注干施药防治松材线虫的药剂筛选与林间防治效果研究

采用浸渍法测定了8种药剂对松材线虫的毒力。结果表明,阿维菌素、甲维盐和硫酸铜在较低浓度下对松材线虫即有较强的杀灭活性,其半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.1346mg/mL、0.2965mg/mL和0.3179mg/mL。敌敌畏、二甲基硫蒽和氧化乐果的毒性次之,吡虫啉和苦参碱的毒性较弱。联合染毒测定的结果表明,联合使用对松材线虫表现出增效作用。林间试验结果表明,0.1%甲维盐和4.0%吡虫啉,1%阿维菌素和1%苦参碱2个药剂组合,可用于林间注干施药防治松材线虫,持效期可达2年。     

一种新型复配药剂2%阿维菌素·6%氟吡菌酰胺对松材线虫毒力药效

【目的】研究新型复配药剂2%阿维菌素·6%氟吡菌酰胺在防治松材线虫病方面的潜力,旨在探索一种可能替代阿维菌素和甲维盐的新药剂新配方。【方法】将复配药剂2%阿维菌素·6%氟吡菌酰胺与5%阿维菌素和5%氟吡菌酰胺进行毒力药效对比。通过浸虫法进行室内杀线效果试验,分析3种药剂对松材线虫的致死效果。分别用3种药剂LC₂₀(亚致死浓度)的药量均匀喷雾在灰葡萄孢上,观察在不同药剂处理下松材线虫在灰葡萄孢上的取食情况及松材线虫生长繁殖数量,计算亚致死浓度下松材线虫的繁殖速率。收集松材线虫卵于皿底,加入不同浓度药剂于培养皿,24 h后观察卵孵化情况,计算卵孵化率,并用蔡司荧光显微镜观察卵形态。将松材线虫与药剂混合置于梯度温度培养箱,分析不同温度条件下复配药剂2%阿维菌素·6%氟吡菌酰胺对松材线虫杀线效果。【结果】1) 3种药剂处理松材线虫24 h后,2%阿维菌素·6%氟吡菌酰胺、5%阿维菌素、5%氟吡菌酰胺的LC₅₀(致死中浓度)分别为2.020 8、51.153 6和21.607 1 mg·L^-1,LC₂₀分别为...     

松材线虫罹病木的烘压处理试验

不同规格的松材线虫罹病材经 6 5℃～ 75℃ ,1 5 h热烘 ;9MPa,1 5 7℃～ 1 6 8℃ ,1 0 min液压和两种方法联合处理对松材线虫 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus和松墨天牛Monochamusalternatus都有较好的杀虫效果 ,其中 2 .8cm以下板材和 1 0 cm× 1 0 cm以下料材经 3种方法处理后 ,杀虫效果均达 1 0 0 %。     

3种生物农药对悬铃木方翅网蝽的室内毒力及解毒酶活性的影响

室内条件下采用浸叶法分别测定苦参碱、阿维菌素、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)3种药剂对悬铃木方翅网蝽1,5龄若虫和成虫的毒力;采用生化方法测定3种药剂对不同虫态悬铃木方翅网蝽的羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性影响。结果表明:3种药剂对方翅网蝽具有较好的毒杀效果,校正死亡率均随着浓度的增加而升高。1龄若虫对药剂的敏感性最强,5龄若虫和成虫的敏感性相近。3种药剂中苦参碱的毒力最高,对1,5龄若虫和成虫的LC50分别为0.1957,194.9和197.3mg·L-1;其次为阿维菌素,对不同虫态的LC50分别为10.66,420.5和472.0mg·L-1;苏云金杆菌对不同虫态的LC50分别为3.23,1414.2和6967.2mg·L-1。3种药剂处理后,悬铃木方翅网蝽不同虫态的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性均产生不同程度的诱导效应。以苏云金杆菌处理的解毒酶活性增强最明显,1,5龄若虫和成虫的3种解毒酶活性均明显高于对照;其次为阿维菌素处理,3种虫态的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性,1龄若虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性和成虫的羧酸酯酶活性明显高于对照;苦参碱处理的解毒酶活性增强最不明显,仅引起3种虫态的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性、1龄若虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性较对照显著增强。1,5龄若虫和成虫不同虫态相比,药剂处理后的5龄若虫体内解毒酶活性高于成虫和1龄若虫。     

阿维菌素乳油注干防治松材线虫病的效果

采用浸渍法测定阿维菌素乳油1 000,2 000,3 000,5 000,7 000倍液对松材线虫的毒杀效果,结果表明,阿维菌素乳油对松材线虫有较强的杀灭活性,药剂各配比液处理24 h后线虫死亡率达92%,其中,配比度低于5 000倍液的毒杀死亡率超过97%,与7 000倍液的毒杀死亡率之间差异极显著;阿维菌素乳油在林间注干防治松材线虫试验结果表明,防治效果十分显著,马尾松和湿地松注药1次,在1 a时间内未发现病害枯死木,有效地抑制了松材线虫病的发生。     

松材线虫cul-1基因的表达特性与功能

【目的】研究松材线虫Bxy-cul-1基因的表达特性和生物学功能,明确该基因在松材线虫生长发育中的作用,为从生长发育角度探索特异性的线虫种群增长控制措施提供理论基础。【方法】根据松材线虫基因组数据设计引物、克隆Bxy-cul-1基因,对Bxy-cul-1进行序列、系统发育和蛋白结构预测等生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术和原位杂交技术探究Bxy-cul-1基因在松材线虫各龄期的表达水平和表达部位,明确其时空动态表达特性,采用RNA干扰技术探究该基因在松材线虫生长发育中的作用。【结果】生物信息学分析结果显示,Bxy-cul-1基因CDS全长2 292 bp,编码763个氨基酸,属于Cullin蛋白家族。原位杂交结果表明,Bxy-cul-1基因在松材线虫各发育阶段均有表达,胚胎期全胚胎表达,2龄期广泛表达,3龄期和4龄期主要在肠道、体壁肌肉和尾部表达;成虫期,Bxy-cul-1基因在雌虫的卵母细胞和阴户、雄虫的腹部、交合刺和尾部表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,Bxy-cul-1基因在松材线虫2龄期表达量最高,胚胎期次之,3龄期、4龄期、成虫期表达量依次递减。对松材线虫胚胎干扰后发...     

松材线虫基因研究进展

对目前松材线虫基因水平的研究进行了概述.目前已研究过的松材线虫基因主要分为三个方面:一是应用于检疫检验的研究,主要研究的基因有rRNA基因,利用rRNA的ITS区核苷酸序列进化速度较快的特点,能准确区分松材线虫与其近缘种;二是探讨致病机理的研究,主要研究了纤维素酶和果胶酸裂解酶等在食道腺细胞中表达的酶基因,发现纤维素酶基因可能是由于基因横跨作用从细菌迁移到松材线虫基因组内,有助于研究松材线虫致病性的起源;三是对松材线虫生长发育相关基因的研究,为控制松材线虫的生长发育提供了依据.     

克线磷防治松材线虫病试验初报

为防治松材线虫病,我们于1988～1989年间,使用了三种杀线剂对松材线虫进行室内毒性测定,并选用克线磷在林间进行试验。巴丹在100ppm 时,其中线虫仍可继续存活、生长繁殖;F—001药剂在50ppm 上时,可杀死90%以上的线虫;克线磷浓度60ppm 以上时,可完全抑制线虫生长繁殖。克线磷在林间使用后,注于和根施处理的植株均比对照株死亡率降低。该药剂对防治松材线虫病有一定效果。     

松材线虫果胶酶基因Bxpel1的克隆及其生物信息学分析

以松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus转录本为模板,通过RT-PCR技术克隆果胶酶Bxpel1基因。结果表明,松材线虫果胶酶Bxpel1基因序列全长为795bp,GC含量为50.44%,编码252个氨基酸。通过Blast比对克隆的Bxpel1基因与已知序列(Gen-Bank ID:AB232908.1)的同源性达到98%。系统进化分析表明,Bxpel1基因编码产物的氨基酸序列与拟松材线虫Bursaphelenchus mucronatus,燕麦真滑刃线虫Aphelenchus avenae的Bxpel1蛋白序列具有高度同源性。Bxpel1基因编码的产物的0～25序列有可能是跨膜结构域,而其他序列均位于膜外,其二级结构主要是以无规则卷曲和β-折叠为主,信号肽的剪切位点位于第17至第18位氨基酸之间,主要在细胞外发挥生物学作用。Bxpel1基因的克隆及其生物信息学分析对进一步研究Bxpel1基因在松材线虫致病过程中的功能具有重要意义。     

乙酰胆碱干预物质对松材线虫运动行为的影响

作者通过药物干预方式研究神经递质乙酰胆碱对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus运动行为的影响。结果表明:硫酸阿托品引起松材线虫泳动变缓,头部摆动频率和身体弯曲频率下降,随处理时间延长持续降低;运动形态出现由正常的S形变化为多节弯曲和螺旋状卷曲等异常状况;甲硫酸新斯的明引起头部摆动频率和身体弯曲频率提高、运动幅度加大等特征,同时也表现出明显的运动兴奋间歇性、短暂性及不规则扭动等特征。可见,干扰乙酰胆碱会导致松材线虫运动行为出现异常,并呈现规律性特征。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.