特早熟/早熟荔枝种质果实可溶性糖组分及含量分析

采用高效液相色谱法对8份特早熟/早熟荔枝种质果实中可溶性糖组分及含量进行测定。结果表明,特早熟/早熟荔枝果实的可溶性糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖组成,其中蔗糖含量最高,占总糖比例的5.47%~62.34%。葡萄糖次之,果糖最低。果糖和葡萄糖在各种质间的变异相对稳定,为32.85%和38.73%;蔗糖变异较大,分别为61.11%。根据还原糖与蔗糖的比例,可将不同的特早熟/早熟荔枝种质分为蔗糖积累型和还原糖积累型。相关性分析结果显示,果实内各糖组分中还原糖与总糖呈正相关,蔗糖与总糖呈负相关;果糖和葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关,果糖和蔗糖含量呈极显著负相关。因此,在评价特早熟/早熟荔枝果实中糖度风味要同时考虑果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量。     

枣果实糖酸的组分特征

正据《园艺学报》2016年第7期《枣果实糖酸组分特点及不同发育阶段含量的变化》(作者赵爱玲等)报道,以20个枣品种为试材,采用超高效液相色谱法对枣果实中的主要糖和有机酸组分进行了测定分析,比较了不同品种间的差异并揭示其动态变化规律。结果显示:枣果实中主要的可溶性糖为蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖,其中蔗糖含量最高,其次是果糖和葡萄糖,属蔗糖积累     

槜李和油柰成熟果实品质及其糖酸含量比较分析

本文以槜李和油柰成熟果实为材料,对其果实品种进行了分析,并利用高效液相色谱法测定了果实中的糖酸组分及其含量。结果表明：槜李成熟果实中的可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、Vc含量均高于油柰。油柰成熟果实中的糖酸比和可溶性蛋白高于槜李。两个品种果实中均检测到蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇,其中葡萄糖含量最高,果糖次之,山梨醇和蔗糖含量最低。槜李成熟果实中的葡萄糖和果糖含量高于油柰,但是,油柰成熟果实中的山梨醇和蔗糖含量高于槜李。槜李和油柰成熟果实中均检测到苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎尼酸。两个品种中,苹果酸的含量最高,其次是奎尼酸,柠檬酸含量最低。槜李成熟果实中的这三种酸的组分含量均高于油柰。     

龙眼‘华农早’×荔枝‘紫娘喜’F1代果实可溶性糖含量测定与遗传分析

可溶性糖的种类和含量是决定果实品质和风味的重要因素之一。为探讨龙眼果实可溶性糖含量的遗传规律,以龙眼‘华农早’、荔枝‘紫娘喜’及其68株F1子代为试材,采用高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）技术,测定了该群体果实的可溶性糖组分与含量。结果表明,龙眼杂交后代果实的可溶性糖主要包括葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖,其中蔗糖含量最高,均值为67.66 mg/g,占总糖的51.79%;葡萄糖与果糖含量接近,分别占总糖的22.15%和24.82%。杂交群体的不同糖组分均表现为衰退变异,葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量广泛分离,变异系数分别为25.16%、22.15%和33.69%。蔗糖与单糖比值在0.48 ~ 3.05之间,蔗糖与总糖含量之间、总糖含量与甜度值之间均呈极显著正相关关系。     

龙眼干果与鲜果的糖组分分析

利用高效液相色谱法 (HPLC) 分析了石硖、储良、东壁、青壳宝圆、冬宝9号、公妈本、九月乌、施冲浦、晚香等9个龙眼品种干果和鲜果的糖组分含量。结果表明,9个龙眼品种干果和鲜果中的可溶性糖主要有果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;鲜果中的果糖含量16.4 ~ 36.0 mg/g,葡萄糖含量14.9 ~ 33.7 mg/g,蔗糖含量87.5 ~ 161.7 mg/g,总糖含量135.7 ~ 193.0 mg/g,甜度值144.5 ~ 200.8;干果中的果糖含量84.5 ~ 160.7 mg/g、葡萄糖含量67.5 ~ 125.8 mg/g、蔗糖含量169.0 ~ 356.8 mg/g、总糖含量444.6 ~ 538.2 mg/g、甜度值497.2 ~ 590.7;龙眼干果和鲜果中均以蔗糖含量最高;与鲜果相比,干果中的果糖、葡萄糖占比提高,蔗糖占比降低。     

抗裂与易裂枣的内源激素含量和细胞壁代谢相关酶活性比较

据《园艺学报》2014年第1期《抗裂与易裂枣内源激素含量和细胞壁代谢相关酶活性比较》（作者曹一博等）报道,以枣抗裂果品种＂圆铃枣＂和易裂果品种＂骏枣＂为材料,测定了果实生长发育曲线、果形指数及种子败育率,并对果皮、果肉、种子中内源激素含量及果皮、果肉中细胞壁代谢相关酶的活性进行了检测。     

12份引进油梨品种果实品质评价分析

引进油梨种质果实品质特征的分析与评价,是引进油梨品种筛选、利用及新品种选育的重要参考依据。本研究以12份引进油梨品种为试材,对果肉中可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、粗脂肪和含水量等果实品质性状进行了测定分析。结果表明：不同油梨品种间果肉中可溶性糖、蛋白质和粗脂肪的含量存在较大差异,淀粉含量相对稳定;可溶性总糖含量在17.35～40.76 mg/g FW之间,‘迪普伊’和‘威尔逊无核’的可溶性总糖含量明显高于其他品种,果肉中葡萄糖含量明显高于果糖和蔗糖;淀粉含量在30.46～63.32 mg/g FW之间,‘西蒙兹’中含量最高;可溶性蛋白含量分布在在5.35～15.35 mg/g FW之间,‘西蒙兹’含量最高;出油率在1.33～7.33%之间,‘门罗’出油率最高。可见,油梨果肉中可溶性糖的积累模式是以葡萄糖为主,并含有少量果糖和蔗糖;与淀粉含量和相对含水量相比,可溶性糖、粗脂肪和可溶性蛋白的含量更宜作为油梨优质引种和新品种选育的评价指标。     

外源山梨醇喷施对桃果实可溶性糖含量的影响

山梨醇是蔷薇科果树重要的光合运输产物。本研究采用200 mg/L外源山梨醇喷施树体,观察到‘大久保’桃套袋/未套袋果实中的可溶性糖（蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇）含量发生变化。外源山梨醇的喷施显著提高了果实中蔗糖的积累,同时表现出葡萄糖和果糖含量下降,山梨醇含量升高的趋势。结果表明外源山梨醇喷施具有影响调节桃果实糖组分的潜力。     

晚熟龙眼品种（系）留树保鲜期间品质变化分析

摘 要：为了探索晚熟龙眼品种/系最佳留树期及留树期间果实品质变化情况,以‘桂明一号’和优良晚熟龙眼品系‘YY-1（越南引进）’为试验材料,研究果实成熟后留树保鲜过程中果实品质变化情况。结果显示,两个晚熟龙眼品种（系）果实成熟后14天后的落果率分别为9.27%、6.45%;果实中的葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量在果实成熟前呈增加趋势,在果实成熟时达到峰值,葡萄糖和果糖在果实成熟后一周下降较快,14天后有略微升高趋势,而蔗糖则处于一直降低趋势;总酸和Vc含量变化趋势一致,在果实成熟时达到最高,之后一周逐渐下降,在果实成熟14天后达到最高,之后迅速下降。因此,两个晚熟龙眼品种（系）的最佳留树期为14天,超过14天后果实的产量和品质明显下降。     

柠檬成熟果实可溶性糖和有机酸积累特征分析

本研究利用GC-MS对3个柠檬品种和2个贵州地方特色宽皮柑橘(牛肉红朱橘和朱红橘)果肉中可溶性糖和有机酸含量进行了检测。研究结果表明,共检测到蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、木糖等10种可溶性糖,以及柠檬酸、苹果酸、奎宁酸、草酸等10种有机酸。柠檬、牛肉红朱橘、朱红橘可溶性糖和有机酸组分类似,差异主要在含量上。可溶性糖含量分析结果表明,果实中主要可溶性糖为蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖,3种主要的可溶性糖在牛肉红朱橘和朱红橘中的平均含量均显著高于柠檬,分别是柠檬的4.51倍、2.18倍和1.68倍。有机酸含量分析结果表明,柠檬有机酸含量远高于牛肉红朱橘和朱红橘,3个柠檬柠檬酸和奎宁酸的平均含量分别是2个宽皮柑橘的12.18倍和10.05倍。以上分析结果表明,可溶性糖和有机酸含量反映了柑橘品种的种质特征,且与果实风味和口感一致。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein