Modeling delivery performance in pressurized irrigation systems from simulated peak-demand flow configurations

A methodology to assess performance of pressurized irrigation distribution networks is presented, which is based on generation of flow configurations from simulated delivery scenarios, and on subsequent analysis of network operation and delivery achievements. The rationale of the methodology entails simulating the peak-demand flow configurations in the pipe network through a deterministic–stochastic combined agro-hydrological model, and forecasting the delivery performance by means of a hydraulic simulation model and of some specific performance indicators. The agro-hydrological model generates disaggregated information on soil water deficits for all the cropped fields downstream from the delivery hydrants, and forecasts the demand flow hydrographs and irrigation deliveries for the entire service area during peak-demand periods. The simulated-demand flow configurations are then passed on to the hydraulic simulation model, which evaluates the hydraulic performance achievable by the pipe network. The performance analysis is then refined using additional indicators specifically adapted to pressurized irrigation networks. The proposed methodology was applied to a large-scale pressurized irrigation system of southern Italy that is in need of modernization. Results proved the usefulness of the combined use of simulation tools as components of an analytical framework to address modernization and re-engineering of existing irrigation delivery networks, on the basis of targeted delivery performance.     

考虑水头损失的管道灌溉分水口轮灌分组优化模型

[目的]优化灌溉系统中分水口轮灌分组的灌溉制度,在满足流量要求的条件下节约电能.[方法]提出了在考虑水头损失时不同分水口状态与管道进口压力的关系模型,该模型利用分水口开关0,1状态作为自变量,从管道末端起利用推导的递推公式求出管道进水口的等效水头损失系数.依据该模型,在定流量分组轮灌优化中得到为使分组轮灌功率最小的目标...     

基于粒子群算法的低压管灌系统水力计算方法

为了应对水资源危机,中国大力推广低压管灌技术用于粮食作物的灌溉.基于水量平衡和能量守恒原理,以系统的水量偏差最小为目标函数,支管的能量守恒和水量平衡作为约束条件,支管进口流量为决策变量,建立了低压管道输水灌溉系统的一维恒定流水力模拟模型,并相应地提出了试算-粒子群算法(TPSA)进行求解,可以获得系统实际运行时水泵的工况点以及各级管道和出水口的实际流量.将该方法应用于上海市一灌区的低压管灌系统,对比了TPSA与梯度法的求解结果,证明在同时工作的支管数较多的情况下TPSA可以获得更佳的求解结果,误差最多可减小12.3%,耗时最多可减少16.3%.应用该方法可以对管灌系统的初步设计成果进行校核和调整,对提高设计可靠性具有一定作用.     

Planning intraseasonal water requirements in irrigation projects

The problem of planning intraseasonal irrigation requirements for the reservoir based projects with an extensive water distribution network is addressed. The network is hierarchical and consists of canals, distributaries or laterals and field turnouts or outlets. Irrigation requirements are estimated by considering the problem at two levels. At the first level, the intraseasonal weekly and biweekly irrigation requirements of crops at the field turnouts are estimated by a daily two layer soil water balance model. At the second level, the field level water requirements are transferred to the upstream nodes of the water distribution network after accounting for conveyance losses by a simple hydraulic model for flow in canals. The main questions examined are (i) whether there are significant year to year fluctuations in intraseasonal field level irrigation requirements of crops and (ii) whether a reliable sequence of target weekly/biweekly reservoir releases can be derived for irrigation planning at the project level. This is done in the context of a case study irrigation project in India.     

无压圆管的水力分析研究

依据水力学的基本原理,通过对圆形过水断面管道自流状态下不同流量的水力分析,提出了利用过水包角进行圆形过水断面管道水力计算的新方法.与传统的计算方法相比实现3项突破:一是利用数学分析法进行水力计算,消除了计算过程中的误差,提高了求解精度;二是计算过程更加简单便于记忆;三是分门别类总结出圆形断面几种特殊情况下的水力计算方法...     

管网特性对水泵变流量运行能耗的影响

在暖通空调的水系统中,管网型式与阻力的变化对水泵运行特性产生重要的影响.通过实例对水泵变流量运行进行计算与分析,并采用管网阻力调节、水泵台数控制及变频控制方法调节系统流量.探讨了管网变化对水泵变流量运行能耗的影响;分析了管网性质与水泵运行工况的关系,以及各种流量调节方式与水泵运行能耗的关系.计算结果表明：管网特性对水泵变流量运行的能耗影响较大.通过增加管网的阻力调节流量,通常会使水泵的能耗降低;水泵变频控制方式对开、闭式管网的运行能耗影响有较大的区别,静压值越大,节能效果越小;在闭式循环管网中,水泵台数控制与变频控制是两种有效的节能调节方法,由于管网发生变化,水泵的运行工况变化不满足相似律;水系统通过采用压差控制流量时,最不利环路可能发生变化成为次不利环路,所以末端压差控制因管网变化而形成水力失调,最小阻力控制比定压差控制有显著的节能效果.     

GS环境下枝状供水管网水力计算

枝状管网是小城镇供水管网的主要布置形式，提出了在GIS环境下构建水表、管段和开口的拓朴关系，利用抄表水量确定节点流量的方法，并针对枝状配水管网的水力计算问题，提出了一种简便快速计算的方法——递归方法，分析了递归原理、链式表的建立以及递归算法的具体实现等。实践证明该方法对提高城镇输配水管网的水力计算精度高，有较大的应用价值。     

基于CAD的滴灌系统水力自动计算模型

针对滴灌CAD系统中水力计算与管网布置的耦合问题,研究了管网图形识别及有效性判定,并基于AutoCAD二次开发思想,应用步进法水力学解析原理,建立了滴灌系统计算机辅助设计水力计算模型,有效地将管网图形与水力计算耦合,使水力计算结果及时反馈到管网图形中,为实际工程管网水力性能的优化提供了技术手段.通过算例对该模型进行了验证,结果表明,应用该模型计算出的流量和水头偏差率均在允许范围内,管网识别及水力计算过程可在10min内完成.     

基于改进空气阀模型的输水系统支管放空过程分析

为了分析复杂管道系统支管上游阀门关闭所诱发的水力过渡过程现象,采用进气量由空气阀安装处逐步向下游推进的方法,建立改进的空气阀计算模型,并以某输水系统为例,分别采用2种空气阀模型开展相应的水锤计算.研究结果表明:采用经典空气阀计算模型时,受支管上游高程较大的影响,支管产生了“虚假”流量,导致仿真结果与工程实际偏离较大;而采用改进的空气阀计算模型时,支管流量逐步减小为0,汇流点主线上游流量逐步增大,下游流量逐步减小,过渡过程中主线各调压井水位有所下降,但并未出现漏空现象;各调压井水位及汇流点稳定压力与恒定流计算(主线流量为121.5 m³/s,支线流量为0)结果最大偏差仅0.16 m.计算结果证明了该改进空气阀计算模型的适用性,并为复杂输水系统的放空及充水过程研究提供了一种新的方法.     

混流泵出水歧管流场分析及结构改进

针对排灌作业混流泵出水歧管头部涡旋严重,歧管侧面出水流道内存在较为严重的涡旋及局部脱流问题,提出了相应的结构改进方案,以提高侧面出口断面速度分布均匀性、减小流道的水力损失为目标,将建立的参数化三维模型导入至IECM中完成网格的划分,利用CFD三维湍流数值模型进行有限体积法分析,逐步改进出水歧管流道的结构。结果表明,管道的连接圆滑过渡程度、岔管的夹角会影响流场的分布,通过这2个关键因素的改进来提高出水歧管的流道性能,从而减小水力损失。     

配水管网水力计算新方法探讨

提出一种对两类配水管网基础方程分别处理,管段流量和节点水压同步校正的管网平差方法.该方法无需初始分配流量,不计闭合环信息,求解过程简单,收敛性好.计算初始假定流向,使得利用计算机进行管网水力计算更加方便易行.据此编写了电算程序,并通过多水源供水管网水力计算实例验证其可行性及精确性.     

基于线性规划的给水管网系统动态有限元优化设计

给水管网系统优化设计是解决城市供水管道故障有效方法之一,通过将给水管网年折算费目标函数对管径的非线性函数作线性处理,从而建立了每一段管网的造价折算模型,并以表征给水管网特征的坐标参数作为约束条件,计算出线性规划最优解,且对管段能量方程作线性处理,在水力学动态平衡原理和有限元理论基础上,建立有限元分析模型.该计算模型实用简便,可为工程应用提供参考.     

微孔渗灌管水力特性的试验研究

通过试验实测的方法,对埋入地下的微孔渗灌管灌水时管路的水力特性进行了研究。结果表明,随着进水口压力、管长和微孔渗灌管透水性能的增加,微孔渗灌管水流量、沿程的水头损失和水力偏差率增大,且水头损失主要发生在微孔渗灌管靠近进水口的前半段。实际设计管网时,应综合考虑供水压力、渗灌管透水性能对水头损失的影响,确定管网中毛管的长度,保证灌水均匀度。     

给水管网优化设计的多目标遗传算法

为兼顾给水管网优化设计中的经济性和可靠性问题,以管网年费用和管网系统可靠性为目标函数建立给水管网优化设计的多目标遗传算法数学模型;并将系统可靠性定义为"节点富余水头加权平均值"和"管网恢复力",进而对多目标遗传算法模型求解过程进行分析。最后以一个典型的工程案例加以验证,结果表明,多目标遗传算法所得到的目标函数值和管网水力性能明显优于传统设计方法,充分说明了多目标遗传算法用于管网优化设计的实用性和有效性。     

灯泡贯流泵装置内部流动及水力特性

为了深入研究灯泡贯流泵装置内部流动与水力特性之间的联系,采用数值计算、性能试验与PIV流场测试方法,获得了灯泡贯流泵装置在大流量、小流量和最优工况下的流动和水力特性.采用RNG紊流模型和SIMPLEC算法,基于多旋转坐标系模型,计算了灯泡贯流泵内部定常流动.分析了泵装置内部流动,指出小流量工况下泵叶轮的进口有较大范围的旋涡区,出水灯泡体内流态较为紊乱;而在最优工况及大流量工况下,泵装置内未见明显回流区.研究表明,灯泡贯流泵进水流道水力损失符合传统管道内局部水力损失规律,而出水流道的水力损失表现为与泵装置运行工况相关的规律,最优工况点附近损失最小,小流量和大流量工况点水力损失均较大.计算结果与二维PIV流动测试结果均表明在小流量下进口近泵壳侧有明显的回流区,而在叶轮出口靠近轮毂处有大面积的脱流.因此,灯泡贯流泵装置优化水力设计应当重视小流量工况下叶轮和导叶处的流动特性.     

基于图论和列队竞争算法的环状管网优化设计

用控制参数少、具有二个竞争水平的进化算法——列队竞争算法进行环状管网优化设计。优化过程中先用该算法产生管径组合方案,然后用基于图论理论的水力计算模型计算每个方案的管段水头损失和设计流量,据此再计算该方案的适应度函数,从而得到系统的管径组合方案和管段计流量。通过工程实例验证表明,提出的优化法可行,优化效果明显,且该方法不用初设管段流量,输入参数少,收敛速度快,易于程序实现。     

Mathematical modeling of open-channel velocity profiles for float method calibration

A computational method based on mathematical modeling of steady-state hydraulics is described for improving the accuracy of the float method for estimating open-channel discharge. Both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) velocity distribution model versions were developed for steady-state uniform flow in open channels with rectangular cross-sections. The normal depth of flow was obtained by solving the Chézy equation for uniform flow conditions. Cross-sectional velocity distributions were calculated by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and an algebraic model for turbulent stresses, without the use of wall proximity corrections to the pressure strain term. The calculated 3-D velocity coefficients were found to be in the same range as previously published United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) coefficients, but the results also indicate that the USBR coefficients, which are based solely on average water depth, can be improved by taking into account other hydraulic parameters such as longitudinal bed slope, channel base width, and wall roughness. The mathematical model exhibited considerable sensitivity to initial conditions, boundary condition parameters, and numerical convergence criteria, also manifesting spikes in the calculated surface velocity coefficients for discrete changes in hydraulic parameters. Finally, it was found that the 2-D version of the model is not appropriate for calculating surface velocity coefficients because it does not account for secondary flow in the channel cross-section, and the calculated surface velocity in the center of the cross-section is overestimated.     

Performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems operating on-demand using flow-driven simulation models

On-demand pressurized irrigation systems are designed to deliver water with the flow rate and pressure required by the farm irrigation systems, sprinkling or micro-irrigation, and respecting the time, duration and frequency decided by the farmers. Due to the variation in farm demand along the season and the day, a large spatial and temporal variability of flow regimes occurs in these systems, which may affect the performance of the farm systems and the yields of the irrigated crops. Therefore, there is a need to analyse those systems to identify and solve performance problems. In this research, two simulation models for the analysis of irrigation systems operating on-demand, ICARE and AKLA, are used and compared to assess the hydraulic performance of the irrigation network of the Lucefecit Irrigation System, in Southern Portugal. ICARE assesses the global performance of the irrigation system through the indexed characteristic curves, while AKLA provides for the identification of the relative pressure deficit and reliability at every hydrant. Both models adopt a flow-driven analysis approach, performing the analysis for multiple flow regimes. To support the hydraulic characterization of the system and for calibration of the steady-state hydraulic model, field measurements were performed at selected nodes of the network, including four hydrants. The analysis with ICARE does not provide for a sufficient identification of problems. In fact, poor performance is indicated when a few hydrants operate below the minimum pressure set at design. Differently, the analysis with AKLA, applied at the hydrant level, shows that the performance of the Lucefecit system is generally acceptable. AKLA identifies which hydrants operate below the required pressure and, therefore, allows to support any eventual related improvement. Results show that the performance of the system highly improved when changing the piezometric elevation from 260 to 265 m a.s.l. However, this improvement is not sufficient because three hydrants still have high relative pressure deficit and low reliability. Solutions for those hydrants require increasing diameters of network pipes supplying them.     

灌溉管网非恒定流计算机实现方法

为了研究灌溉管网非恒定流计算机实现方法,基于非恒定流的基本原理及其特征线(MOC)解法,探讨了采用节支关联表和支节关联表建立管网结构信息,并对管网数据进行储存、计算和结果输出的方法,在计算过程中通过数组储存不同的节点类型及管网参数供计算机调用。通过实例对典型喷灌管网的非恒定流过程进行了计算并分析。结果表明,该方法储存管网结构信息简单方便,计算机能够快速识别节点类型并调用相应的边界条件子程序,本方法可用于复杂灌溉管网的非恒定流建模与分析。     

泵站虹吸式出水管数值模拟及水力优化

利用RNG 紊流模型,采用有限体积法和结构化网格,对虹吸式出水管进行数值模拟。由数值模拟结果分析了虹吸式出水管内部水力特性,并通过改变影响虹吸管水力特性的几个主要参数对原方案虹吸管进行了水力优化。优化方案较原方案进行比较,在水流流态、压力分布和水力损失方面,均有明显改善,可为虹吸式出水管设计提供参考。