四种含笑叶解剖性状与抗旱性的研究

对2年生乐昌含笑、金叶含笑、阔瓣含笑和深山含笑等4种含笑叶片组织解剖性状的测定与盆栽抗旱性观测表明:供试树种间叶解剖性状在叶片厚度、角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织的厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织的厚度比、叶片结构紧密度、叶片结构疏松度和气孔密度等指标有显著差异;上表皮和下表皮厚度结构指标差异不显著.叶片厚度、角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值、叶片结构紧密度和气孔密度等值越大的含笑,受旱危害愈轻,其抗旱性就越强.叶片厚度、尤其是角质层的厚度和海绵组织厚度是评价供试含笑抗旱性的重要解剖指标.依据叶解剖性状结构指标,并结合盆栽试验旱害观测,供试树种的抗旱性大小为:阔瓣含笑>深山含笑>金叶含笑>乐昌含笑.研究结果与大田容器苗受持续秋旱产生的旱害观测结果吻合,为苏南地区北移引种提供了科学依据.     

橡胶无性系叶的形态学与解剖学方面的变异

<正> 对十一个橡胶无性系叶的形态学与解剖学方面的变异进行了测定。在气孔密度无性系具有高度的显著性,而无性系间的叶面积,测定结果,其显著程度是较低的,许多叶的形态和解剖方面的参数,例如:叶表皮层细胞数目、叶片厚度、栅栏层厚度、海绵层厚度、栅栏层和海绵层切片在每单位长度上的平均细胞数目,都揭示出无性系差异的显著性。但是,这些结构的特性与无性系产量及生势之间并无明显的相关。     

淮北相山8个树种叶片的生态解剖特征

对淮北相山杂灌丛和混交林中8个树种叶片的生态解剖特征进行研究.结果表明,优势种叶片解剖可塑性显著大于亚优势种.叶片厚度、维管束厚度、海绵组织厚度、气孔密度、木质部韧皮部厚度比、栅栏组织厚度和栅栏组织海绵组织厚度比(S/P)等性状,在物种或生境之间的变异较大,称为关键解剖性状.与杂灌丛群落的阳生叶相比,混交林叶片表现出阴生特点:表皮及角质层薄,叶片较薄,栅栏组织不发达,S/P较大,输导组织相对不发达.8个树种叶片对其生境表现出多样化的适应方式,大致可分为3类:阳性旱生植物、耐荫性中生植物和阳性中生植物.演替早期植被中优势种多为阳性植物.     

6个油茶品种叶片解剖结构与耐寒性的关系

【目的】探讨油茶叶片解剖结构与耐寒性的关系,为油茶耐寒品种的选育和引种栽培提供参考依据。【方法】选取6个油茶品种为试验材料,利用常规石蜡切片技术和指甲油印迹法测量了9项叶片组织结构指标;通过聚类分析、相关分析对各项指标进行筛选,应用隶属函数法进一步综合评价6个品种的耐寒性。【结果】油茶为异面叶,上、下表皮细胞只有一层且排列紧密,气孔仅分布于下表皮,栅栏组织细胞为2～3层,叶片厚度差异显著。各品种间上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度及气孔密度的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),叶片厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮、栅海比、组织结构紧密度、组织结构疏松度的差异均显著(P<0.05),影响油茶耐寒性的主要指标为上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度、组织结构紧密度和气孔密度,6个品种的耐寒性由强至弱依次为:大别山1号>鄂油102号>赣州油8号>长林4号>岑软3号>鄂油54号。【结论】影响油茶耐寒性的主要叶片解剖结构指标是上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度、组织结构紧密度和气孔密度,单独以某项指标分析时的差异较大,叶片作为完整的器官各个组织及其结构间必然相互影响,因此必须对其进行综合比较...     

杨树新无性系冠层特性与生长关系研究

对 5年生黑杨无性系的冠层特性与材积生长之相关性进行了研究。材积生长与全树总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA和冠型率CSR呈极显著正相关而与叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD呈负相关。冠层内上、中层的叶面积对材积生长起了决定性作用 ,下层叶面积与材积生长关系不大。水平方向 ,冠层内、外部叶面积特性对材积生长贡献较大 ,而中部叶面积特性贡献小。阐明了杨树生长的理想冠层特性。     

橡胶树无性系光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

以7个橡胶树优良无性系为材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合仪、石蜡切片法和光学显微镜对无性系叶片进行光合指标和解剖指标等进行测定。结果表明,7个无性系叶片的解剖结构指标和光合生理指标之间差异显著(P0.05),叶片解剖结构与光合生理指标之间存在一定的相关性。其中,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与角质层厚度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),相关系数为-0.913,与叶片厚度呈显著负相关(P0.05),相关系数为-0.755。胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮厚度、水分利用效率相关性均没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率,与角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶厚相关性均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。初步认为,橡胶树叶片解剖结构能够影响其生理活动。     

美洲黑杨基因资源收存及其遗传评价的研究

从１７个国家引进３３１个黑杨派无性系（其中５２个美洲黑杨无性系）,在山东省长清县营建我国第一个黑杨派无性系基因库。连续１０年对基因库内美洲黑杨无性系进行了多性状系统研究,结果表明各无性系间在物候期、生长、生根、抗寒和抗病虫等方面均存在着显著的差异,遗传变异丰富;系间的主要性状与无性系起源纬度及各性状间存在一定相关性。主要材料性状变异的研究结果表明,３８个８年生美洲黑杨无性系在木材基本密度、纤维长度无性系间变异达到极显著水平;木材密度和纤维长度与树高和胸径呈一定相关性;木材密度和纤维长度这两个性状在遗传上相互独立,受不同遗传机制控制。利用分子遗传标记ＲＡＰＤ技术研究库内美洲黑杨无性系ＤＮＡ多态性,结果表明本库美洲黑杨ＤＮＡ多态率为８６％,再次证明本库美洲黑杨遗传多样性高,可为我国杨树改良提供丰富的育种材料。     

辽西地区黑杨派纸浆材无性系生长与材性综合评价

以辽宁西部的7个黑杨派优良无性系为试材,以13年生的生长量(胸径、树高、)和材性性状(基本密度、纤维长度、壁腔比和1 % NaOH抽提物)为指标进行方差分析和遗传参数估算,6个性状在7个无性系间存在极显著或显著差异,胸径和树高的重复力较高.利用灰色关联度分析与DTOPSIS法对7个无性系进行生长与材性综合评价,47号杨的综合表现最好,这两种方法的分析结果在无性系优劣排序上基本吻合,但无性系间的Ci值差异十分明显,而灰色关联度差异不大.此外,还对分析中各性状权重的确定进行了探讨.     

杉木闽楠异龄复层林中闽楠叶片形态适应特征

以不同杉木闽楠复层林经营模式(TN40处理和TN60处理)中的闽楠叶片为研究材料,探讨不同处理对闽楠阴生叶、阳生叶的表型性状、解剖结构及气孔形态的影响。结果表明:从同一光环境不同叶型来看,TN40处理的闽楠阳生叶的叶片厚度、比叶重、栅栏组织厚度、中脉厚度较阴生叶分别增加了13.77%、9.86%、7.49%、11.79%,差异达显著水平(P<0.05); TN60处理的闽楠阳生叶的叶片厚度、叶组织密度、比叶重、气孔密度较阴生叶分别增加了6.32%、9.46%、8.70%、6.42%,差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。从同一叶型不同光环境来看,闽楠阳生叶在TN40处理下叶干物质含量、比叶重、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、中脉厚度、气孔密度较TN60处理分别提高了6.13%、4.00%、11.62%、12.17%、15.22%、8.80%、9.00%,而叶片含水率、叶组织密度则分别降低了5.04%、3.97%,差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);闽楠阴生叶在TN40处理下叶面积、叶干物质含量、气孔密度较TN60处理分别增加了5.52%、5.50%、11.25%,差...     

石漠化区朴树叶片结构与蒸腾量的相关性探讨

以石漠化区不同胸径朴树叶片为试验材料,利用针式热脉冲树干液流仪监测日蒸腾耗水量的变化,利用FAA固定切片法观测叶片海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度、维管束粗度及木质部厚度等解剖结构.发现影响不同季节不同胸径朴树平均日耗水量的主要因素为叶片的栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度.栅栏组织厚度与平均日耗水量呈正相关关系,而栅栏海绵组织厚度...     

Physiological responses of Eucalyptus nitens × nitens under experimentally imposed water stress

This study reports on how a cold- and frost-tolerant clone of Eucalyptus nitens × nitens responds to drought stress. The aim was to identify physiological traits that contribute to drought acclimation. Macropropagated saplings were grown in a climate-controlled greenhouse in pots filled with coarse river sand supplied with a slow-release fertiliser. One group of plants was kept regularly watered (control), and another group was subjected to four cycles of water stress (drought) whereby water was withheld for periods lasting 6, 10, 10 and 14 d, with 4 d of regular watering (recovery) inbetween. A drought cycle was terminated once saplings showed signs of wilting. Daily responses in stomatal conductance (g _s) were similar between control and drought treatments, except on the day of termination of the cycle, when g _s was significantly depressed in droughted plants. During the fourth and most severe drought cycle, there was a physiological adaptation to water stress because g _s was similar between control and droughted plants. Stomatal conductance was significantly positively correlated with volumetric soil moisture content in the drought treatment, but not in the control treatment. Electron transport capacity (J _max) increased during each drought cycle, and the increase was significant during the fourth cycle. Other parameters derived from A/c _i response curves were similar between the treatments. Under experimentally imposed water stress, E. nitens × nitens reduced leaf area, increased assimilate rate per unit leaf area, and maintained high stomatal conductance until leaves wilted. After 46 d droughted plants had accumulated half the biomass of control plants. Therefore, a cold- and frost-tolerant clone of E. nitens × nitens may be tolerant to drought stress but at a reduced growth rate because of reduced leaf area.     

Stomatal characteristics of Eucalyptus grandis clonal hybrids in response to water stress

This study describes the stomatal response occurring during water stress and subsequent recovery of three Eucalyptus grandis clonal hybrids. The aim was to investigate the degree to which stomatal conductance (g _s) and stomatal density differ between the clonal hybrids across seasons and in response to water stress. Plants from one E. grandis × E. camaldulensis (GC) and two E. grandis × E. urophylla (GU1 and GU2) clones were grown for 18 months in 80 l planting bags. Plants were subjected to three watering treatments: control (100% field capacity), chronic water stress (maintained at 15% of field capacity) and acute water stress (cyclic water stress, where water was withheld until leaf wilting point, and a subsequent period of recovery followed). Stomatal conductance was measured after 6, 12 and 18 months growth. At 12 months of age, the recovery of g _s 1, 2 and 7 d after rewatering (following acute water stress) was further investigated. The GC hybrid showed consistently higher g _s than the GU clones at each measurement period. Stomatal conductance was 24–66% higher during winter (after 12 months growth) than during summer. The recovery of stomatal conductance from acute water stress was more rapid in the GC clone than the GU clones. Chronic water stress was shown to decrease g _s in GU clones by up to 70%, but not in the GC clone. Water stress did not affect stomatal density or size. Remarkably, stomata were absent from the adaxial leaf surface of clone GU1 leaves, but not from the leaves of the other E. urophylla hybrid cross (GU2). Total biomass of the GC clone was significantly greater at 9 months growth, but after 18 months growth the GU1 clone had attained greater biomass accumulation (although not significantly). Measurement of g _s, transpiration, stomatal density and total biomass in the GU1 clone indicated stomatal sensitivity to water stress, a favourable trait during periods of drought. The differing growth strategies of the GU and GC clones could be partially explained by their differences in stomatal sensitivity in response to water stress.     

紫茎泽兰叶片气体交换的气孔调节特性:对其入侵能力的意义

紫茎泽兰是一个典型的外来入侵植物.利用便携式光合测定系统,对分布于四川省凉山州德昌市郊(27°28′36"N,102°12′28″E)的紫茎泽兰的气体交换特性进行测定,并与本地8个伴生种和其他12个分布于我国不同地区和日本的入侵种和本地种进行比较.目的是探讨气孔调节在日变化过程和长期干旱与湿润生境上的差异及其对紫茎泽兰入侵能力的影响.研究发现紫茎泽兰光合午休现象明显,气孔调节和非气孔调节共同控制了紫茎泽兰的光合日进程模式,而以气孔调节最为重要.非气孔调节主要是通过羧化效率的降低,从而影响表观量子效率或其他光合过程来实现的,而气孔调节主要是通过降低胞间CO2浓度,提高气孔限制值来实现的,这与其他种的差异不大.经过长期的野外不同湿度环境适应后,气孔调节出现了一定的弹性变化.在气孔导度相差不大的情况下,土壤有机质、土壤pH值和土壤有效氮含量差异不明显,湿生生境的光合速率和蒸腾速率显著高于干生生境,并导致了叶片含氮量显著提高.气孔在调节紫茎泽兰水分利用效率方面有别于所测定的其他20种植物,在湿生生境下随气孔导度下降,水分利用效率下降,而在干生生境下则显著升高.因此,紫茎泽兰同时兼有"省水"植物和"费水"植物的双重特点,这一灵活水分利用特点保证了它在不利环境中的生存和有利环境中的扩展,对于其在侵入区的生长发育有一定的意义.     

五种桤木属植物的光合特性初步研究

对1999、2000年从加拿大、中国台湾等地引进的台湾桤木、日本桤木、欧洲桤木等5种桤木属植物进行引种试验,研究发现,除我国特有的桤木外,欧洲桤木基本能够适应我国南方气候和立地条件,种子发芽率较高,生长迅速,还具有抗盐碱能力.日本桤木光饱和点曲线为明显的双峰型结构,其最大光饱和点分别在900μmol/m2和2 000μmol/m2.研究结果表明,五种桤木属植物间的光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量等性状差异达到显著或极显著.     

2种梨砧木叶片光合与气孔形态特征研究

为了探讨梨砧木光合作用与气孔形态特征间的关系及其对环境的适应性,分别以杜梨和豆梨为试材,分析了2种砧木生长量、叶片各光合参数日变化规律和下表皮气孔形态特征的差异情况。观测结果表明:相同环境条件下,杜梨的生长量显著高于豆梨的;两者间净光合速率(Pn)日变化规律的差异显著,其中,杜梨叶片Pn的日变化曲线呈单峰曲线,而豆梨的为双峰曲线,且杜梨的Pn整体大于豆梨的;杜梨的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)在10:00时后均显著大于豆梨的,但杜梨的水分利用效率(WUE)仍维持在较高水平上;豆梨叶片下表皮气孔密度是杜梨的1.5倍;两者气孔长度、气孔开度的日变化规律均相似,但在白天气孔开度的最小值,杜梨出现在14:00时,而豆梨出现在12:00时。相关性分析结果表明:杜梨的WUE与试验环境温度(T)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而与叶片表面的相对湿度(Hr)呈显著正相关(P<0.05);豆梨的WUE与T呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而与RH呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明:豆梨气孔对高温、强光等环境的响应较为敏感且强烈,随着每日温度的升高,其气孔闭合现象出现的时间提早,致使光合作用减弱;而杜梨能够保持气孔的正常形态,且杜梨的Gs、Tr均维持在较高水平上,其光合能力较强,并具有较高的水分利用效率,从而表现出更强的环境适应性。     

细胞分裂素:杨树气孔运动的调节剂

通过在三种杨树无性系，Ｉ－２１４（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ×ｅｕｒａｎｅｒｉｃａｎａｃｖ．Ｉ－２１４）（ｌｔａｌｉｃａ）、中东杨（Ｐ．ｂｅｒｏｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）（Ｂｅｒｏｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）和群众杨（Ｐ．ｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｓ３５－４４）（Ｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｓ）一年生盆栽插条苗的木质部导入ＡＢＡ和细胞分裂素，研究了这两类激素在气孔调控中的作用。尽管不同无性系的气孔在对ＡＢＡ的敏感性上存在显著差异，但ＡＢＡ仍可导致气孔的关闭，然而在蒸腾流中的细胞分裂素（与ＡＢＡ共导入或分别导入）可以明显地抑制ＡＢＡ的作用。并且玉米素还能推迟土壤干旱所诱导的气孔关闭，在水分胁迫条件下，内源细胞分裂素浓度下降而同时ＡＢＡ上升．据此提出了复合胁迫信号的概念，即在根冠通讯中，是ＡＢＡ和细胞分裂素共同调控气孔的运动。另外还研究了玉米素、激动素、６－ＢＡ等不同细胞分裂素与ＡＢＡ的相互作用，结果发现６－ＢＡ与玉米素和激动素的作用相反，它不能抑制ＡＢＡ的作用，反而促进其对气孔的关闭     

不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应

[目的]探究不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应,了解其耐旱性差异,为节水耐旱文冠果种源的选择提供依据。[方法]以集中分布在华北地区的3个不同种源文冠果幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽控水方法设置充足水分(W1)、正常供水(W2)、轻度干旱(W3)和重度干旱(W4)4个水分梯度,采用指甲油印迹技术,研究不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应。[结果]表明:不同种源文冠果的气孔均分布在叶片的下表皮,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,气孔变得小而多,趋于旱生植物的叶片气孔分布结构特征;气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应存在显著的差异性,与河南三门峡、山西晋中两个种源相比,河北承德种源叶片在不同水分胁迫处理下均具有小而多的气孔,以及较强的气孔调节能力。[结论] 3个种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征均存在着不同程度的趋于旱生结构;河北承德种源文冠果叶片气孔器比其他2个种源均相对小而多,且调节能力强,属华北地区抗旱优良种源。     

Response of Somatal Characteristics and its Plasticity to Different Light Intensities in Leaves of Seven Tropical Woody Seedlings

1 INTRODUCTIONAs an important structure in the leaves of terrestrialplants, stomata play a key role in the gas exchangebetween plants and atmosphere, and provide the mainchannels of water dissipation for plants. They also playa significant part in the regulation of photosynthesisand evaporation process. Researches have long beenconducted on stomata, and one of the most importantfields in plant physiological and ecological research isconcerned with the physiological and ecologicalcharacteri…     

Leaf conductance of primary and mature leaves ofPinus roxburghii: A comparison

We used a null-balance porometer to measure leaf conductance of mature and primary leaves of natural seedlings, saplings, and trees ofPinus roxburghii (chir) during autumn at four sites at 1,320–1,930 m elevation in the central Himalaya of India. Our hypothesis that primary leaves had higher leaf conductance than mature leaves (needles in fascicles), based on measurements in other pines, was rejected. Comparisons on the same saplings and seedlings showed lower leaf conductance for primary leaves than for mature leaves. Primary leaves on seedlings and saplings also did not consistently have higher leaf conductance than mature leaves on near-by trees. Mature leaves on seedlings, however, did often have higher conductance than mature leaves on nearby trees. Mean values for leaf conductance (mmol m⁻² s⁻¹, based on total leaf surface area) ranged from 42–82 for mature leaves on trees, 60–121 for mature leaves on seedlings, and 28–67 for primary leaves on seedlings. Compared to published values for other pine species, conductance of mature leaves ofP. roxburghii is relatively low. Funding for this study was provided by grants from the United States National Science Foundation, INT-9312052 and INT-9404043. We appreciate the review of an early draft by Barbara Bond.     

Yellowing of disease? Or differentiating for adaptation? Study on Cinnamomum camphora ecotypes

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl is an evergreen broad-leaved tree of the Lauraceae family, widely distributed in the sub-tropical areas in the south of China and used as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets in Shanghai for its beautiful shape and intensive stress-resistance. However, yellowing of C. camphora in recent years casts doubt about its significance. We believe the green-leaved and yellow-leaved C. camphora might be two different ecotypes, and tentatively refer to the green-leaved C. camphora as C. camphora f. viridis f. nov (CCV) and the yellow-leaved as C. camphora f. flavus f. nov (CCF). We studied their differences and arrived at the following conclusions: 1) compared with CCF, the area of lamina of CCV is significantly larger and the amount of chlorophyll (Chl) significantly higher; 2) the lamina and palisade tissues of CCV are significantly thicker than those of CCF, but its cuticle is significantly thinner; 3) the shape of the stomata of CCV is different from that of the CCF; the stomatal density and stomatal index of CCV are significantly lower than those of CCF. These results show that C. camphora might evolve adaptive differentiation in some aspects which can be used in virescence in urban streets and gardens.