally managed coastal forest, Kenya

The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km²) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians.     

Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 10², 10³, 10⁴ or 10⁵ conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 10² treatment than at higher (10³–10⁵) concentrations, whereas 10² and 10³ conidia caused less disease than 10⁴ and 10⁵ conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance.     

Ethno-medico-biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.     

Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity.     

Chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar,cypress, fir,and spruce and characterization of charcoal

 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity and crystalline structure. Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses.