阿克苏市街道绿地主要树种滞尘特征及价值估算

【目的】研究新疆南部典型绿洲城市——阿克苏市街道绿地11种主要树种的叶片滞尘特征,估算其滞尘服务价值,为完善干旱区城市绿化树种选配指标体系、优化城市绿化合理配置方案与管理、改善城市生态建设与人居环境提供依据。【方法】基于2014年5月的叶面尘洗脱法测定结果,估算每一株树木和单位土地面积树种累积滞尘量,分析不同树种滞尘量的差异性,并运用树种滞尘价值换算模型,计算出阿克苏市主干道不同绿化树种滞尘价值。【结果】不同绿化树种单位叶面积滞尘量差异显著,表现为二球悬铃木国槐桑树新疆杨圆冠榆葡萄梨树沙枣樱桃李天山梣垂柳,二球悬铃木的单位叶面积滞尘能力最高(9.15 g·m~(-2)),垂柳的单位叶面积滞尘能力最低(3.29 g·m~(-2)),二球悬铃木约为垂柳的3倍;阿克苏市街道主要绿化树种5月的滞尘经济价值平均为3.28元·hm~(-2)d~(-1),所选街道绿地树种的滞尘价值表现为新疆杨二球悬铃木桑树圆冠榆樱桃李国槐梨树葡萄沙枣垂柳天山梣,新疆杨的滞尘经济价值最高(5.35元·hm~(-2)d~(-1)),天山梣最低(2.01元·hm~(-2)d~(-1))。【结论】在外界环境条件基本一致的前提下,植物自身因素即叶片结构特征会导致不同绿化树种滞尘能力及滞尘价值有所差异,多选用能够有效滞尘、治沙防风的乡土树种,是干旱区绿洲城市景观安全与健康发展的有力保障。     

城镇绿化树种叶片滞尘与重金属积累能力研究——以浙江省余姚市泗门镇为例

[目的]通过实地取样测定浙江省余姚市泗门镇的工业区、商业交通区和休闲娱乐区3个功能区9种常见绿化树种叶片的滞尘量、叶片重金属含量和叶面尘重金属含量,了解长江以南地区城镇常用绿化树种滞尘及重金属吸收能力的差异。[方法]采用重量差值法测定叶片滞尘量,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定叶面尘和叶片重金属含量,用主成分分析法解析叶面尘的重金属来源,分析叶片重金属含量与叶面尘重金属含量的关系。[结果](1)不同绿化树种的滞尘能力差异显著,夹竹桃、海桐和紫薇滞尘能力较强;(2)同一绿化树种在不同功能区的叶片滞尘量和叶片重金属含量存在很大差异,叶片单位面积滞尘量和叶片重金属含量随着环境污染程度的增加而升高;(3)叶面尘重金属在各功能区具有很高的同源性,大气降尘和交通排放是主要贡献因子。[结论]9种常见绿化树种叶片滞尘能力以夹竹桃、海桐和紫薇较强;叶片重金属元素积累能力以紫薇、金边黄杨和红花檵木较强,而夹竹桃、小蜡树和红叶石楠较弱。根据城镇功能区特点,选用滞尘能力和重金属积累能力较强的绿化树种,合理配置乔灌木树种,能够有效改善城镇空气质量。     

8种乔木滞尘量与重金属含量的关系

园林植物具有滞留大气颗粒物及吸收重金属的作用,对城市环境的改善具有重要意义。通过对8种乔木滞尘量以及滞尘量与重金属含量的关系研究得出:1)紫叶李、悬铃木和女贞单位叶面积滞尘量较大,栾树和绦柳单位叶面积滞尘量较小;紫叶李的单位叶面积滞尘量最大,平均达到(4. 4949±0. 7274) g/m~2,是最小绦柳的2. 8倍左右。2) 8种乔木在21～27d达到最大滞尘量。饱和滞尘量最高的为紫叶李,在雨后24 d达到最大滞尘量,为(7. 2018±0. 0264) g/m~2;绦柳最低,在21d达到最大滞尘量,为(2. 8053±0. 0493) g/m~2。前者是后者的2. 5倍左右。3)植物叶片中重金属含量与滞尘量、叶片中重金属含量与叶面尘中重金属含量、叶面尘重金属含量与滞尘量之间均表现出正相关关系。叶片中的Cd,Pb与滞尘量的相关系数较高,达到极显著相关水平;叶片中的Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn与叶面尘中相应重金属的相关系数均达到0. 8以上,达到极显著相关水平;叶面尘中重金属含量与滞尘量之间相关系数均达到0. 4以上,尤其Pb与滞尘量的相关系数最高,相关系数为0. 880。     

道路绿化树种滞尘的季节效应与叶片特征关系

以潍坊市9种道路绿化树种为研究对象,分析季节、累积时间、道路交通环境对植物叶片滞留颗粒物能力的影响,建立树种综合滞尘效应量化模型,探讨绿化树种的滞尘规律。结果表明:9种道路绿化树种的滞尘能力差异显著,叶片滞尘量随累积时间增加,20 d后增量减慢趋向平缓,拟合了植物叶片单位叶面积滞尘量与累积滞尘时间的二次曲线方程函数;树种滞尘量具有显著的季节效应,变化规律为春季>秋季>夏季,与潍坊市大气颗粒物浓度的季节变化基本一致;树种滞留颗粒物的能力与道路交通环境基本一致,表现为宝通街>潍安路>北海路>樱前街。采用综合指数法分析树种综合滞尘能力,丁香、悬铃木、日本晚樱滞尘能力最强,五角枫滞尘能力最弱,筛选丁香、悬铃木、日本晚樱作为潍坊市道路绿化的骨干树种推广应用。     

昆明市主要绿化树种叶片滞尘能力的叶表微形态学解释

【目的】探究树种叶片滞尘能力形成的叶表微形态机制,以期为昆明市园林绿化树种选择提供参考。【方法】以昆明市10个常见绿化树种为研究对象,采集叶片,用KQ5200型数控超声波清洗器蒸馏水冲洗、过滤烘干,万分之一分析天平称滞尘量,LI-3000A型叶面积仪测量叶面积,计算树种单位面积滞尘量与单叶滞尘量。每树种5片叶,每叶片切取4个5 mm×5 mm组织块,2.5%戊二醛溶液固定,0.1 mol·L-1磷酸缓冲液清洗,梯度乙醇脱水,正丁醇固定,E-1010型离子镀膜仪镀膜;采用S-3000N型扫描电镜观察叶表形态结构特征,并分析其对树种叶片滞尘能力的影响。【结果】昆明10个绿化树种的单位面积滞尘量与单叶滞尘量均存在显著差异(P0.05)。单位面积滞尘量大小顺序为:二球悬铃木荷花玉兰红花檵木紫叶李杜鹃高盆樱桃滇朴球花石楠香樟冬青卫矛;单叶滞尘量大小顺序为:荷花玉兰二球悬铃木紫叶李滇朴球花石楠高盆樱桃红花檵木杜鹃香樟冬青卫矛;单位面积滞尘能力强的二球悬铃木、红花檵木和紫叶李叶表粗糙度高、沟壑数量多且起伏大;叶片气孔密度对树种叶片滞尘能力的影响存在阈值效应;保卫细胞面积与叶片单位面积滞尘量及单叶滞尘量均呈极显著的正相关;叶片表皮毛数量与单叶滞尘量显著正相关。【结论】叶表粗糙度、气孔密度、保卫细胞面积、表皮毛密度等微形态学指标是调控这10个绿化树种叶片滞尘能力的重要因素。     

厦门市行道树芒果和高山榕叶面尘理化特性研究

选取滨海城市厦门的沧虹路(工业区)、仙岳路(商贸区)、厦门大学(文教区)和汀溪水库(农业区)4个功能区为研究对象,对该市主要行道树种芒果和高山榕的滞尘能力、叶面尘粒径分布以及叶面尘水溶性离子含量进行测定,比较不同树种的环境滞尘效应。结果显示:芒果和高山榕单位叶面积滞尘量分别为(2.2020±1.08)g.m-2和(1.2979±0.61)g.m-2,芒果显著高于高山榕(P<0.05);高山榕总体上比芒果更易吸附较小粒径颗粒物;受车流量大及道路施工的影响,商贸区滞尘量较大但颗粒偏大,工业区不仅滞尘量大且粒径偏小,说明工业区粉尘污染状况比其他功能区严重;2个树种的叶面尘来源基本一致,主要为海盐颗粒、机动车尾气以及燃煤,其中商贸区和工业区受自然源影响较其他功能区大,文教区和工业区交通尾气对叶面尘来源的贡献高于农业区。     

A Study on Dusffall Adsorbing Capacity of 10 Bamboos Including Phyllostachys aurea etc.in Autumn and Its Laws

从时间、高度和方向3个方面对福州市江滨大道的10种观赏竹在秋季的滞尘效应进行监测分析,结果表明:平均单位叶面积滞尘量大小排序为银丝大眼竹＞早园竹＞绿槽毛竹＞斑竹＞唐竹＞人面竹＞泰竹＞鼓节竹＞青丝黄竹＞黄金间碧竹,其中银丝大眼竹的滞尘量是黄金间碧竹的4.63倍,与竹种叶片大小、分枝方式和栽植形式相符合;单位叶面积滞尘量在距离地面150 cm处高于距离地面200 cm处,尤以银丝大眼竹、早园竹、绿槽毛竹和鼓节竹差异极显著,而在同一高度,银丝大眼竹滞尘效应最高,黄金间碧竹效应最低;各个竹种不同方向滞尘量存在差异,与秋季风向、竹种栽植位置和车辆行驶方向有关.     

公路绿化主要树种滞尘潜力模拟试验研究

利用绿化植物滞尘已成为缓解大气颗粒污染的最有效途径,选择具有代表性的常见公路绿化树种,通过对其叶片滞尘潜力的探讨研究,以期筛选出滞尘能力强的植物,为公路交通环境的改善提供理论依据。结果表明,不同植物的滞尘潜力差异显著,阔叶乔木中二球悬铃木、杨树、国槐叶片的滞尘潜力最大,分别为6.495 9 g/m2,5.736 8 g/m2,4.791 9 g/m2;常绿乔木中,侧柏是较好的滞尘树种,最大滞尘量为7.568 8 g/m2;灌木植物以忍冬叶片的滞尘能力最强,其次为紫丁香及卫矛,最大滞尘量分别为7.084 7 g/m2,6.062 5 g/m2,5.878 9 g/m2.     

基于洗脱称量粒度分析的北京常见树种树叶滞纳大气颗粒物特性

【目的】比较树木叶片和塑料叶片单位面积滞纳细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)等大气颗粒物的量,从而区分出受树木叶片结构影响的滞尘量(DRLS)和不受叶片结构影响的滞尘量(DULS),为探索城市树木缓解大气颗粒物污染的贡献及优化树种配置提供科学依据。【方法】以北京市常用的6个绿化树种为对象,持续测定4个季度的叶片滞尘动态,以没有降雨影响的10天为1个试验周期,进行本底采样和颗粒物积累采样,并设置光滑塑料叶片(由自摩擦系数为0.04的聚四氟乙烯塑料制成)对照试验模拟DULS,对采集到的供试样本叶片(含树木叶片和塑料叶片)采用洗脱称量粒度分析法(EWPA),测定10天内各树种叶片单位面积滞尘总量、DULS和对不同粒径颗粒物的滞纳量。【结果】1)滞尘能力最强的侧柏单位叶面积总滞尘量为(124.76±19.27)μg·cm~(-2),是滞尘能力最低的元宝枫的2.24倍,其对PM_(2.5)的滞纳量为(16.92±2.61)μg·cm~(-2)。2)DULS占树木叶片滞尘总量的比例仅为19.65%~42.29%,DRLS所占比例为57.71%~80.35%。3)侧柏的DRLS能力最强,占其滞尘总量80.35%;元宝枫的DRLS能力最弱,占其滞尘总量57.71%;供试针叶树种和阔叶树种的DRLS占滞尘总量的百分比均值分别为77.42%和63.96%。4)针叶树滞纳的各粒级颗粒物中,PM_(2.5)占滞尘总量的13.83%±0.19%,粒径大于10μm的颗粒物占56.82%±1.07%;阔叶树滞纳的各粒级颗粒物中,PM_(2.5)占滞尘总量的8.09%±0.94%,粒径大于10μm的颗粒物占70.29%±3.56%。【结论】树木叶片对大气颗粒物的滞纳具有特异性且作用效果极为显著;供试树种中针叶树滞尘能力显著高于阔叶树,针叶树对小粒径颗粒物滞纳能力较强,而阔叶树对大粒径颗粒物滞纳能力较强。本研究证明绿化树种对缓解大气颗粒物污染有贡献,为合理选择缓解大气颗粒物污染的树种提供科学依据。     

青岛市城阳居住区主要灌木树种滞尘效益评价

对青岛市居住区主要的19种灌木植物的滞尘效益进行了研究,结果表明,植物的叶片形态结构不同,其滞尘能力也存在显著差异,其中大叶黄杨、紫叶小檗、"红王子"锦带单位叶面积滞尘能力较高,紫荆、月季、连翘相对较低;单株植物滞尘量不仅与单位叶面积滞尘量有关,还与植物的总叶量有关,其中金银木、红瑞木、火棘单株植物滞尘量较高,而木槿、棣棠、月季相对较低;同时采用综合指数法对植物的滞尘能力进行了综合评价和分级,滞尘效益较高的有榆叶梅、金银木、红瑞木、火棘,较低的有金叶女贞、金山绣线菊、连翘、月季。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.