杉木林土壤微生物区系对短期模拟氮沉降的响应

通过模拟氮沉降试验(设置2种氮形态5种施氮水平(N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别代表0、20、40、60、80 kg·hm-2·a-1,共10个处理)研究杉木林土壤微生物区系的变化。结果表明:沉降第1年,高氮处理对微生物数量的影响较显著,氮处理时微生物数量的变化波动较大;沉降1年后,各处理的变化规律稳定,波动较小。12月份各处理间微生物数量和细菌数量变化幅度较小、氮处理对其影响不显著,故不宜在12月采集土样。氮沉降量影响微生物总量,总体而言低氮处理促进微生物生长,最高氮处理抑制微生物生长,NH4+-N2或N3和NO3--N3处理微生物总量最多。不同微生物类群对氮沉降形态和沉降量的响应不同,土壤细菌的变化规律和微生物数量的变化规律一致,低氮处理时,硝态氮处理对细菌数量生长的影响大于铵态氮处理,2种形态氮的N2或N3处理细菌数量最大。铵态氮比硝态氮更易影响真菌的生长,且NH4+-N1和NO3--N3处理真菌数量最多。不同氮沉降形态对放线菌数量影响显著,沉降1年后高氮沉降量对放线菌生长略有促进作用。     

应用PLFA技术分析氮沉降对三江平原小叶章湿地土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为了研究氮沉降对三江湿地土壤微生物群落结构的影响,利用磷脂脂肪酸技术(PLFA)对三江平原小叶章湿地土壤微生物多样性进行了分析。2010年5月,在黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所三江平原湿地生态定位研究站内的小叶章湿地中建立模拟氮沉降试验平台,设置3个氮沉降浓度梯度:N1(0 g N·m-2a-1)、N2(4 g N·m-2a-1)、N3(8 g N·m-2a-1),于2014年6月用土钻进行土壤样品采集。结果表明:本研究共检测到PLFAs 75种,其中特征脂肪酸29种。不同氮沉降处理下,真菌群落的生物量较高,土壤微生物生物量的总量介于30~33nmol·g-1。氮沉降增加对真菌群落数量的影响比较显著(P0.05),但是对细菌和放线菌影响并不显著。低氮时土壤微生物的数量最多,对照最低;高氮时土壤微生物群落的多样性值和丰度值最高。根据典型性相关分析,得出铵态氮和硝态氮对土壤中真菌含量影响较为显著。通过本研究可以得出,施氮增加了土壤微生物总量。铵态氮和硝态氮是影响土壤微生物数量的主要因子,低氮增加了土壤微生物多样性,高氮则产生抑制作用。     

模拟氮沉降对杉木林土壤氮循环相关微生物的影响

【目的】土壤微生物数量是衡量土壤氮素循环生化功能变化的重要指标。通过野外模拟试验,探讨短期氮沉降中不同氮素形态的沉降量对土壤中可培养固氮菌、硝酸细菌、亚硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌数量的影响,以及初期的变化趋势对森林氮素调控和环境管理的重要意义,为深入研究氮沉降对杉木林森林生态系统的影响提供参考。【方法】2013年5月,在杉木幼龄林内建立30个1 m ×1 m的样方,进行5种氮沉降量[N0(对照)、N1(20 kg· hm －2a －1)、N2(40 kg·hm －2a －1)、N3(60 kg·hm －2a －1)、N4(80 kg·hm －2a －1)]和2种氮形态(I铵态氮、II硝态氮)的模拟沉降试验。分别于2013年6,8,10月从0～10 cm和10～20 cm 土层取样测定微生物数量。固氮菌数量测定采用稀释平板计数法,硝酸和亚硝酸细菌数量采用 MPN-Griess 比色法,反硝化细菌(厌氧)采用酚二磺比色法。【结果】各处理的0～10 cm土层中固氮菌数量均高于10～20 cm 土层;随着氮沉降量增加,可培养固氮菌数量先升高后降低。低于60 kg·hm －2 a －1铵态氮处理有利于固氮菌生长。0～10 cm 土层亚硝酸细菌数量,随铵态氮沉降量增加,先升高再降低最后趋于平缓,在 N1或 N2处理达到最大值;施硝态氮时,菌落数量先降低再升高最终趋于平稳。在6月,虽然铵态氮和硝态氮的氮沉降量相同,但0～10 cm 土层中的亚硝酸细菌数量差异极显著,10～20 cm土层差异显著。8月和10月的硝酸细菌数量变化趋势相同,均为随氮沉降量增加先上升再下降再上升,且在相同氮素沉降量的铵态氮和硝态氮处理间未出现显著差异。反硝化细菌的时间变化与其他菌落不同,施铵态氮时二土层的变化趋势相反,施加硝态氮时反硝化细菌的数量变化较平缓,NO3－-N的 N4处理有轻微抑制作用。【结论】0～10 cm土层的固氮菌数量大于10～20 cm土层,0～60 kg·hm －2 a －1铵态氮和0～80 kg·hm －2 a －1硝态氮均可促进固氮菌的生长。亚硝酸细菌在2种氮形态处理时的变化趋势相反,低铵态氮处理可促进亚硝酸细菌的生长,低硝态氮处理抑制其生长。氮形态对硝酸细菌数量影响不显著,低氮处理促进硝酸细菌数量的增长,而中氮处理开始出现抑制作用。氮沉降量对反硝化细菌影响不显著。     

米槠人工林土壤微生物群落组成对凋落物输入的响应

全球气候变化显著影响森林凋落物数量,进而会对土壤微生物群落造成影响。本研究以亚热带米槠人工林为研究对象,探究不同凋落物量输入处理(凋落物去除、凋落物加倍、对照)下,森林土壤微生物群落组成的变化。结果表明:与去除凋落物相比,凋落物加倍后0~10 cm土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)含量分别显著增加了30.30%、49.66%、12.77%和13.90%。与对照相比,凋落物加倍与去除处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)含量分别显著增加和下降(P<0.05),但凋落物加倍与去除处理间无显著差异。凋落物加倍处理下土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、革兰氏阳性菌[G(+)]、革兰氏阴性菌[G(-)]、放线菌(ACT)、真菌(F)丰度和总磷脂脂肪酸(TPLFA)含量分别比去除凋落物处理的土壤高68.35%、63.35%、82.65%、69.02%、40.56%和65.85%,而土壤革兰氏阳性菌与阴性菌比值、真菌与细菌比值则分别降低11.64%和26.67%。冗余度分析表明,铵态氮是影响该人工林土壤微生物群落组成的最主要环境因子。可见凋落物输入量变化改变了土壤养分有效性,进而显著影响了土壤微生物群落组成,这对进一步深入探究全球气候变化对亚热带森林土壤养分循环的影响具有重要意义。     

氮添加对辽东山区落叶松人工林土壤碳氮的影响

在工业发达、农业集约化程度较高的区域氮沉降增高仍然很突出。为明晰氮沉降类型及其强度对土壤碳氮的影响,研究了多形态、多水平氮添加下落叶松人工林的土壤碳排放及土壤碳氮的变化。结果表明,NH_4~+-N添加低、中、高3种水平每年土壤碳排放量分别比对照增加了253.81、17.15和5.69 g C·m~(-2); NO_3~--N添加低、中氮两种水平分别比对照增加了203.37和111.06 g C·m~(-2),而高氮水平减少了47.14 g C·m~(-2)。两种形态氮素添加下土壤铵态氮含量变化微小,而硝态氮含量则在逐年升高,土壤微生物生物量碳呈现出降低的趋势,而土壤微生物生物量氮表现出升高的规律。双因素方差分析显示氮素形态对土壤铵态氮及微生物量碳、氮含量均有显著的影响,而氮添加水平仅对土壤硝态氮含量有显著的影响。     

长期模拟氮沉降对苦竹林土壤氮组分的影响

为了解模拟氮沉降对苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)林土壤氮组分的影响,从2007年10月开始,在华西雨屏区苦竹林中用NH_4NO_3进行模拟氮沉降处理,设置4个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·N·hm~(–2)·a~(–1))、低氮(LN,50 kg·N·hm~(–2)·a~(–1))、中氮(MN,150 kg·N·hm~(–2)·a~(–1))和高氮(HN,300 kg·N·hm~(–2)·a~(–1))。分别于2013年11月,2014年1月、4月、7月取各样方内表层(0~20 cm)土样,测定土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、颗粒氮、矿质结合氮含量。结果表明:与氮沉降初期相比,长期氮沉降处理使土壤氮组分总量增加,硝态氮的含量显著上升,其他氮组分变化虽不显著,但仍有所变化。     

长期粗放经营毛竹林土壤微生物群落演变特征

[目的]通过分析土壤微生物生物量及群落结构的演变趋势,筛选影响土壤微生物群落的关键环境因子,揭示土壤微生物群落对毛竹林长期粗放经营的响应机理。[方法]选取不同粗放经营年限(5 a、9 a、15 a、18 a)毛竹林,以天然马尾松林(Masson pine,MP)作为对照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFA)分析方法表征土壤微生物量及群落结构。[结果]结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、放线菌等PLFA含量均显著低于马尾松林(P0.05),但不同经营年限毛竹林之间没有显著差异。土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量对土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、原生动物等PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05),而土壤碱解氮、p H值以及有机质含量对放线菌PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05)。长期粗放经营过程中毛竹林土壤微生物丰富度及多样性均呈逐渐下降趋势。非度量多维尺度转换排序(Non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物群落结构与马尾松林有明显区分(R=0.388 1,P=0.009)。土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷以及p H值合计解释了90.28%的微生物群落结构变异量,其中土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷贡献显著(P0.05)。[结论]长期粗放经营降低了毛竹林土壤微生物量,改变了群落结构,其生态风险还有待于进一步评估。     

模拟氮沉降对低磷胁迫下3个种源木荷幼苗生长及叶片氮磷含量的影响

【目的】讨论不同产区木荷种源在 NH4+-N或 NO3－-N沉降下的生长表现和响应差异,揭示不同形态氮素对木荷生长发育的影响,为在大气氮沉降环境背景下,选育营养高效利用的木荷速生优质新品种提供理论依据。【方法】以木荷北缘种源区－浙江杭州种源、中部种源区－福建建瓯种源和中部靠南边缘种源区－江西信丰种源3个有代表性的木荷种源作为试验材料,模拟不同形态氮沉降( NH4+和NO3－)增加对不同土壤磷素处理下木荷幼苗生长和叶片氮、磷元素含量的影响。盆栽试验设置土壤低磷(1.1 mg·kg －1)处理和高磷(25 mg·kg －1)对照,以人为喷施 NH4 Cl和 NaNO3溶液进行氮沉降模拟,分别设置3个氮沉降量水平：0,80和200 kg·N·hm －2·a －1,试验按完全随机区组设计,每种源每处理重复12株苗。2013年11月收获,测定苗高、地径等生长指标,并分别测定根、茎、叶各部分干物质量和磷、氮含量。【结果】不同形态氮沉降对木荷苗木生长影响差异显著,磷素可提高种源间对氮素的响应差异。在低磷环境下,不同氮处理下木荷植株生物量和根冠比变异系数较大,这为氮沉降下木荷耐受型植株的选择提供了可能。低磷环境下,NO3－-N 对木荷苗木生长促进作用显著,苗高、地径和生物量分别较 NH4+-N处理高4．5%,17．8%和75．2%,叶片氮、磷含量提高,叶片 N：P 比下降。NH4+-N 对木荷植株的生长抑制作用较强,导致叶片磷含量下降,N：P升高,植株受到磷胁迫增强。而在高磷环境下,NH4+-N的促进作用增强,苗高、地径和生物量分别较 NO3－-N处理高13.5%,10.4%和25.4%。无论土壤在高磷还是低磷环境下,NO3－-N 降低叶片N/P比,而 NH4+-N增加叶片 N/P比。木荷种源间对不同形态氮沉降响应差异显著,在土壤低磷环境下,NH4+-N处理抑制了福建建瓯种源和江西信丰种源生长,生物量下降,而杭州种源却在 NH4+-N80处理下,苗高和地径生长较对照分别增加19%和20%。【结论】在低磷环境下,NO3－-N对木荷不同种源幼苗生长促进作用更强,而当土壤磷含量提高时,NH4+-N的促进作用增强,同时苗木生长差异增大。浙江杭州种源对 NH4+-N 的适应性更强,而福建建瓯和江西信丰种源则对 NO3－-N适应性更强。     

模拟氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤微生物的影响

在杉木人工林中开展N0(对照),N1(60kgN·hm-2a-1),N2(120kgN·hm-2a-1)和N3(240kgN·hm-2a-1)4种水平氮沉降模拟试验,连续处理7年后,探讨外加氮源对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:各土层中,低氮处理(N1)可增加土壤微生物生物量碳含量、微生物生物活性和微生物群落碳源利用能力,而中、高氮处理(N2和N3)则呈抑制作用;低氮处理(N1)能提高土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与均匀度指数,而中、高氮处理使指数降低;主成分分析结果表明,土壤微生物群落利用的主要碳源为碳水化合物和羧酸,不同氮沉降处理土壤微生物群落利用的的碳源类型存在较大差异。     

环割对杉木和马尾松人工林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

【目的】以期揭示环割对森林土壤微生物群落结构的影响。【方法】2012年6月在杉木和马尾松人工林中分别布置6个6 m×6 m样方,每个样方至少包含5棵树。杉木和马尾松平均树高分别为16.3和15.3 m,平均胸径分别为18.5和17.2 cm。每种林分随机选择3个样方进行环割,即在树木胸径处去除10 cm宽的树皮和韧皮部,以阻断光合产物的地下碳分配,剩余3个为对照。环割1个月后测定土壤基本理化性质,环割1个月和1年后采用磷脂脂肪酸方法测定土壤微生物群落结构。【结果】杉木林环割1个月后土壤可溶性有机碳含量降低了18.3%(P0.01),硝态氮增加了182.1%(P0.01),有效磷和土壤含水量分别增加了66.9%和10.6%(P0.05);马尾松林环割1个月后土壤可溶性有机碳、硝态氮和有效磷含量分别增加了11.3%,72.7%和235.5%(P0.05),土壤含水量增加了12.1%(P0.01)。环割降低了土壤微生物生物量并改变了微生物群落结构,而且这种影响存在树种和时间差异性。杉木林环割1个月后总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、真菌、真菌∶细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌含量分别降低了10.3%,10.9%,20.0%,10.1%和13.4%(P0.05),环割1年后细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌的含量分别降低了20.3%和22.1%(P0.05);马尾松林环割1个月后真菌和革兰氏阳性细菌的含量分别降低了21.9%和14.5%(P0.05);环割1年后总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌和放线菌含量分别降低了17.8%,15.9%和27.4%(P0.05);环割1个月后杉木林土壤中磷脂脂肪酸cy17∶0/16∶1ω7c显著升高(P0.05),而马尾松林中该比值的升高则发生在环割1年后(P0.05),该比值的升高表明可利用碳有效性不足引起了微生物生长压力。相关分析表明土壤可溶性有机碳含量与总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、真菌、革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌含量极显著正相关(P0.01),土壤NO-3-N和全氮含量均与细菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量显著正相关(P0.05),土壤有效磷含量与革兰氏阳性细菌含量显著正相关(P0.05),土壤NH+4-N含量与总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌含量极显著负相关(P0.01),与真菌含量显著负相关(P0.05),土壤p H值与总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量极显著正相关(P0.01),与革兰氏阴性细菌含量显著正相关(P0.05),土壤有机碳含量与总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量显著正相关(P0.05),全磷含量与总磷脂脂肪酸、真菌和革兰氏阴性细菌含量显著正相关(P0.05),与细菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量极显著正相关(P0.01),土壤含水量与土壤微生物生物量没有显著相关性(P0.05)。【结论】环割导致植物光合产物供应变化,进而改变了土壤碳的可利用性及养分有效性,降低了土壤微生物生物量,改变了微生物群落结构,且对真菌群落的影响要高于细菌群落,而且环割对微生物的影响具有树种差异性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.