集体林地流转过程中的主体障碍及其消解

林地是林业再生产的最基本资源,林地流转是实现林业资源优化配置的必然选择。通过对林地流转过程中转让方、受让方、林业主管部门等障碍因素的分析,明确林地流转价格不明晰、农村社会保障体系不健全、林权抵押贷款运作难实现等问题,并在此基础上提出了以明晰价格形成机制、建立健全农村社会保障体系、积极推进林权抵押贷款运作、优化林业主管部门的服务职能等路径予以消解。     

郑重更正

遂川林业要素市场近日开业，该市场总面积达600余m^2，内设林业要素市场管理办公室及林权流转交易中心、林权抵押贷款中心、资源评估中心、信息发布中心四个中介服务机构，为全社会提供林业产权登记管理、流转、抵押贷款、森林资源资产评估、林业技术、法律、信息咨询等服务。该市场对林权证办理、林木林地流转、森林资源资产抵押登记和评估及林业信息发布等都有一整套严密的、可操作性强的程序。林权流转交易中心主要是受理、管理和监督林木、林地流转、招投标和委托拍卖服务；林权抵押贷款中心受理森林资源资产抵押贷款和森林资源资产保险业务；森林资源资产评估中心主要是为森林资源资产及相关资产的价值评估提供服务；     

鉴于楚雄市林权流转现状的对策探析

截至2009年底,楚雄市基本完成了林改的主体改革任务,全市1 5个乡镇中有12个乡镇发生了林地林木交易行为,共涉3772宗林地,交易林地面积达13 691 hm2,目前林权交易中尚存在着流转体系尚未成熟,林权流转服务平台未完全进入角色,林权交易操作程序不规范,政策执行不到位等问题,藉此,提出做好林权流转前的引导机制,防止农民失地,依规收费,在林权流转中壮大集体经济,完善服务机制,加强动态管理等对策.     

江西累计发放林权抵押贷款217亿元

正江西省累计发放林权抵押贷款217.54亿元,贷款余额62.5亿元。江西出台林权抵押贷款、公益林(天然商品林)补偿收益权质押贷款管理办法,将林地经营权和补偿收益权纳入抵质押范围,拓展公益林和天然商品林经营保护主体的融资渠道。省林业局联合省自然资源厅发布通知,推动林地经营权登记,为林权流转、抵押贷款提供政策保障。2019年3月,江西省林业局引进蚂蚁金服,建设林业     

浅析林权管理存在的问题、成因及对策

林权,即森林、林木和林地的所有权或使用权,包括处理权(如采伐权、采集权、流转权、抵押权等)、收益权(如补偿权等),以及农村林地承包经营权等财产性权利.林权管理是森林资源管理的重要组成部分,事关林业发展的根本和林区秩序稳定的关键.     

集体林权制度改革中农民权益保护体系的构建

集体林权制度改革赋予了农民平等享有集体林地的承包经营权,林木所有权和处置权,经营自主权,产品收益权和生态效益补偿权。由于林地承包经营权物权属性与社会属性之间出现矛盾、林地收益分配机制的缺陷、森林生态效益制度设计不到位以及林地流转市场不健全等原因的存在,部分农民存在利益受损的情况。建议构建严格的农民权益保护体系,这个体系应该包含维护农民权益的社会保障制度建设,保障农民行使充分处置权的法律制度,保护尊重农民经营自主权和劳动收益权的行政机制,完善农民权益的诉求服务机制。     

重庆市北碚区 实施林地基准价制度 强化评估公益服务

正被列入国家集体林业综合改革试验示范区以来,北碚区林业局针对林权流转中林农信息不对称,转让价格偏低,利益受损,林权抵押贷款评估价值成本高和认可难的问题,立足增加林农财产性收入,围绕集体林权流转交易公开、公平、公正目标,规范林权流转方案、合同、程序,做到林农、业主"两不亏欠",引导社会资本参与林业产业发展,探索出林地流转多因子基准定价模型,定期发布林地指导价格,为社会各界提供林权价值参考公益服务。     

对深化集体林权制度改革问题的探讨

论述集体林权制度改革的意义和自改革开放以来我国集体林权制度的3个阶段及其改革内容．分析当前集体林权制度改革中还存在着的产权主体模糊,权、责、利不清晰,以致产权主体收益权、处分权无法落实;采伐限额管理制度有待进一步完善;林业融资困难,森林保险发展缓慢;林权市场不完善,林权流转机制不健全等问题．提出确立要素流转体系,建立森林资源产权市场体系,加强林业保险体系建设,加强信贷扶持政策等对策和建议．     

林改改出致富路

为进一步深化集体林权制度改革,推进集体林地流转进程,提高林地规模化、集约化管理水平,绍兴市按照中共中央、浙江省委关于全面推进集体林权制度改革的总体部署,立足本市市情、林情,围绕放活经营权、落实处置权、保障收益权的要求,全面调整林业生产关系,     

对安宁市集体林权制度改革后林地管理工作的思考

由于安宁市林地管理采取集体统一和模式化管理的形式以及集体林权制度改革后均山到户,给林地管理工作带来了一些新问题,加大了对林地监管的难度.文中分析了林改后林地管理中凸现的实际权利不到位,林权流转平台尚未完善,林农主体地位得不到兑现,林权纠纷解决机制不完善,管理队伍不健全等问题.藉此,提出稳定林权,还权于民,规范林权流转机制,完善林业纠纷解决机制,依法依规保护管理林地,明确管理责任等加强林地管理的措施.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.