高产漆酶真菌菌株的筛选及酶学性质研究

从6株野生真菌和5株食用真菌中筛选出高产漆酶菌株,并对筛选出的野生菌株漆酶酶学性质进行初步探究。使用G-PDA确定菌株的产漆酶能力,然后通过液体发酵对产生的粗酶液进行酶活力测定,确定高产漆酶菌株,最后分别在不同pH和温度下进行酶学性质探究。初步筛选结果:第7天时,05号菌丝直径最大89.1mm,08号显色圈直径最大76.8mm,04号的显色圈颜色最深,09号显色反应最不明显。对于漆酶活力:04号活力最高262.7U/mL,其次是08号和05号分别为255.3U/mL、203.9U/mL。01和06号酶活力达到最大所需时间最短。酶学性质方面,08号的最适pH是3.2、最适温度是40℃;在不同pH、温度下分别保温2h,pH=4.0酶活力残余率为94.20%;温度在20~40℃内,酶活力残余率在99.00%以上。结果表明,0.04%G-PDA最适作为产漆酶真菌的初筛培养基;高产漆酶能力的菌株有04、05和08号菌株,且08号菌株漆酶的最适应用条件是pH=4.0、温度为40℃。     

纤维素降解芽孢杆菌筛选及产酶条件优化

[目的]筛选沼气发酵液中高产纤维素酶菌株,并对产酶条件进行优化,为沼气发酵利用和纤维素酶的工业化开发提供高效菌株.[方法]利用刚果红平板染色法初筛,纤维素酶活测定进行复筛,从沼气发酵池中分离产纤维素酶菌株,并结合形态学观察、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析进行鉴定.对菌株产酶培养基中碳源、氮源、硫酸镁和...     

优化彩绒革盖菌产漆酶条件及染料脱色研究

对一株漆酶高产白腐菌———彩绒革盖菌的培养和产酶条件,包括培养基初始pH值、金属离子Cu2 和Mn2 的含量,以及诱导剂的种类、添加量和添加时间等相关因素进行了优化。结果发现该菌种适宜在pH值3.5~5.7环境下生长并合成漆酶,培养基中添加缓冲液可以获得更高的酶活,但不加则有较高的酶产率;铜和锰可以显著提高漆酶活力,当以0.1 mmol/L 2,5-二甲基苯胺为诱导剂时,培养基中宜含0.008~0.08 mmol/L Cu2 ,0.01 mmol/L左右的Mn2 。在5种常用漆酶诱导剂中,2,5-二甲基苯胺的效果最佳,且应在菌种进入对数生长期时加入效果最好,其最适添加浓度为0.4 mmol/L,此时最适产酶Cu2 浓度为0.4 mmol/L。研究显示漆酶在30和40℃下保持6 h后残余酶活分别为原来的95%和80%;60℃条件下,该酶保温1 h后的残余活力仅为原来的14%。该酶的最适反应温度是65℃,最适反应pH值为2.4~3。对20种常用染料进行的脱色研究显示,在pH值5、40℃条件下,该粗漆酶液可以直接作用于13种工业染料。     

思茅松毛虫肠道脂肪酶高产菌株的筛选及其酶特性研究

从思茅松毛虫幼虫肠道中分离出3属7株产脂肪酶菌,以思茅松松节油为底物,筛选高产脂肪酶菌株,测定脂肪酶活性,确定酶解特性,生长量和产酶特性。结果表明:以思茅松松节油和橄榄油为底物时,7株产脂肪酶菌均表现出不同的产脂肪酶活性,其中以菌株D12的产脂肪酶活性最高。以思茅松松节油为底物时,菌株D12的脂肪酶活力高达4.06 U·mL-1;菌株D12为中温型产碱性脂肪酶菌株,最适作用温度40℃,最适pH值为8.0;菌株D12经发酵至60 h时,OD600值高达0.68,说明其生长量达到最大,在48 h左右时酶活力达到最高,为6.6 U·mL-1。     

黑孢漆斑菌漆酶活性及培养条件的优化

在ABTS法检测漆酶酶活性的基础上对黑孢漆斑菌的生长条件进行摸索.采用生长曲线分析,正交多因素分析及单因素分析对初始酸碱度,培养时间,接种量,菌龄,摇床转速及光照条件进行研究.结果表明:最佳培养条件为初始pH 5.5,接种量7.5%,菌龄9天,摇床转速160 r/min,自然光照,培养9天.     

漆酶高产菌株筛选及漆酶基因片段的克隆

研究利用不同底物浓度、不同培养时间、不同培养基为优化因素,对漆酶产生菌株筛选条件进行了初步研究,从广泛4株食用真菌中筛选具有高产漆酶特性的真菌,双孢菇2796,并以双孢菇2796为供体菌,提取菌株RNA,运用RT-PCR方法对漆酶基因进行扩增,克隆后得到长度为160bp的漆酶基因片段。     

黑曲霉发酵豆渣产酸性β-葡萄糖苷酶及其水解京尼平苷的性质

利用单因素、正交试验考察了黑曲霉L菌株发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件和酶解京尼平苷的特性。结果表明:2%豆渣适宜作为实验菌株液体发酵产酶培养基,当培养基中接种孢子浓度大于每毫升2×105个时,菌株产酶受发酵温度、装液量的影响显著,而不受接种量、摇床转速的影响,培养基初始pH值1.5时,菌株仍能正常产酶;优化的产酶培养基组成为豆渣1%、米糠1%和Tween 800.1%,初始pH值5.5;菌株在发酵温度28℃、装液量50 mL(250 mL摇瓶)、摇床转速150 r/min的发酵条件下发酵120 h,发酵液酶活为(200±10)U/mL。所产β-葡萄糖苷酶水解京尼平苷的最适温度为55℃、最适pH值2.5、最佳水解时间15 min;在该条件下酶的表观米氏常数(Km)为1.35 g/L,最大水解速率(Vmax)为26.45 g/(L.min.mg),酶活半衰期为15 min,50℃时大于60 min;酶的水解活性受Na+、Ca2+的显著激活,受Mg2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Hg+、Zn2+、Mn2+等离子(10 mmol/L)和葡萄糖、乙醇的抑制。     

黑曲霉发酵豆渣产酸性β-葡萄糖苷酶及其水解京尼平苷的性质

利用单因素、正交试验考察了黑曲霉L菌株发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件和酶解京尼平苷的特性.结果表明:2%豆渣适宜作为实验菌株液体发酵产酶培养基,当培养基中接种孢子浓度大于每毫升2 x 105个时,菌株产酶受发酵温度、装液量的影响显著,而不受接种量、摇床转速的影响,培养基初始pH值1.5时,菌株仍能正常产酶;优化的产酶培...     

产维素酶菌株SB-4的理化特性及产酶条件优化

以纤维素酶产生菌SB-4为实验材料,通过对其菌落形态和菌丝及孢子显微镜观察,结合培养特征和生理生化分析,探究其理化特性及产酶最优条件。结果表明:SB-4菌株能缓慢胨化牛奶、水解淀粉、产生硫化氢和黑色素,革兰氏染色为阳性,初步鉴定其为放线菌节杆菌属。通过对发酵条件的优化,确定SB-4产酶发酵最适单一氮源为酵母膏,最适单一碳源为羧甲基纤维素钠碳源,装液量为200 m L/500 m L,发酵时间为72 h,在此条件下SB-4菌株的内切葡聚糖酶(CMC)、滤纸酶(FPA)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(Cx)酶活性分别为47.09 U/m L、41.81 U/m L和28.62 U/m L。     

平沙绿僵菌wp08菌株固态发酵条件的优化

平沙绿僵菌是竹林金针虫的高效寄生真菌,具有广阔的应用前景。为了提高菌株的生长速率和产孢量,对平沙绿僵菌wp08菌株固态发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,蛭石和稻壳均可作为固态发酵的优良载体,大米、玉米粉、麦麸组合是该菌的良好营养源,与不同载体组合均可使产孢量达到2.7×109孢子/g以上,其中以大米和稻壳体积比1∶2组合时产孢量最大,为58×109孢子/g;接种量为10%(mL/g);培养基质相对湿度为70%;固态发酵周期为14 d;培养基质装入量为1/2培养瓶。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.