基于Voronoi图与Delaunay三角网的杉木人工纯林林木补植位置与空间配置

杉木人工纯林被划归为生态公益林,为了提高物种多样性,在杉木纯林内补植阔叶树种是多功能经营的一种有效手段。为了在杉木人工纯林林木补植时尽可能优化林分空间结构,本文提出基于Voronoi图与Delaunay三角网的补植位置与空间配置方法。以林木个体所在空间位置为平面相异点构建Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网,Voronoi图量化对象木的K-阶邻近关系,Delaunay三角网确定相邻木间的距离、角度和林木间的林隙。考虑林分的水平空间结构,选取基于Voronoi图的变异系数、混交度和竞争指数分别描述林木的分布格局、混交程度和竞争关系,建立林木和林分空间结构调控的均质性目标。林木补植前进行两株萌生木与枯死木的抚育间伐,补植分两次进行,第一次补植栾树,马褂木,第二次补植观光木,依据林木间Delaunay三角形面积大小确定林木补植位置,依据K阶邻近林木关系进行补植林木的空间配置,以达到林分空间结构优化的目的。因为研究对象为杉木人工纯林,补植前林分的树种混交度很低,介于0.011~0.063,由于属于杉木幼龄,还没有郁闭,竞争指数介于0.699~0.833,竞争强度较小,基于V图的林木分布变异系数介于1.662~2.354;林木补植后林分树种混交度得到提高,第二次补植后树种混交度(0.191±0.007)比第一次补植后的树种混交度(0.186±0.005)有所提高,均明显大于补植前树种混交度(0.042±0.020),补植后不仅物种多样性增强,树种混交程度增强;补植后竞争指数增大,第二次补植后林分竞争指数(4.67±0.32)比第一次补植后林分的竞争指数(4.41±0.24)有提高,均大于补植前林分的竞争指数(3.92±0.20),表明补植后竞争强度增强;第二次补植后基于Voronoi图的变异系数(0.48±0.07)比第一次补植后基于Voronoi图的变异系数(0.55±0.10)降低,均小于补植前基于Voronoi图的变异系数(2.04±0.31),表明补植后空间分布更均匀。基于Delaunay三角网进行林木补植能够调整林木的空间分布,基于K阶邻近的林木补植空间配置能够尽可能提高补植林木混交度与林分混交度,且补植树种越多,混交度越大,本文提出的林木补植方法可以实现林木补植在提高生物多样性同时优化林分空间结构。本研究为林分空间结构调整与优化林木补植提供理论依据,促使杉木人工纯林导向近自然林,实现多功能的森林经营。     

萌生杉木林空间结构特征研究

利用结构参数角尺度、大小比数、混交度对浙江龙泉萌生杉木林的空间结构进行分析,结果表明:林分的平均角尺度为0.512,林分空间格局为随机分布;杉木树种分布格局为团状分布,木荷树种整体分布格局为随机分布,其它树种的整体分布格局为均匀分布;林分的平均混交度为0.438 4,在弱度混交和中度混交之间;林分中树种以胸径作为比较指标的林木个体的优势排列顺序为:苦槠、马尾松> 杉木> 樟树> 木荷> 枫香、红豆树> 拟赤杨> 榆树。根据萌生杉木林的结构特征提出经营对策, 通过合理择伐和补植乡土树种进行林分结构调整,提高林分质量,优化林分空间结构,以便更好地发挥其功能。     

江西省主要人工混交林类型的优化与筛选

以杉木或湿地松为主要树种,用南酸枣、檫树、樟树、乐昌含笑、福建柏、鹅掌楸、蓝果树等作伴生树种,开展了13个类型的混交林试验研究,在定性分析筛选的基础上,初选出9个比较优良的混交类型,再依据Ii=P1h/H+P2d/D+P3v/V计算出混交类型的优选指标,用I标准=I单均+aδn计算出类型的优化标准为6.12.据此对参试的混交类型进行优选,选出的最佳混交类型为杉木+南酸枣、杉木+檫树、杉木+樟树和湿地松+鹅掌楸4个混交类型,供林业生产上推广应用.     

基于加权Voronoi图的杉木生态公益林空间结构分析

以湖南省福寿国有林场杉木生态公益林为研究对象,通过将林木胸径、树高和冠幅作为综合权重,改进Voronoi图确定林木的邻近木,进而计算各空间结构指数,分析林分的空间结构特征。结果表明:林木空间结构以1株中心木与5株邻近木组成的空间结构单元最为常见,林木空间影响范围随综合权重的增加而增加;不同林龄杉木林树种空间隔离程度均较低,幼龄林全林分平均混交度为0.34,属于中度混交,中龄林和近熟林全林分平均混交度分别为0.17和0.23,为弱度混交;3种不同林龄的优势树种杉木的平均胸径大小比数均为0.50左右,表明林分处于中等竞争状态;各样地平均角尺度均小于0.475,表明不同林龄杉木林林木均处于均匀分布状态。     

马尾松天然次生林林分结构特征分析

为分析马尾松天然次生林的林分结构特征和不同空间结构参数间的相互关系,以改善其林分结构。以广西金秀县的9块马尾松天然次生林样地为研究对象,分析其直径构成,计算林分及林木的混交度、角尺度和大小比数3个空间结构参数,制作二元分布图,探讨两两之间的关系,分析林分空间结构。结果显示,马尾松天然次生林直径分布特征为左偏单峰尖峰山状分布,80.22%的林木直径集中在6～14 cm径阶范围;林分的空间分布格局为不均匀的团状分布,树种隔离程度较好,中度混交;林分中处于随机分布、劣势木和极强度混交的林木占比较多。马尾松天然次生林林分树种隔离程度较好,林木大小分化程度较为均匀,但林分空间分布格局不均匀,应采用去劣留优、补植优良乡土树种等方法,改善林分结构,促进林分天然更新,提高林分质量,实现森林资源的永续利用。     

基于Voronoi图的落叶松人工林空间结构研究

文章选取金沟岭林场6块落叶松人工林选调查样地,利用基于Voronoi图确定的空间结构单元计算林分和林木的空间结构因子:聚集指数(R)、混交度(M)、大小比数(U)、开敞度(K)和竞争指数(CI),构造空间结构综合指数(P)模型;采用灰色关联法,分析5个结构因子与空间结构综合指数的关联系数和关联度。结果:①空间结构单位多以1株对象木和5～7株最近邻木构成。②样地以聚集分布为主,混交度较低,林木之间的分化不明显,平均竞争指数基本趋势为林龄越大,竞争越小。③落叶松树种的混交度低,生长空间较为不足,竞争指数相对偏小,在林分中处在较为优势的地位。④空间结构因子对林分空间结构综合指数的关联度大小为M K U R CI。结论:落叶松人工林空间结构综合指数偏低,树种混交度不高、树木生长空间不足,林木之间存在较大的竞争。     

基于加权Voronoi图的杉木生态公益林空间结构量化分析

以湖南省福寿国有林场内24年生杉木生态公益林为研究对象,通过胸径加权Voronoi图确定各中心木的邻近木,计算混交度、大小比数、聚集指数、林层指数和开敞度5个空间结构指数,全面分析了该林分的空间结构特征。结果表明:1)林分平均混交度为0.21,为弱度混交,树种空间隔离程度较低;2)林分平均大小比数为0.58,林分胸径大小分化不太明显,处于中等竞争状态;3)林分平均聚集指数为1.06,林木总体上处于由均匀分布向随机分布演替的过渡阶段;4)林分平均林层指数为0.24,林木在垂直空间上配置较为简单;5)林分平均开敞度为0.23,林木生长空间不足。     

混交度在不同相邻木选取方案下的差异性研究

为了厘清林分混交度在不同相邻木选择方案下的差异,寻找不同相邻木选取方案适用于哪种林分类型的混交度求解证据,为林分空间结构相关问题的研究提供参考。依据聚集分布林分、随机分布林分、均匀分布林分及稀疏分布林分类型,在南洞庭湖区的龙虎山设置了31块样地,分别使用基于"1+4"最邻近相邻木、基于半径R(R=3.05m)圆及基于Voronoi图的方法求解了各样地的单株相邻木数、单株林木混交度及林分平均混交度值,并探究了不同方案在不同林木类型之间的相关性。1)从总体林分平均混交度的角度上看,实验样地中除了稀疏分布中基于半径R圆的相邻木选择方案求得林分平均混交度的值偏低之外,其它几种林分的平均混交度值差别均不大。2)从单株的角度上看,不同林分类型中对象林木的混交度值在不同相邻木选择方案下存在差异。3)基于"1+4"最邻近相邻木与基于Voronoi图的相邻选取方案在不同林分类型中的相关性相对较高。不同的相邻木选择方案在不同的林分类型下虽各有优势,但从总体上看,使用基于"1+4"最邻近相邻及基于Voronoi图的相邻选取方案在求解不同类型林分混交度的稳定性和精确性相对较高。     

苍山东坡云南松次生林林分结构特征

为研究云南省大理市苍山东坡云南松人工次生林林分结构,测量和分析其物种组成、直径结构、树高分布、角尺度、大小比、混交度和密集度等指标。结果显示:(1)苍山东坡云南松次生林中物种多样性较丰富,各树种低度混交,伴生树种株数稀少。(2)不同径阶直径和不同树高距的树高均呈偏左分布,林分树高有向正态分布演替的趋势(呈现单峰曲线)。(3)林分角尺度均值为0.4804,整体呈随机分布,林木生长处于中庸状态■,各树种呈现极弱度混交状态■,林木稀疏■。(4)角尺度对大小比、混交度与密集度均有一定影响。因此建议在林中空旷地块补植乡土树种,改善林窗环境,提高光照利用率,促进向顶级植被演化进程。研究结果将为云南大理苍山东坡云南松次生林可持续经营提供参考。     

贵州黎平典型马尾松混交林的林分空间结构研究

探究贵州省黎平县典型马尾松混交林的林分空间结构特征，为该地区混交林经营及改造提供理论依据。以黎平县马尾松混交林中的马尾松为研究对象，根据混交树种及混交比例将研究区典型马尾松混交林划分为7种林分类型，分别是马尾松占40%(类型A)、50%(类型B)、70%(类型C)的与多种阔叶混交的针阔混交林，马尾松占30%(类型D)、50%(类型E)、70%(类型F)的与杉木混交的针叶混交林以及马尾松纯林(类型G),采用角尺度、胸径大小比数、树高大小比数、混交度和空间结构综合评价指标，对其空间结构进行分析。结果表明，在研究区中：1)7种林分类型中，马尾松均为轻度聚集分布状态，趋向于随机分布格局；2)类型F中，马尾松的树高、胸径处于中庸状态，其余类型中，马尾松的树高、胸径均处于亚优势状态；3)马尾松混交林的树种混交程度较高，通常在中度混交强度以上，而马尾松纯林处于弱度混交，接近于零度混交；4)林分综合评价排序为类型A>类型D>类型E>类型B>类型F>类型C>类型G;5)典型马尾松混交林中，马尾松的角尺度、胸径大小比数、树高大小比数之间无明显差异性，其空间结构的差异主要...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.