不同引种黑莓品种的遗传多样性分析

【目的】开发适于黑莓Rubus spp.的EST-SSR引物,用于品种和种质的遗传多样性评价分析。【方法】基于前期获得的黑莓转录组数据,分析得到黑莓EST-SSR分子标记,筛查符合要求的SSR序列,设计合成127对较理想的EST-SSR引物进行扩增和多态性引物筛选,利用多态性好的引物用于18个引种黑莓栽培品种的遗传多样性分析。【结果】在127对引物中有125对可扩增出条带,有特异条带且大小符合预期的引物共有50对,50对引物中有45对具多态性的引物,占引物总数的36%,多数引物扩增的位点数为2~5。使用45对引物检测18个黑莓供试品种基因组DNA的多态性,共检测到191个等位基因变异,平均每个位点有4.24个等位基因,位点多态性信息含量为0.427~0.893,平均值为0.692。多态性最好的引物为Rh121,检测到8个等位基因,其次是Rh114和Rh118,均检测到7个等位基因。18份材料的遗传相似系数为0.49~0.88,表明品种间具有较丰富的遗传差异。利用UPGMA聚类,将18份种质分为3个类群,其中四倍体和多倍体黑莓品种明显归为不同类型,四倍体黑莓分为2类,相似育种产地的品种多聚在一起,推测与其品种遗传种质成分具一定相似性有关。【结论】EST-SSR标记可应用于黑莓品种种质遗传多样性分析,目前引种黑莓种质的遗传基础相对较窄。     

桂花优良品种‘珍珠彩桂’遗传多样性的ISSR分析及指纹图谱构建

利用ISSR分子标记技术对44个桂花品种进行遗传多样性研究,从100条引物中筛选出10条引物对供试材料基因组总DNA进行PCR扩增,共扩增出条带122条,其中多态性条带112条,多态性比例为91.8%。经Pop Gen32软件包分析,44个桂花品种的平均有效等位基因数为1.592 8,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.341 9,平均Shannon信息指数为0.506 3,遗传一致度介于0.475 4~0.926 2之间,说明桂花品种间遗传多样性较高。UPGMA聚类将44个品种分成7类。建立了新品种‘珍珠彩桂’和其它43个桂花品种的DNA指纹图谱,可从分子水平将‘珍珠彩桂’与现有其它桂花栽培品种进行鉴别。研究结果为桂花分类、品种鉴定、分子育种和子代鉴定提供了重要依据。     

微卫星DNA在分析核桃遗传多样性上的应用

研究不同核桃品种的遗传多样性,为今后新品种的培育和种质创新提供理论依据,以西北农林科技大学资源苗圃的18个核桃品种(包括3个实生优系)嫩叶做材料,选用SSR分子标记技术对其进行了遗传多样性研究。建立了最适PCR反应体系,从27对引物中筛选出多态性强重复性好的12对引物,共检测出174条条带,其中91条呈现多态性,多态性条带的比例平均为67.82%,平均每条引物扩增出多态性位点9.8个。新疆2号与辽宁4号的相似系数最大(0.803 6),青林和西林2号最小(0.159 4)。多态信息含量(PIC)变化范围在0.742 2~0.896 2,平均值为0.815 0,其值均大于0.500 0。基于遗传相似性系数的UPGMA聚类结果表明,在遗传相似系数阈值为0.39左右可将供试品种分成4大类。以上说明12条引物扩增的位点均表现出高度多态,同时表明供试样品遗传资源非常丰富,可作为育种来源。     

14个油茶良种遗传多样性的SRAP分析

对14个油茶良种进行SRAP标记(序列相关扩增多态性)的遗传多样性分析。采用改良CTAB法提取的油茶叶片基因组DNA为模板,利用优化的SRAP-PCR反应体系,从16个正向引物和20个反向引物中筛选出条带特异、多态性好、稳定性高的8对引物组合。利用这些引物组合对14个油茶良种扩增出65条清晰可重复的条带,其中22条是多态性条带,多态性条带百分率为33.85%。通过生物学软件对所得数据进行遗传学分析,计算出遗传相似系数,绘制出分子聚类图,为油茶良种的后续分子鉴定及分子育种提供了科学基础。     

绣球花品种遗传多样性的ISSR分析及指纹图谱构建

利用ISSR-PCR分子标记技术对23个绣球花品种进行遗传多样性研究,从100条引物中筛选出10条引物对供试材料基因组总DNA进行PCR扩增,共扩增出条带123条,其中多态性条带102条,占82.93%,具有较高的多态性。经Pop Gen32软件包分析,23个绣球花品种的平均有效等位基因数为1.493 7,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.290 7,平均Shannon信息指数为0.435 7,遗传距离介于0~0.769 1之间,遗传一致度介于0.463 4~1.000 0之间,具有广泛的遗传多样性,梦幻蓝和史欧尼10条引物的扩增结果一致,二者可能为同一个品种。UPGMA聚类将23个品种分成2类,聚类结果与叶片特征一致。引物UBC855可以将23个绣球花品种完全区分,依此建立了23个绣球花品种的指纹图谱。研究结果为绣球花分类,品种鉴定、分子育种和子代鉴定提供了重要的依据。     

利用SRAP标记分析日本落叶松2代优树的遗传多样性

为研究日本落叶松2代优树间的遗传多样性,该文利用SRAP分子标记的方法对选择的80个样本进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:筛选出的8对引物共扩增出235条DNA条带,其中多态性条带223条,多态性百分率为94.89%,每对引物可扩增出20~37条多态性条带,平均每对引物扩增的多态性条带数为29.4条。利用UPGMA法进行聚类,当相似系数为0.824时将80个日本落叶松种质材料划分为4个类群。聚类基本与子一代的亲缘关系符合,类群间遗传基础较狭窄,亲缘关系较近,为日后建立日本落叶松2代种子园的工作提供了理论依据。     

20个茶花品种遗传关系的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对茶花品种群中有代表性的20个国内外茶花品种进行了品种间遗传关系的分析.从60对随机扩增引物中筛选出了21对扩增带型清晰及重复性好的引物序列,共扩增出153条带,其中146条呈现多态性,多态性条带比例为95.4%;Nei's基因多样性指数介于0.40～0.48,Shannon信息指数在0.57～0.67,基因分化系数介于0.5～0.7,基因流值介于0.2～0.5,遗传相似系数介于0.50～0.74,平均为0.63.参试的20个茶花栽培品种间遗传差异相对比较窄;结合花型形态学特征与UPGMA聚类分析结果,可将20个茶花品种分为2个大类群.此外,结果显示:ISSR分子标记适用于分析山茶品种间遗传多样性和亲缘关系.     

构树SRAP分子标记

建立构树DNA提取方法及最佳SRAP-PCR反应体系,用SRAP分子标记研究构树种质资源的遗传多样性.结果表明:SRAP扩增的清晰条带大小在100～1 000 bp,用17对引物对21份材料扩增出439条带,其中多态性条带319条,占72.6%,Shannon信息指数(I)均值为0.227 5,物种水平的Nei基因多样性(H)均值为0.133 6,表明构树的遗传多样性不高.聚类分析结果显示与地理分布有相关性.同时发现一些特异性条带,可以转化为SCAR标记,这为构树的遗传图谱构建、遗传育种等研究提供了参考.     

金银花ISSR分子标记及遗传多样性分析

以湖南、山东、河南的22个金银花主要栽培品种为材料,利用ISSR分子标记对22个金银花品种进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:从100条ISSR引物中筛选出10条能够扩增出清晰、稳定条带的引物;这10条引物对22个金银花品种基因组DNA扩增,共扩增出108条带,其中多态性条带96条,多态性条带比率为88.89%;22个金银花品种间的遗传相似性系数范围在0.41~1.00,平均遗传相似性系数为0.68.利用U PGM A进行系统聚类分析,22个供试金银花品种划分为2大类,第1类为忍冬种群,第2类为灰毡毛忍冬种群,每一大类又分为北方种群与南方种群.而且主成分分析结果支持以上的聚类分析结果.可见,利用ISSR标记可有效地分析金银花种质资源的遗传多样性,为金银花品种鉴别、分类、种质资源的有效利用提供理论依据.     

基于AFLP标记的薄壳山核桃种质资源遗传多样性分析

利用荧光AFLP分子标记技术,对引种到山东地区的30份薄壳山核桃品种(系)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析,旨在加深山东地区引进的薄壳山核桃品种资源遗传背景的认识,为以后山东地区薄壳山核桃的品种选育在分子层面提供理论基础.总体上,9对引物组合共扩增出1425个条带,多态性条带1381个,平均多态性比例为96.9％,其中有...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.