新型饲料资源--洋蓟营养价值评定

通过对云南近年来引进的洋蓟副产物营养价值的分析和牲畜饲喂试验,结果表明,洋蓟茎叶粉和洋蓟青贮的粗蛋白含量为10.4%左右,略高于一般玉米的水平;体外干物质消化率比玉米青贮高12个百分点,相当于优质牧草的水平;氨基酸总量和必须氨基酸含量均高于青贮玉米;以洋蓟茎叶粉为主要原料制成肉牛颗粒料饲喂肉牛,日增重达1132g,以洋蓟青贮料为主饲喂肉牛,日增重达838g,分别比玉米青贮料组(620g)高512、218g,差异显著.     

新型饲料资源——洋蓟营养价值评定

通过对云南近年来引进的洋蓟副产物营养价值的分析和牲畜饲喂试验，结果表明，洋蓟茎叶粉和洋蓟青贮的粗蛋白含量为10．4％左右，略高于一般玉米的水平；体外干物质消化率比玉米青贮高12个百分点，相当于优质牧草的水平；氨基酸总量和必须氨基酸含量均高于青贮玉米；以洋蓟茎叶粉为主要原料制成肉牛颗粒料饲喂肉牛，日增重达1132g，以洋蓟青贮料为主饲喂肉牛，日增重达838g，分别比玉米青贮料组（620g）高512、218g，差异显著。     

熟洋蓟花苞片饲喂肉用型西门塔尔种牛效果及效益分析

[目的]利用熟洋蓟花苞外层片饲喂肉用型西门塔尔种牛,测量体重增重效果,分析熟洋蓟与玉米青贮作为粗料在相同的饲养环境条件下牛只饲养的经济效益情况。[方法]选取40头8~10月龄的肉用型西门塔尔育成母牛及20头哺乳母牛(犊牛在1月龄内)分别随机分成两组,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组为育成母牛分别饲喂熟洋蓟和玉米青贮,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为哺乳母牛分别饲喂熟洋蓟和玉米青贮;粗料按采食量添加,精料和青干草投放量育成牛两组相同、哺乳牛两组相同,犊牛精料均为自由采食,60d后称重。[结果]饲喂熟洋蓟和玉米青贮的Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组育成母牛60d后平均体重及日增重分别为307.72±13.94kg、1154±206g和278.28±17.60kg、711.53±187.43g;Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组哺乳母牛饲喂熟洋蓟和玉米青贮后其犊牛60d后平均体重及日增重分别为119.74±8.87kg、1115.83±247.13g和106.48±11.63kg、960.33±276.65g;差异均显著(P0.05)。[结论]分析通过四个组饲喂熟洋蓟和玉米青贮后牛只增重效果,可以看出,Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(犊牛)饲喂熟洋蓟增重效果分别优于饲喂玉米青贮的Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组(犊牛);随着牛只对熟洋蓟采食量的增加,青干草采食量也有所增加,但精料量同时逐渐减少,到第35d时可完全不喂精料,可大大降低饲料成本,提高经济效益。     

青贮饲用油菜对山羊肉用性能的影响研究

为研究青贮饲用油菜对山羊肉用性能的影响,本试验选取24只羊在试验点A分为两组,选取36只羊在试验点B分为3组,饲喂青贮饲用油菜、青贮玉米,记录增重、耗料量,试验结束后进行屠宰测定和肉质分析。结果表明:饲喂青贮饲用油菜的肉羊平均日增重54 g、屠宰率49.5%、胴体净肉率80.0%,与饲喂全株青贮玉米的相当,比饲喂去棒青贮玉米分别提高了28.6%、3.3个百分点和1.1个百分点(P0.05);对羊肉营养成分及肉质无明显影响。从而得出结论:品质良好的青贮饲用油菜可以用于肉羊育肥。     

全株玉米青贮饲料饲喂肉牛增重效果试验

[目的]为探讨全株玉米青贮饲料饲喂肉牛的效果.[方法]试验选择18月龄体重相近的西门达尔杂种黄牛20头,随机分成全株玉米青贮组和去除果穗的玉米秸秆青贮组进行对比分析,每组10头.[结果]玉米全株青贮组头均日增重为1350 g,比去除果穗的玉米秸秆青贮组的1 030 g提高320 g,差异显著(P＜0.05).试验期玉米全株青贮组头均纯收益比去除果穗的玉米秸秆青贮组提高175.2元,差异显著(P＜0.05).[结论]玉米秸秆经过青贮处理后,其营养价值和适口性好,尤其是全株青贮玉米饲喂肉牛明显好于普通青贮饲料的饲喂效果,可明显提高肉牛增重速度和经济效益,采食量也有所提高,饲料报酬高,对于规模较大的肉牛养殖场,可在今后可大力推广应用.     

青贮甜高粱和全株饲用玉米配比料饲喂西门塔尔肉牛的效果比较

[目的]饲草在肉牛养殖中发挥着重要作用,通过牛体增重对比不同饲草及其配比喂养西门塔尔肉牛效果,以确定较优的青贮甜高粱和全株饲用玉米的配比.[方法]在冬季温室养殖条件下,设计5组配比的青贮甜高粱和全株饲用玉米饲喂西门塔尔肉牛,定期称量牛体增重,并分析各试验组养殖效益.[结果]试验结果显示,青贮甜高粱和全株玉米喂养西门塔尔...     

FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸饲喂肉牛效果试验

[目的]为了探讨和观察FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸调制及其饲喂肉牛育肥效果.[方法]以20头18～24月龄雄性西门塔尔杂交肉牛为试验对象,随机分为两组,进行FP4秸秆发酵活干菌青贮玉米秸与氨化麦秸肉牛育肥比较试验.两组日粮水平完全相同,试验组日饲喂袋装青贮玉米秸,对照组饲喂氨化麦秸.[结果]表明,试验组头均日增重为1 170 g,比对照组的892.4 g提高23.7%.试验组头均纯收入为1 051元,比对照组的585元多收入466元,经济效益提高了44.3%,收益显著.[结论]说明FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸杆能显著提高饲养效益.     

青贮饲用高粱对肉牛屠宰性能、胴体品质的影响

为探究青贮饲用高粱对肉牛屠宰性能、胴体品质的影响,综合考虑各种青贮饲用高粱的营养搭配是否满足肉牛营养需要,以期推动中国现代肉牛经济发展。研究以西门塔尔三代阉牛为试验牛,以BJ0603青贮饲料作为基础饲粮。饲喂试验结束后,每个日粮处理组挑选3头牛进行屠宰分割,测定屠宰性能及胴体品质。结果表明,不同比例的青贮高粱和青贮玉米不仅会影响肉牛的采食量和日增重,还会间接影响肉牛的产肉性能。随着日粮中青贮饲用高粱比例的增加,肉牛的采食量降低,能量摄入不足,影响机体内脂肪的正常沉积,降低了肉的嫩度。但对牛肉常规营养成分无显著影响,对其肉色影响显著。     

不同类型玉米秸秆处理方式及饲喂肉牛效果观测

[目的]为有效解决冬春季牛羊饲草料供给不足的问题,提高养殖综合效益。[方法]本试验采用全株玉米戴穗青贮、鲜玉米秸秆青贮、干玉米秸秆微贮和干玉米秸秆黄贮等4种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式,并进行饲喂肉牛试验。试验[结果]表明,经90d育肥,饲喂全株玉米戴穗青贮、鲜玉米秸秆青贮、微贮、黄贮的肉牛头均日增重分别为1 109.78g、1 010.89g、955.29g和955.74g,头均纯收益分别为1134.9元、1030.5元、1026.9元和1018.8元,分别较饲喂未处理干秸秆的肉牛多增收326.9元、222.3元、218.7元和210.6元,增重效果和经济效益十分显著。[结论]全株玉米带穗青贮饲料可显著提高肉牛的增重速度和养殖效益,可全面推广普及。     

在玉米秸青贮料中添加不同的青贮添加剂对肉牛的饲喂效果

用乳酸菌和碳酸氨铵＋尿素两种方法对玉米秸进行了青贮效果的研究。添加乳酸菌可使玉米秸青贮的pH值降低，添加尿素＋碳酸氢铵后玉米秸青贮的粗蛋白升高；添加青贮添加剂可使玉米秸青贮的干物质和有机物质的有效降解率提高；添加青贮添加剂的玉米秸青贮饲喂肉牛后均可提高肉牛的日增重，在60d的饲喂期间添加乳酸菌组可提高肉牛日增重162．5g,，添加尿素＋碳酸氨铵组提高日增重132．5g。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein