葡萄分层地下滴灌滴头布设深度优化

为解决不同树龄葡萄根系的差异使得地下滴灌系统在布设应用中存在的困难,采用室内试验和HYDRUS-2D数值模拟相结合的方法,以宁夏和关中葡萄产区为例,研究了2种土质条件下分层地下滴灌土壤水分运动规律,提出了分层地下滴灌带最佳布设深度.研究结果表明,HYDRUS-2D模拟值与试验实测值具有良好的吻合度.地下滴灌带的埋深直接影响土壤水分的分布,2种土质下湿润体内部处于最佳含水率区间的土壤体积随滴头间距的增加而增大.通过适当增大浅层滴头埋深并减小深层滴头埋深可减小表层水分无效损耗.从避免水分无效消耗以及提高湿润体与根系匹配效果等角度出发,建议关中地区葡萄单滴头灌溉且适宜滴灌带布设深度为20 cm;宁夏贺兰山地区滴灌带布设深度以15 cm和45 cm为宜.     

线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的影响因素试验研究

线源滴灌设计中,滴灌管出流均匀性与土壤湿润均匀性有本质不同,前者仅仅是后者必要的基础,但是要保证线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性,还需要考虑滴头间距、滴头流量、滴水量和土壤质地的差别。对影响线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的主要因素进行了试验研究。试验中所用土壤为沙土和沙壤土;滴头间距为30 cm和50 cm;滴头流量为0.3~4 L/h;滴水量为10~25 L不等。试验表明,沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度取决于湿润区的交汇程度,而湿润区的交汇程度又取决于土壤湿润区水平运移宽度和滴头间距。沙土沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度随滴水量的增大而显著增大,沙壤土的相应指标则随滴头流量的增大而增大。土壤湿润均匀度随滴头间距的增大而减小。线源滴灌设计时,粘粒含量较少的土壤应该有一定的设计湿润深度和较小的滴头间距才能保证其湿润均匀度满足设计要求。研究结论对完善滴灌技术设计理论有帮助。     

Emitter discharge variability of subsurface drip irrigation in uniform soils: effect on water-application uniformity

Emitter discharge of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) decreases as a result of the overpressure in the soil water at the discharge orifice. In this paper, the variation in dripper discharge in SDI laterals is studied. First, the emitter coefficient of flow variation CV _q was measured in laboratory experiments with drippers of 2 and 4 L/h that were laid both on the soil and beneath it. Additionally, the soil pressure coefficient of variation CV _hs was measured in buried emitters. Then, the irrigation uniformity was simulated in SDI and surface irrigation laterals under the same operating conditions and uniform soils; sandy and loamy. CV _q was similar for the compensating models of both the surface and subsurface emitters. However, CV _q decreased for the 2-L/h non-compensating model in the loamy soil. This shows a possible self-regulation of non-compensating emitter discharge in SDI, due to the interaction between effects of emitter discharge and soil pressure. This resulted in the irrigation uniformity of SDI non-compensating emitters to be greater than surface drip irrigation. The uniformity with pressure-compensating emitters would be similar in both cases, provided the overpressures in SDI are less than or equal to the compensation range lower limit.     

Dynamics and modeling of soil water under subsurface drip irrigated onion

Subsurface drip irrigation provides water to the plants around the root zone while maintaining a dry soil surface. A problem associated with the subsurface drip irrigation is the formation of cavity at the soil surface above the water emission points. This can be resolved through matching dripper flow rates to the soil hydraulic properties. Such a matching can be obtained either by the field experiments supplemented by modeling. Simulation model (Hydrus-2D) was used and tested in onion crop (Allium cepa L.) irrigated through subsurface drip system during 2002-2003, 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. Onion was transplanted at a plant to plant and row to row spacing of 10 cm × 15 cm with 3 irrigation levels and 6 depths of placement of drip lateral. The specific objective of this study was to assess the effect of depth of placement of drip laterals on crop yield and application of Hydrus-2D model for the simulation of soil water. In sandy loam soils, it was observed that operating pressures of up to 1.0 kg cm⁻² did not lead to the formation of cavity above the subsurface dripper having drippers of 2.0 l h⁻¹ discharge at depths up to 30 cm. Wetted soil area of 60 cm wide and up to a depth of 30 cm had more than 18% soil water content, which was conducive for good growth of crop resulting in higher onion yields when drip laterals were placed either on soil surface or placed up to depths of 15 cm. In deeper placement of drip lateral (20 and 30 cm below surface), adequate soil water was found at 30, 45 and 60 cm soil depth. Maximum drainage occurred when drip lateral was placed at 30 cm depth. Maximum onion yield was recorded at 10 cm depth of drip lateral (25.7 t ha⁻¹). The application of Hydrus-2D confirmed the movement of soil water at 20 and 30 cm depth of placement of drip laterals. The model performance in simulating soil water was evaluated by comparing the measured and predicted values using three parameters namely, AE, RMSE and model efficiency. Distribution of soil water under field experiment and by model simulation at different growth stages agreed closely and the differences were statistically insignificant. The use of Hydrus-2D enabled corroborating the conclusions derived from the field experimentation made on soil water distribution at different depths of placement of drip laterals. This model helped in designing the subsurface drip system for efficient use of water with minimum drainage.     

防堵塞地下滴灌系统设计与性能试验分析

为解决滴灌过程中地下滴灌系统的堵塞问题,设计了新型防堵塞地下滴灌系统并阐述了其工作原理、设计要求,分析并确定地下滴灌系统水压为15~25 kPa,出水孔间距为300 mm,防护管内壁与毛管的外壁距离为40 mm时,灌水均匀度可达到85%以上;通过该系统对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠生长的影响试验结果表明,防堵塞地下滴灌与膜下滴灌、普通滴灌相比能保持20~60 cm深度土壤含水率的稳定性,明显提高植株根冠比,增加有效根表面积,加快根系周转与更新,进而增强植株根系对水分和养分的吸收能力。     

间接地下滴灌下灌水量对枣树生理特征及果实品质的影响

通过小区试验,以地表滴灌为对照,探究红枣间接地下滴灌模式下水分的分布特征及不同灌水量对枣树生理生态指标、产量、品质的影响。间接地下滴灌下,最大的含水率出现在15~30cm土层处;而地表滴灌下,最大的含水率出现0~10cm土层处。枣树各生理生态指标,随灌水次数的增加,各处理性状差异逐渐增大,间接滴灌下中供水和高等供水枣树长势较好,低供水处理下红枣的糖分含量高,中供水处理下红枣的有机酸和VC含量高;地表滴灌处理枣树的平均单株产量高,但水分利用率最低,中供水处理不明显降低红枣单果质量和平均单株产量的前提下可以提高水分利用率;综合考虑枣树长势、产量、果实品质及水分利用率,中供水是间接地下滴灌下最佳的灌水量。     

地下滴灌条件下棉花土壤水分运移田间试验研究

在棉花大田实地测量的基础上,对地下滴灌条件下棉花不同生育期内土壤含水量进行分析,同时对实际应用效果进行监测,结果表明:地下滴灌影响土壤水分变化深度主要为20~60 cm,棉花根系主要集中在15~50 cm。通过对棉花常规地面沟灌、膜下滴灌和地下滴灌土壤水分变化试验研究分析和应用效果监测,棉花地下滴灌节水增产效果显著。     

不同灌溉方法对冬小麦农田土壤温度的影响

田间试验表明,地面畦灌、喷灌和滴灌改变了土壤温度的剖面分布特征。喷灌和滴灌处理表层温度低于地面灌溉处理,而且剖面温差小。高频率的灌溉使得滴灌处理表层土壤温度低,最高温度分布在土壤20cm深度左右,剖面温度分布呈现"S"型特征。喷灌处理表层温度也较低,除表层外土壤温度的剖面分布可以近似为指数函数的分布特征。地面畦灌处理土壤温度的剖面分布表现出明显的指数函数分布特征。灌溉方法对土壤温度剖面分布特征的研究有助于分析不同灌溉方法的灌溉效应。     

Effect of subsurface drip irrigation on onion yield

Subsurface drip system is the latest method of irrigation. The design of subsurface drip system involves consideration of structure and texture of soil, and crop’s root development pattern. A 3-year experiment was conducted on onion (Allium Cepa L., cv. Creole Red) in a sandy loam soil from October to May in 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 to study the effect of depth of placement of drip lateral and different levels of irrigation on yield. Tests for uniformity of water application through the system were carried out in December of each year. Three different irrigation levels of 60, 80 and 100% of the crop evapotranspiration and six placement depths of the drip laterals (surface (0), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 cm) were maintained in the study. Onion yield was significantly affected by the placement depth of the drip lateral. Maximum yield (25.7 t ha⁻¹) was obtained by applying the 60.7 cm of irrigation water and by placing the drip lateral at 10 cm soil depth. Maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) (0.55 t ha⁻¹ cm⁻¹) was obtained by placing the drip lateral at 10 cm depth. The greater vertical movement of water in the sandy-loam soil took place because of the predominant role of gravity rather than that of the capillary forces. Therefore, placement of drip lateral at shallow depths is recommended in onion crop to get higher yield.     

下衬阻水板宽度对地下滴灌土壤水分运移的影响

【目的】提高深埋地下滴灌在作物生长初期的水分供应能力,降低其深层渗漏风险。【方法】设置无阻水板、下衬7.8 cm阻水板及9.4 cm阻水板的点源地下滴灌土槽试验,测定下衬阻水板宽度对地下滴灌土壤湿润锋运移和土壤水分分布的影响程度。【结果】下衬阻水板不影响地下滴灌土壤湿润锋形状,仍近似于扁椭圆形,但改变了地下滴灌土壤湿润模式;下衬阻水板对地下滴灌土壤水分水平方向运移距离影响不大,但明显增加了土壤水分垂直向上运移距离,减小了土壤水分垂直向下运移距离,使得地下滴灌土壤湿润体整体向上层迁移,阻水板越宽,土壤湿润体向上层迁移的越明显。下衬阻水板可以调整土壤湿润体内的土壤水分分布,随着下衬阻水板宽度的增大,浅层(0~10 cm土层)土壤含水率增大,而深层(50~60 cm土层)土壤含水率减小。【结论】下衬阻水板可以促进地下滴灌土壤湿润体及水分向上层土壤集中,有利于保障作物生长初期的水分供应。     

滴灌方式对南疆沙区成龄红枣土壤水分的影响

【目的】确定南疆沙区红枣适宜的滴灌制度和滴灌方式。【方法】以7 a生矮化密植骏枣树为材料,设置枣树根部1个滴头灌水和多点滴灌灌水2种滴灌方式,每种方式设置3个灌水量(900、1 050、1 200 mm),进行了田间小区试验。【结果】多点滴灌方式下,不同灌水量土壤剖面水分分布有显著规律,表现为50 cm以上土层同层水平距离20 cm土壤含水率小于水平距离40 cm,50 cm以下土层则相反。110 cm土层以下单点滴灌土壤水分显著高于多点滴灌,110 cm以上土层单点滴灌土壤水分显著低于多点滴灌。受灌水量和滴灌方式的影响,同一处理不同土层土壤水分随时间推移其变化规律并不一致。【结论】单点滴灌与多点滴灌土壤水分分布规律差异显著,但耗水量无显著差异。     

极端干旱区滴灌葡萄适时控制灌溉试验研究

以常规滴灌为对照,研究了适时滴灌条件下监测点土壤含水率、葡萄生长过程及产量的特征。结果表明,粘壤土条件下,与40cm和60cm监测点土壤含水率相比,20cm深度监测点土壤含水率具有代表性好、灵敏性高、达到设计土壤含水率下限的时间间隔比较合理的优点,可作为该地区葡萄适时控制灌溉的理想深度;适时滴灌条件下,葡萄的叶面积指数、地上净生物量、叶片生理指标和产量均略低于常规滴灌,但水分利用效率高于常规滴灌。     

滴灌施肥对棉田土壤速效养分的影响研究

采用田间抽样调查分析的方法,研究了滴灌施肥对西北内陆地区棉田土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明,地下滴灌条件下,土壤碱解氮和有效钾的含量随距离毛管位置增加而增加,而有效磷的趋势则相反;膜下滴灌施肥条件下,有效钾和有效磷的趋势与地下滴灌一致,而碱解氮的趋势则是毛管处最高;滴灌施肥条件下,0～100 cm土体中土壤养分残留量膜下滴灌一般高于地下滴灌,尤其是氮的残留量较高。     

新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌带合理设计及布设参数的数值分析

为了摸清新疆含砾石复杂土壤条件下土壤水分运动规律,优化葡萄滴灌系统设计中的各项设计参数及合理布设,该文通过田间交汇试验确定合适的滴头间距为30 cm,并借助Hydrus-2D数值模型确定了土壤水力参数,同时运用该数值模型模拟了不同滴头流量和滴灌带水平间距布设形式下地表滴灌土壤水分分布特征。根据土壤湿润体特征结合葡萄根系分布规律,确定新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌系统合理的滴头流量为2.5～3.0 L/h,滴灌带水平间距为60 cm。该结果可为新疆砾石地复杂土壤葡萄滴灌系统的科学设计和田间合理布设提供参考。     

滴灌湿润比对成龄库尔勒香梨树根系分布的影响

在充分灌溉条件下采用3种滴灌湿润比(20%、40%、60%).以漫灌为对照.研究库尔勒成龄香梨吸水根(根直径≤1 mm)在0～70 cm土层内分布的变化,探讨滴灌湿润比对根系分布的影响.结果表明,漫灌成龄库尔勒香梨树吸水根水平方向上在距树体1～2 m内从树行由内向外呈递增趋势;垂直方向上根系随深度呈递增趋势.滴灌对成龄...     

新疆棉田地下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律的初步研究

为探讨新疆棉田地下滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移的规律,在棉花各个生育阶段运用TDR和取样从水平方向和垂直方向测定棉田距滴灌带不同位置的土壤水分和盐分,研究分析后认为地下滴灌条件下棉花整个生育期土壤中盐分运移规律为:苗期较高,花铃期较低,吐絮期又较高。盐分经过长时间的水平和垂直运移,水平方向在距滴灌带较远的地方含盐量较高,最后在滴灌带中间位置积聚;垂直方向在耕作层的盐分含量有所降低,耕作层处于脱盐过程,盐分主要向深层运移,在80 cm以下的土层处于积盐过程。     

贺兰山东麓砂质酿酒葡萄园土壤水分分布研究

针对贺兰山东麓砂质酿酒葡萄园漏水漏肥,水分利用率低等问题,采用田间试验,分别设置沟灌、单管滴灌和双管滴灌的方式,研究土壤水分分布及葡萄需水规律,从而制定适宜的灌溉制度。结果表明,沟灌水分下渗基本在70cm内的根系分布层,灌溉后期含水率低,灌溉周期为13d;双管滴灌水平侧渗区域主要集中在20～45cm的葡萄毛根活动区域,垂直入渗在在60cm根系分布区内,灌溉周期为9d;单管滴灌垂直下渗速率高于侧渗速率,灌溉周期为7d。单管滴灌方式便于大规模的葡萄机械化管理,最佳水分管理方式为增加单次灌溉时间让单次灌水量达到450m3/hm2。     

磷肥施入方式对土壤速效磷含量及玉米生长的影响

2016年和2017年分别进行了玉米盆栽和大田试验.盆栽试验中,磷肥施入方式设置磷肥基施和磷肥分3次随水施入2种,滴灌带埋深设置0,15,30 cm 3个水平.大田试验中增加了地表滴灌不施磷肥处理作为对照.结果表明磷肥以随水施入方式分次施入土壤时,能提高土壤剖面中速效磷含量,土壤剖面中速效磷呈随距滴头距离增加而减小的趋势.磷肥随水施入措施可以有效促进作物生长及产量形成,对玉米产量的影响在α=0.1水平上达到显著.滴灌带埋深为15 cm时,作物生长及产量优于地表滴灌处理.当滴灌带埋深为30 cm时,在一定程度上降低了施入磷肥对作物生长的促进作用.建议采用地下滴灌磷肥随水施入方式,但也应该避免使用过深的滴灌带埋深.     

The areal distribution of soil moisture under sprinkler irrigation

The areal distributions of soil water content under varying uniformities of sprinkler water application were observed on two different soil types, to quantify the relationship between the subsurface distribution of soil moisture and water application on the ground surface. Field experimental results showed evidence of the importance of redistribution of the unevenly applied surface water. The water within the soil is more uniformly distributed than that applied through a sprinkler irrigation system. The extent of water redistribution within the soil profile depends mainly on the uniformity of initial soil water content and the total applied water. The distribution of water in the soil under a wide range of water application uniformities can be represented by a normal distribution function. The analyses for the influence of the number of samples on observation accuracy of soil moisture uniformity indicated that the number should not be less than nine.     

Growth and yield of oleic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under drip irrigation in very strongly saline soils

A four-year trial was set up to test the feasibility of growing oleic sunflower in a very strongly saline wasteland with drip irrigation in the Ningxia plain of Northwest China. The soil salinity expressed as electrical conductivity of the saturation paste extract (EC _e ) was around 28 dS/m, and soil nutrient was deficient in the upper 120 cm depth. The experiment included five soil matric potential (SMP) treatments, with the SMP at 20-cm depth immediately under the emitters maintained to be higher than ?5, ?10, ?15, ?20 and ?25 kPa after sunflower establishment. Drip irrigation consistently created a favourable soil moisture and low-salinity region in the root zone when the SMP was maintained higher than ?25 kPa. The sunflower dry seed yield decreased by 3.8 % for each unit increase in seasonal average soil salinity in the root zone. Plant vegetative growth, yield characteristics, irrigation frequency and irrigation amount all increased with the increase in SMP from ?25 to ?5 kPa, and the highest irrigation water use efficiency was available when the SMP was between ?10 and ?15 kPa (the amount of applied water was around 750 mm). Leaching of salts by drip irrigation gradually turned the very strongly saline soil into a moderately saline soil. This research suggests that drip irrigation can be successfully used in oleic sunflower cultivation in this highly saline soil and a SMP threshold between ?10 and ?15 kPa is suggested for irrigation scheduling.