12个苹果品种19项果实采后品质指标比较及相关性分析

【目的】研究不同产地的不同品种苹果果实采后品质变化规律,筛选出品质优良的苹果品种。【方法】以12个苹果品种果实为材料,测定其19项品质指标(硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、破裂力、破裂位移、破裂功、屈服力、屈服功、屈服位移、果肉硬度、果肉做功、L_*^值、a_*^值、b_*^值、c_*^值、h_*^值),并运用主成分分析进行综合评价。【结果】‘瑞香红’果实的硬度和可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他品种;‘国光’苹果的可滴定酸和维生素C含量最高;‘华红’果实的呼吸强度最高;‘瑞阳’和‘华月’乙烯释放量无显著差异,均显著高于其他品种。在穿刺参数测定中,‘国光’苹果的破裂位移、破裂功和果肉做功最大;‘瑞香红’苹果的破裂力、屈服力、屈服功和果肉硬度最大,‘华庆’屈服位移最大。在色差数据中,‘国光’苹果的L_*^值最大,‘瑞香红’苹果的a_*^值最大,‘瑞雪’苹果的b_*^、c_*^、h_*^值最大。不同苹果品种各项指标存在差异,其中硬度与可溶性固形物、破裂力、破裂功、屈服力、屈服功、果肉硬度、果肉做功呈极显著正相关,与乙烯释放量呈显著负相关;屈服功与果肉硬度、果肉做功呈极显著正相关;果肉硬度与果肉做功呈极显著正相关;L_*^值与b_*^值、h_*^{值呈极显著正相关},与a_*^{值呈极显著负相关};a_*^值与b_*^值、h_*^{值呈极显著负相关};b_*^值与c_*^值、h_o^{值呈极显著正相关。}【结论】根据综合得分,可知排名前5位的苹果为‘国光’、‘乔纳金’、‘金冠’、‘瑞雪’、‘华月’,表明在同一采摘年份中,以上5个苹果品种的品质较好。     

施钾对苇状羊茅生长、生理特性及钾吸收的影响

【目的】 明确钾肥施用对苇状羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）生长、生理特性的影响,确定苇状羊茅适宜的钾肥用量和钾营养诊断指标。【方法】 通过盆栽试验,研究苇状羊茅地上部生长、生理和钾素养分吸收对不同钾肥用量（K2O 分别为0、18、36、54 g/m²）的响应。【结果】 随钾肥用量的增加,苇状羊茅各生育阶段的株高和地上部干物质量均呈先升后降的变化趋势,钾肥用量36 g/m²时达最大值;出苗后50~137 d 和0~50 d 植株株高增量和干物质累积速率较大。施用钾肥36 g/m² 有利于促进植株地上部钾的吸收,提高植株叶片的光合色素含量、抗氧化酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量。增加钾肥用量提高了苇状羊茅栽培体系的钾素损失风险。适宜苇状羊茅生长的钾肥用量范围为K2O 7. 0~49. 9 g/m²,获得80% 最大地上部干物质量的地上部钾临界浓度为10. 8 g/kg。【结论】 钾肥施用对苇状羊茅生长和生理特性影响显著,钾肥用量7. 0 g/m² 和地上部钾浓度10. 8 g/kg可分别作为苇状养护管理的钾肥用量推荐和植株钾营养诊断参考。     

Pb2+ 和Zn2+胁迫下3种草坪草光合特征及吸附重金属能力差异性

【目的】探索 Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺污染地区最适宜的修复草坪草品种。【方法】采用盆栽的方法,以黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）和草地早熟禾（ Poa pratensis）为研究对象,以河沙为栽培基质,测定各处理的光合指标和重金属含量。设置不加重金属（CK）、Pb²⁺ 胁迫（500、1 000、1 500、2 000 mg/L）、Zn²⁺胁迫（500、800、1 100、1 400 mg/L）处理。测定不同重金属浓度胁迫下的草坪草的光合特征及其对重金属吸收能力。【结果】研究表明：随着 Pb²⁺ 、Zn²⁺浓度的增加,3 种草坪草净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间 CO₂浓度均呈先升高后降低趋势,但是出现峰值的浓度梯度各异;当 Pb²⁺ 胁迫浓度为 500 mg/L 时,对高羊茅和黑麦草叶片光合能力具有促进作用;当 Pb²⁺ 胁迫为 1 000 mg/L 时,对草地早熟禾叶片光合能力具有促进作用。当 Zn²⁺胁迫为 800 mg/L 时对黑麦草和高羊茅叶片净光合速率具有促进作用;当 Zn²⁺ 胁迫为 500 mg/L 时,对草地早熟禾叶片净光合速率具有促进作用。【结论】综合分析 3 种草坪草的光合特征和对植物体内重金属富集能力表明,高羊茅和黑麦草适用于低于 1 000 mg/L 的 Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺污染土壤的修复。     

氮添加对科尔沁人工草地羊草碳氮磷化学计量和土壤特性的影响

【目的】探究科尔沁沙地羊草（Leymus chinensis）碳氮磷化学计量特征和土壤中酶活性及土壤化学性质对氮素添加的响应。【方法】以科尔沁沙地人工建植的羊草为研究对象,对不同施氮水平下 （施肥量分别为 0、50、100、150、200 kg/hm² ）羊草的化学计量特征和土壤特性进行研究。【结果】随施氮水平的提高,羊草有机碳、全氮含量呈增加趋势,全磷含量呈降低趋势;氮肥添加可有效增加土壤中有机碳、全氮含量,降低土壤电导率和 pH 值,并提高土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性;在 150 kg/ hm² 施氮水平下土壤酶活性达到最高,分别为 17. 78 mg/g、60. 21 mg/g、0. 62 mg/g。【结论】追施氮肥可提高土壤中酶的活性,从而促进土壤中营养元素的转化,有利于羊草对土壤中养分和元素的吸收利用, 综合分析得出科尔沁沙地羊草草地推荐施氮量为 200 kg/hm² 。     

播期和施肥量对陇东地区2种饲用燕麦生产性能和营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨陇东地区播期和施肥量对饲用燕麦生产性能和营养品质的影响。【方法】选择早熟燕麦品种边锋和中熟品种梦龙为材料,设早播(4 月 8 日)、中播(4 月 18 日)和晚播(4 月 28 日)3 个播期,低施肥量(N 45. 75 kg/hm² +P₂O₅ 31. 50 kg/hm² )、中施肥量(N 91. 50 kg/hm² +P₂O₅ 63. 00 kg/hm² ) 和高施肥量(N 137. 25 kg/hm² +P₂O₅ 94. 50 kg/hm² )3 个施肥量,研究不同播期和施肥量下燕麦草产量及营养品质的变化。【结果】1)2 个品种的株高、穗长、小穗数和草产量都随着播期推迟逐渐降低。2)2 个品种的粗蛋白含量随着播期推迟和施肥量增加逐渐增加,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量则逐渐降低。3)在播期和施肥量交互作用下,边锋以早播低施肥量的干草产量最高(6 500 kg/hm² ),梦龙以早播高施肥量的干草产量最高(6 506. 7 kg/hm² )。【结论】在陇东地区以收获饲草为目的的燕麦生产上, 不同熟性的品种都以 4 月上旬播种为宜 ,其中 ,早熟品种边锋施肥量以 N 45. 75 kg/hm² 、P₂O₅ 31. 50 kg/hm² 较好,中熟品种梦龙以 N 137. 25 kg/hm² 、P₂O₅ 94. 50 kg/hm² 较好。     

HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

目的：建立HPLC双波长法同时测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。方法：采用XBridge C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-水(52:48)为流动相,流速1.0ml.min_-1^;柱温25℃;进样量10μL,检测波长分别为225nm(穿心莲内酯)和254nm(脱水穿心莲内酯)。结果：穿心莲内酯浓度在12.7375μg.mL_-1^～509.5μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性良好(r₂^=0.9996);脱水穿心莲内酯浓度在3.4μg.mL_-1^～136μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性关系良好(r₂^=0.9997)。穿心莲内酯加样回收率平均为98.8%,RSD 为1.0%;脱水穿心莲内酯回收率平均为99.9%,RSD 为0.8%。结论：该方法快捷、灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯2个有效成分的同步测定,为四味穿心莲散的质量控制和评价提供科学依据。     

江西地方鸡种肌肉氨基酸含量的测定与分析

对泰和乌骨鸡、余干黑鸡、广丰白耳鸡、索仁麻鸡、宁都三黄鸡、万载康乐鸡、南城五黑鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡、景德黄鸡等9个江西地方品种和以色列隐性白羽鸡的胸肌氨基酸含量进行了测定，结果表明： 1.肌内氨基酸总量在所测定的10个品种间存在一定的差异。其中以广丰白耳鸡的氨基酸总量最高(226.42 mg/g)，其次是宁都三黄鸡(213.81 mg/g)、万载康乐鸡(212.14 mg/g)。必需氨基酸的含量也是广丰白耳鸡最高(92.34mg/g)，其次是景德黄鸡(88.79mg/g)、万载康乐鸡(88.57mg/g)和宁都三黄鸡(86.47 mg/g)。因此可以认为广丰白耳鸡、宁都三黄鸡、万载康乐鸡、景德黄鸡等品种的氨基酸营养价值是比较高的。 2.从测定的结果来看，似乎存在三黄鸡的氨基酸含量高于黑鸡的趋势，这其中是否存在沉积氨基酸与形成黑色素之间有某种内在联系，有待进一步研究。 3.主要的鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸以东乡绿壳蛋鸡的谷氨酸含量最高(33.21 mg/g)，其次是万载康乐鸡(30.45 mg/g)和广丰白耳鸡(30.40mg/g)，其含量与我国著名的优质肉鸡品种石歧杂的谷氨酸含量(32.16 mg/g)相当或略高，表明这三个品种的鲜味较好。 4.肌肉中各种氨基酸的相对含量在不同品种之间存在一定的差异，其差异有些较大，有些则较小。但不同品种的氨基酸的组成具有一定的规律性和相对的稳定性，表现在所测定的10个品种都以谷氨酸的含量最高，占氨基酸总量的12％～17％，其次是天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸，分别占7％～9％；含量较低的氨基酸有精氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和蛋氨酸，分别占3％～6％；色氨酸和胱氨酸的含量都很低，均在1％左右。     

离子色谱法测定酒石酸沃尼妙林中酒石酸的含量

目标：建立离子色谱-抑制电导检测法测定化学对照品中酒石酸盐的含量。方法：以酒石酸沃尼妙林对照品为例,采用DIONEX IonPac AS19(250 mm×4 mm)阴离子交换色谱柱和Ion Pac AS19保护柱(50 mm×4.0 mm),以22 mmol.L_-1^{氢氧化钾溶液为}流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min_-¹等度洗脱,抑制电导检测器检测,测定酒石酸盐中酒石酸的含量。结果：该方法在1.0~50 μg.mL_-1^{浓度范围内线性关系良好(}r=0.999),定量限为0.5μg.mL_-1^,酒石酸沃尼妙林在3个水平的加样回收率分别为98.79%、98.91%与96.50%,平均回收率为98.07% (RSD=2.20%,n=9)。用此方法测定3个厂家共5批样品,酒石酸沃尼妙林中酒石酸含量的数值与理论值基本一致。结论：本文建立的离子色谱法准确、灵敏,可用于酒石酸盐成盐比例与含量的测定。     

坡度和采挖强度对玉树冬虫夏草幼虫数量和采挖数量的影响

【目的】研究人工采挖和自然坡度对冬虫夏草数量的影响。【方法】通过对不同采挖强度 S₁ (2 人/hm² )、S₂ (4 人/hm² )和 S₃ (6 人/hm² )和产区自然坡度(G₁,7°;G2,17°;G3,25°)下冬虫夏草幼虫数量和采挖数量进行调查,分析采挖强度和产区坡度对幼虫数量和冬虫夏草采挖量的影响。【结果】采挖强度和坡度与幼虫数量和冬虫夏草采挖数量均呈显著负相关关系(P＜0. 05);采挖强度和幼虫数量相关度高(r ² =-0. 45,r ² =-0. 58),坡度和冬虫夏草采挖数量相关度高(r ² =-0. 74,r ² =-0. 78),采挖强度和坡度互作对幼虫数量和采挖数量影响不显著(P＞0. 05)。不同采挖强度下,幼虫数量和冬虫夏草采挖数量均为 CK=S₁＞S₂＞S₃( P＜0. 05);不同坡度下,幼虫数量和冬虫夏草采挖数量均为 CK=G₁＞G₂＞ G₃( P＜0. 05);且在各个采挖强度下,随坡度的增加,幼虫数量和冬虫夏草采挖数量均呈显著降低趋势 (P＜0. 05)。 此外 ,冬虫夏草采挖数量显著地受蝙蝠蛾幼虫数量的影响且呈正相关(P＜0. 05)。 【结论】 S₁采挖强度、G₁小坡度适合幼虫数量的增长和冬虫夏草的采挖数量,且不影响翌年冬虫夏草的产量。然而,采挖活动有可能对草地的土壤、幼虫喜食性牧草、冬虫夏草真菌孢子的弹射等产生综合影响,土壤的理化性质会影响蝠蛾寄主幼虫的存活状态,冬虫夏草菌孢子的弹射量也会影响冬虫夏草的形成。     

贵州不同地区蓝莓灰霉病菌对5种杀菌剂敏感性测定

为明确不同类型杀菌剂对贵州4个地区蓝莓灰霉病的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法进行5种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定。发现不同类型杀菌剂对蓝莓灰霉病菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制,腐霉利EC₅₀值范围为0.56-31.21mg?L_-1,嘧菌酯EC₅₀值范围为0.81-75.57mg?L_-1,丁子香酚EC₅₀值范围为1.08-2.17mg?L_-1,氟硅唑的EC₅₀值范围为1.46-4.47mg?L_-1,多菌灵的EC₅₀值范围为1.65-298.42mg?L_-1。为增强杀菌剂效果、延长使用时间,应根据地区病原抗性、杀菌剂持效期及作用类型科学确定药剂间的合理轮用或混用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein