A review of downscaling methods for remote sensing-based irrigation management: part I

High-resolution daily evapotranspiration (ET) maps would greatly improve irrigation management. Numerous ET mapping algorithms have been developed to make use of thermal remote sensing data acquired by satellite sensors. However, adoption of remote sensing-based ET maps for irrigation management has not been feasible due to inadequate spatial and temporal resolution of ET maps. Data from a coarse spatial resolution image in agricultural fields often cause inaccurate ET estimation because of a high level of spatial heterogeneity in land use. Image downscaling methods have been utilized to overcome spatial and temporal scaling issues in numerous remote sensing applications. In the field of hydrology, the image downscaling method has been used to improve spatial resolution of remote sensing-based ET maps for irrigation scheduling purposes and thus improves estimation of crop water requirements. This paper (part I) reviews downscaling methods to improve spatial resolution of land surface characteristics such as land surface temperature or ET. Each downscaling method was assessed and compared with respect to their capability of downscaling spatial resolutions of images. The companion paper (part II) presents review of image fusion methods that are also designed to increase spatial resolutions of images by integrating multi-spectral and panchromatic images.     

Optimization model of an irrigation reservoir for water allocation and crop planning under various weather conditions

This paper develops a non-linear programming optimization model with an integrated soil water balance, to determine the optimal reservoir release policies, the irrigation allocation to multiple crops and the optimal cropping pattern in irrigated agriculture. Decision variables are the cultivated area and the water allocated to each crop. The objective function of the model maximizes the total farm income, which is based on crop–water production functions, production cost and crop prices. The proposed model is solved using the simulated annealing (SA) global optimization stochastic search algorithm in combination with the stochastic gradient descent algorithm. The rainfall, evapotranspiration and inflow are considered to be stochastic and the model is run for expected values of the above parameters corresponding to different probability of exceedence. By combining various probability levels of rainfall, evapotranspiration and inflow, four weather conditions are distinguished. The model takes into account an irrigation time interval in each growth stage and gives the optimal distribution of area, the water to each crop and the total farm income. The outputs of this model were compared with the results obtained from the model in which the only decision variables are cultivated areas. The model was applied on data from a planned reservoir on the Havrias River in Northern Greece, is sufficiently general and has great potential to be applicable as a decision support tool for cropping patterns of an irrigated area and irrigation scheduling.     

关中地区夏大豆蒸发蒸腾及作物系数的确定

作物系数-参考作物蒸发蒸腾量法是作物需水量计算最普遍采用的方法。作物系数作为该方法的重要参数,它的确定已成为作物需水量研究的关键问题。依据2005-2007年3年田间试验资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了关中地区夏大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量,并利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,由此计算了大豆各生育阶段的作物系数,并分析了大豆作物系数变化规律。结果表明:关中地区大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量平均为524.6 mm;大豆作物系数全生育期平均为0.82,在开花~结荚阶段最大,平均为1.22,其次为结荚~成熟阶段,平均为1.05,播种~幼苗最小为0.26;在关中气候背景下,大豆作物系数与大于10℃积温具有较好的二次多项式关系。     

Wastewater application and water use of Larrea tridentata

Treated wastewater has been applied to agronomic crops, rangelands, forests and recreation areas including parks and golf courses, and to disturbed lands such as mine spoil sites. While land application systems are conventional technology for many communities, there is limited information to guide land managers in arid and semiarid environments where wastewater may be the only source of supplemental irrigation. In order to develop a creosote climate-based water balance irrigation scheduling model to irrigate a desert ecosystem using wastewater, a crop coefficient (K_c) for the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) must be determined. The objective of this study is to determine the K_c and evapotranspiration rate of L. tridentata in non-water limiting conditions and to use the data for wastewater irrigation scheduling in the Chihuahuan desert. The study site, located in Las Cruces, New Mexico is semiarid with an average annual rainfall of 220 mm. Thirty L. tridentata shrubs were purchased from a commercial greenhouse in 19 l pots. The pots were weighed before an irrigation and 24 h after irrigation. The weight change was converted to depth of Et based on the area of the plots. Reference Et was determined from climate data and a crop coefficient calculated. A third order polynomial described the change in the crop coefficient with both day of year and growing degree days using a base and minimum cutoff temperature of 0 °C, no upper cutoff temperature and only data when the day length was greater than 11 h. The coefficient of determination was 0.76 using day of year and 0.77 using GDD. The crop coefficient was used in a water balance irrigation scheduling model to predict creosote water use under rainfall condition in the Chihuahuan desert.     

Impact of global warming on cowpea bean cultivation in northeastern Brazil

This study evaluated the effects of climate change on cowpea bean crop grown in northeastern Brazil based on the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The water balance model combined with Geographic Information System techniques was used to identify regional areas where the cowpea bean crop will suffer yield reduction due to climate changes. Model input variables were: rainfall, crop coefficients, potential evapotranspiration and duration of the crop cycle. A limit value of 0.5 was adopted for the water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI), being the ratio of actual to maximum evapotranspiration. The acceptable seeding date was defined as the date at which the water balance simulation presented a WRSI value greater than the limit value, with a frequency of at least 80%. An increase in air temperature will cause a significant reduction in the areas currently favorable to cowpea bean crop growth in northeastern Brazil, and it is recommended that bean varieties better suited to high-temperature conditions should be planted.     

Water balance estimates over Greece

Water balance for 31 locations in Greece is calculated on the basis of long-term average monthly precipitation, evapotranspiration and combined soil and vegetation characteristics, according to the method proposed by Thomthwaite and Mather. Monthly evapotranspiration estimates are calculated from 27 years (1960–1987) of routine meteorological data using the original Penman method. Soil and vegetation characteristics specific for the locations under study are combined in the water capacity of the root zone (WCRZ). similar water balance calculations were carried out using various fixed values of WCRZ for all stations, to evaluate the effects of soil and vegetation through the WCRZ in the final estimates of soil moisture deficits. Water balance calculations were also performed using average monthly evapotranspiration estimates calculated according to the empirical Tbomthwaite method. Results were compared in order to show possible differences that could be attributed to the method of estimating evapotranspiration. Finally, results obtained with a value of WCRZ fixed at 300 mm and potential evapotranspiration estimated by the Thomthwaite method for the period 1969–1987 were compared with existing similar results over a longer period in the past (1931–1968), in order to detect diachronic changes in the water balance components over the same regions in Greece.     

Deficit irrigation in a production setting: canopy temperature as an adjunct to ET estimates

Water available for agricultural use is declining worldwide as a result of both declining water resources and increasing application costs. Managing crop irrigation under conditions where the water need cannot be fully met represents the future of irrigation in many areas. On the southern high plains of Texas there is interest among producers to reduce the amount of water applied to cotton. In this study, a producer’s efforts to reduce water application to a cotton crop were assessed in terms of a comparison between evapotranspiration, rainfall, and irrigation that is widely used in the region. The producer was able to reduce water application to meet intended reductions relative to the evapotranspiration estimates but, depending on the method used for calculating the crop water need, he tended to over water the crop in two out of three intended deficit irrigation regimes. Analysis of continuously monitored canopy temperatures provided verification of over-irrigation. Continuously monitored canopy temperature is proposed as a useful adjunct to evapotranspiration approaches to deficit irrigation management.     

降水的随机模拟及其在灌溉中的应用

本文研究了一个由简单的产生逐日降水的方法用在水量平衡方程中确定作物的灌溉量和灌溉时间的模拟模型。该降水模型用月平均的气象资料产生逐日降水,并且在水量平衡模型中将蒸发蒸腾量值进行了随机化处理。对陕西省的扶风县和大荔县分别进行了23年和29年的冬小麦和夏玉米的灌溉模拟。利用模拟结果分析了灌水量和最可能产生缺水的时间。此方法可用于半干旱地区在各种降水情况下的灌溉模拟。     

Integrating satellite-based evapotranspiration with simulation models for irrigation management at the scheme level

Improvements in irrigation management are urgently needed in regions where water resources for irrigation are being depleted. This paper combines a water balance model with satellite-based remote-sensing estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) to provide accurate irrigation scheduling guidelines for individual fields. The satellite-derived ET was used in the daily soil water balance model to improve accuracy of field-by-field ET demands and subsequent field-scale irrigation schedules. The combination of satellite-based ET with daily soil water balance incorporates the advantages of satellite remote-sensing and daily calculation time steps, namely, high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. The procedure was applied to Genil–Cabra Irrigation Scheme of Spain, where irrigation water supply is often limited by regional drought. Compared with traditional applications of water balance models (i.e. without the satellite-based ET), the combined procedure provided significant improvements in irrigation schedules for both the average condition and when considering field-to-field variability. A 24% reduction in application of water was estimated for cotton if the improved irrigation schedules were followed. Irrigation efficiency calculated using satellite-based ET and actual applied irrigation water helped to identify specific agricultural fields experiencing problems in water management, as well as to estimate general irrigation efficiencies of the scheme by irrigation and crop type. Estimation of field irrigation efficiency ranged from 0.72 for cotton to 0.90 for sugar beet.     

Water balance and nitrate leaching in an irrigated maize crop in SW Spain

During 3 consecutive years (1991–1993) a field experiment was conducted in an intensively irrigated agricultural soil in SW Spain. The main objective of this study was to determine the water flow and nitrate (N0₃) leaching, below the root zone, under an irrigated maize crop and after the growing season (bare soil and rainy period). The experiment was carried out on a furrow-irrigated maize crop at two different nitrogen (N)-fertilization rates, one the highest traditionally used by farmers in the region (about 500 kg N ha⁻¹ per year) and the other one-third of the former (170 kg N ha⁻¹ per year). The aim was to obtain data that could be used to propose modifications in N-fertilization to maintain crop yield and to prevent the degradation of the environment. The terms for water balance (crop evapotranspiration, drainage and soil water storage) and nitrate leaching were determined by intensive field monitoring of the soil water content, soil water potential and extraction of the soil solution by a combination of neutron probe, tensiometers and ceramic suction cups. Nitrogen uptake by the plant and N0₃-N produced by mineralization were also determined.The results showed that, in terms of water balance, crop evapotranspiration was similar at both N-fertilization rates used. During the irrigation period, drainage below the root zone was limited. Only in 1992 did the occurrence of rainfall during the early growing period, when the soil was wet from previous irrigation, cause considerable drainage. Nitrate leaching during the whole experimental period amounted to 150 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the treatments with high and low N-fertilization, respectively. This occurred mainly during the bare soil and rainy periods, except in 1992 when considerable nitrate leaching was observed during the crop season due to the high drainage. Nitrate leaching was not so high during the bare soil period as might have been expected because of the brought during the experimental period. A reduction of N-fertilization thus strongly decreased nitrate leaching without decreasing yield.     

Water use efficiency of winter-sown chickpea under supplemental irrigation in a mediterranean environment

Chickpea is one of the major legume crops grown in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It has considerable importance as a food, feed and fodder. Traditionally, it is sown in spring as a rainfed crop in the region, which has highly variable and often insufficient rainfall. It is, therefore, largely raised on residual moisture, which results in low and variable yields and discourages farmers from investing inputs in its production. In the early 1990s, a winter-sown chickpea technology was developed that outweighs spring-sown chickpea in terms of productivity, water use efficiency and other traits. Limited supplemental irrigation can, however, play a major role in boosting and stabilizing the productivity of both spring-sown and winter-sown chickpea. Therefore, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation and sowing date on yield and water use efficiency in winter-sown chickpea.An experiment was carried out over four cropping seasons (1997–2001) at ICARDA’s main station at Tel Hadya, Aleppo, northern Syria (mean annual rainfall 330 mm). A cold-tolerant chickpea cultivar with improved resistance to ascochyta blight (ILC 3279, released as Ghab 2 in Syria) was grown in rotation with wheat. The experiment included three sowing dates (late November, mid-January, and late February) and four levels of supplemental irrigation (SI): full SI, 2/3 SI, 1/3 SI, and no SI, i.e. rainfed. The plots were replicated three times in a split-plot design, with date of sowing being the main plot treatment. Soil water content was monitored at approximately at 7–14-day intervals using a neutron probe. Crop evapotranspiration was determined for each subplot during each time interval, from sowing to harvest, using the soil-water balance equation. Water use efficiency was determined as the ratio of crop yield per unit area to seasonal evapotranspiration.The results showed that chickpea yield per unit area increases with both earlier sowing and increased SI. However, water use efficiency under supplemental irrigation decreases with earlier sowing, due to the relatively large increase that occurs in the amount of evapotranspiration at early sowing dates. The study’s results indicated that a 2/3 SI level gives the optimum water use efficiency for chickpea under supplemental irrigation. Under rainfed conditions, however, it was found that sowing chickpea around mid-January resulted in the highest WUE. The analysis also proposed a function, based on regression, which relates winter-sown chickpea yield to water use and which is applicable under both supplemental and rainfed conditions.     

Impact of crop rotation and minimum tillage on water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in a Vertisol

Crop water use efficiency of irrigated cotton was hypothesized to be improved by a combination of minimum tillage and sowing a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation crop. This hypothesis was evaluated in a Vertisol near Narrabri, Australia from 1997 to 2003. The experimental treatments were: continuous cotton sown after conventional or minimum tillage and minimum-tilled cotton–wheat. Soil water content was measured with a neutron moisture meter, and runoff with trapezoidal flumes. Application efficiency of irrigation water was estimated as the amount of infiltrated water/total amount applied. Plant available water was estimated using the maximum and minimum soil water storage during the growing season. Evapotranspiration was estimated with the water balance method using measured and simulated soil water data. Seasonal evapotranspiration was partitioned into that coming from rainfall, irrigation and stored soil water. Crop water use efficiency was calculated as cotton lint yield per hectare/seasonal evapotranspiration. Rotation of cotton with wheat and minimum tillage improved water use efficiency in some years and application efficiency in all years. Average seasonal evapotranspiration was higher with minimum tillage than with conventional tillage. In years when cotton was sown in all plots, average cotton crop water use efficiencies were 0.23, 0.23 and 0.22 kg (lint)/m³ for minimum-tilled cotton–wheat and continuous cotton, and conventionally tilled continuous cotton, respectively. In-season rainfall efficiency, transpiration and soil evaporation were unaffected by cropping system.     

Scheduling water application on drip irrigated sugarcane

Irrigation is necessary in order to produce sugarcane in semiarid south Texas, but water supplies are becoming increasing limited. Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems offer more precise water control than conventional furrow irrigation, but are more expensive. This study was conducted to evaluate four different methods (pan evaporation (E_pan), evapotranspiration (ET), auto-tensiometers, manual tensiometers) for determining the amount of irrigation water to apply, and three different frequencies of water application on sugarcane, in order to make the most efficient use of available water using subsurface drip irrigation. The study was conducted over three sugarcane seasons: the plant crop and two ratoon crops. The amount of water applied based on the different methods varied from year to year, with the ET method prescribing the most water in the first ratoon crop but the least amount in the second ratoon. This was probably caused mostly by differences in annual weather conditions. The more frequently water was applied, the larger amount any method tended to prescribe, since more frequent applications resulted in keeping the soil profile fuller, therefore providing less capacity to store rainfall when it occurred. Number of stress days as determined by calculating a stress coefficient based on ET and soil water balance indicated a large amount of stress in the first ratoon but almost none in the second ratoon crop. Direct soil water monitoring indicated much less stress than the calculated levels. Growth measurements and sugarcane yields showed that the highest water applications resulted in the best responses, regardless of the scheduling method used. All irrigation scheduling methods were effective, prescribing similar amounts of water for a given season. Direct measurement using tensiometers gives the most accurate assessment of field conditions, but is expensive and labor intensive. Automated tensiometers were not very reliable. Pan evaporation and ET are effective once they are properly calibrated by developing appropriate coefficients for a particular region. Pan evaporation has been used for a long time, but it is more difficult to obtain reliable data compared to ET data from automated weather stations.     

Evapotranspiration,pan evaporation and soil water relationships for wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Controlled irrigation experiments were conducted for wheat grown in lysimeters having undisturbed soil profiles and protected from rainfall with transparent plexiglass roofs. Crop evapotranspiration during different crop growth stages and its relationships with Class A pan evaporation and soil water parameters were studied. The actual evapotranspiration during different crop growth stages was greatly influenced by amount and time of irrigation. The ratio of the maximum evapotranspiration and Class A pan evaporation increased linearly from germination to 46 days after sowing and remained constant at 1.45 from 46 to 76 days. Then the ratio decreased linearly towards the crop ripening. The actual evapotranspiration was equal to the maximum evapotranspiration up to the critical value of relative soil water, and then the actual evapotranspiration decreased at a very fast rate with further decrease in relative soil water. The critical value of the relative soil water varied from 0.65 to 0.84 during the crop growth-stage periods late tillering-heading and dough ripe-ripe, respectively.     

On-farm rainwater and crop management for improving productivity of rainfed areas

Scarcity of water is a critical limitation to adoption of modern technology for increasing productivity of traditional rainfed rice growing areas of eastern Madhya Pradesh, India. The shortage of water results from uneven distribution of rains, significant gaps between rain events and field water losses rather than from low seasonal or annual rainfall totals. A feasible strategy to alleviate this limitation is to harvest excess rainwater in a farm pond during the wet season and use the conserved water for crop production in both wet (as insurance against drought) and dry seasons by adopting suitable crop and cropping systems. The results of water balance in a 1.05 ha field, on which a farm pond was built using 0.09 ha area, showed that 28–37% of seasonal rainfall was available as surface runoff from microcatchment (0.66 ha growing soybean, peanut and pigeonpea) for collection in the pond. This was sufficient for saving rice in a 0.30 ha area (in the lower side of the field) from drought stress, and for establishment of chickpea and mustard (in 0.90 ha) in the post-rainy season after harvest of rainy season crops. Soybean, peanut and pigeonpea, grown in the microcatchment during the rainy season, utilized respectively 371–726, 364–733 and 535–920 mm water in evapotranspiration (E,) and deep percolation (P). Rice grown below the pond required 28–317 mm water in different seasons to save the crop from in-season drought stress which commonly occurred during vegetative and reproductive stages. Water requirement (E, + P) of rice was 816–1342 mm in different seasons. Residual soil moisture after rainy season soybean, peanut and rice was sufficient (172–203 mm) to support post rainy season crops of chickpea and mustard. However, the losses of moisture from the soil surface layer after harvest of rainy season crops were rapid (7–23 mm), which necessitated a light irrigation (21–45 mm) for establishment of chickpea and mustard in the post-rainy season. The water balance results of soybean-mustard, peanut-mustard and peanut-chickpea were near identical to soybean-chickpea cropping. Similarly the water balance of rice-mustard was identical to Corresponding author. rice-chickpea in the vertisols. Soybean-mustard and rice-chickpea were the suitable and economical cropping systems for the microcatchment and service area of the farm pond.     

基于ET管理的土地整理水资源供需平衡分析——以河北省魏县车往镇基本农田土地整理项目为例

以土地整理中水资源供需平衡为基础,引入基于ET管理的水资源供耗分析,为缺水地区水资源供需平衡提供一种依据。以魏县基本农田土地整理项目为研究对象,建立基于ET理念的水资源平衡关系,分析项目区可利用水资源量及耗水量(即ET值),得出不同水平年下的供需结果。研究结果表明,现状水平年下水资源缺口29.81万m3,2010年项目区采取措施后综合ET值降低,盈余水量20.07万m3,实现了水资源供需平衡。     

Irrigation scheduling performance by evapotranspiration-based controllers

Evapotranspiration-based irrigation controllers, also known as ET controllers, use ET information or estimation to schedule irrigation. Previous research has shown that ET controllers could reduce irrigation as much as 42% when compared to a time-based irrigation schedule. The objective of this study was to determine the capability of three brands of ET-based irrigation controllers to schedule irrigation compared to a theoretically derived soil water balance model based on the Irrigation Association Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) protocol to determine the effectiveness of irrigation scheduling. Five treatments were established, T1-T5, replicated four times for a total of twenty field plots in a completely randomized block design. The irrigation treatments were as follows: T1, Weathermatic SL1600 with SLW15 weather monitor; T2, Toro Intelli-sense; T3, ETwater Smart Controller 100; T4, a time-based treatment determined by local recommendations; and T5, a reduced time-based treatment 60% of T4. All treatments utilized rain sensors set at a 6 mm threshold. A daily soil water balance model was used to calculate the theoretical irrigation requirements for comparison with actual irrigation water applied. Calculated in 30-day running totals, irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency were used to quantify under- and over-irrigation, respectively. The study period, 25 May 2006 through 27 November 2007, was drier than the historical average with a total of 1326 mm of rainfall compared to 1979 mm for the same historical period. It was found that all treatments applied less irrigation than required for all seasons. Additionally, the ET controllers applied only half of the irrigation calculated for the theoretical requirement for each irrigation event, on average. Irrigation adequacy decreased when the ET controllers were allowed to irrigate any day of the week. All treatments had decreased scheduling efficiency averages in the rainy season with the largest decrease of 29 percentile points with a timer and rain sensor (T4) and an average decrease of 20 percentile points for the ET controllers, indicating that site specific rainfall has a significant effect on scheduling efficiency results. Rainfall did not drastically impact the average irrigation adequacy results. For this study, there were two controller program settings that impacted the results. The first setting was the crop coefficients where specific values were chosen for the location of the study when calculating the theoretical requirement whereas the controllers used default values. The second setting was the soil type that defines the soil water holding capacity of the soil. The ET controllers were able to regularly adjust to real-time weather, unlike the conventional irrigation timers. However, the incorporation of site specific rainfall measurements is extremely important to their success at managing landscape water needs and at a minimum a rain sensor should be used.     

Crop evapotranspiration of processing tomato in the San Joaquin Valley of California, USA

Yield of processing tomato has increased by 53% over the past 35 years. Thus, concerns exist about the current seasonal crop evapotranspiration requirements of processing tomato compared to the past published requirements, which were about 645 mm. Also, the mid-season crop coefficient for processing tomato developed 35 years ago with sprinkler irrigation was 1.25, while a mid-season coefficient developed 20 years ago with subsurface drip irrigation was 1.05. Because of the age and variability of crop coefficients and the long-term yield increase, a study was conducted to determine the seasonal crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of processing tomatoes using the Bowen ratio energy balance method in eight commercial fields from 2001 to 2004. Measurements were made in both furrow- and drip-irrigated fields. Results showed seasonal crop evapotranspiration to range from 528 to 752 mm with an average of 648 mm. No statistical differences were found between furrow and drip irrigation. Mid-season crop coefficients varied between 0.96 and 1.09 with statistically similar values between furrow- and drip-irrigation for a given year. Current evapotranspiration rates were similar to those of the early 1970s, indicating that the water use efficiency of processing tomato increased substantially with time during the past 35 years.     

Agronomic and economic response to furrow diking tillage in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The Southeast U.S. receives an average of 1300 mm annual rainfall, however poor seasonal distribution of rainfall often limits production. Irrigation is used during the growing season to supplement rainfall to sustain profitable crop production. Increased water capture would improve water use efficiency and reduce irrigation requirements. Furrow diking has been proposed as a cost effective management practice that is designed to create a series of storage basins in the furrow between crop rows to catch and retain rainfall and irrigation water. Furrow diking has received much attention in arid and semi-arid regions with mixed results, yet has not been adapted for cotton production in the Southeast U.S. Our objectives were to evaluate the agronomic response and economic feasibility of producing cotton with and without furrow diking in conventional tillage over a range of irrigation rates including no irrigation. Studies were conducted at two research sites each year from 2005 to 2007. Irrigation scheduling was based on Irrigator Pro for Cotton software. The use of furrow diking in these studies periodically reduced water consumption and improved yield and net returns. In 2006 and 2007, when irrigation scheduling was based on soil water status, an average of 76 mm ha⁻¹ of irrigation water was saved by furrow diking, producing similar cotton yield and net returns. Furrow diking improved cotton yield an average of 171 kg ha⁻¹ and net return by $245 ha⁻¹ over multiple irrigation rates, in 1 of 3 years. We conclude that furrow diking has the capability to reduce irrigation requirements and the costs associated with irrigation when rainfall is periodic and drought is not severe.     

淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的变化规律研究

【目的】研究淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的时空变化规律。【方法】采用水量平衡法、涡度相关法和Bouchet互补关系理论,结合Penman-Montieth方程,计算得到1991—2018年淮北平原冬小麦的作物系数;采用线性拟合法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和突变检验法滑动t检验法,结合ArcGIS,研究了作物系数在淮北平原的时空变化规律,并对影响因素进行分析。【结果】①淮北平原冬小麦全生育期的实际蒸散量的多年平均值为429.3 mm,参考作物蒸散量为541.3 mm,作物系数为0.79;②作物系数在不同生育阶段的变化为先减小后增大再减小;③作物系数在淮北平原全生育期由西北角向周围逐渐增大,高值中心呈现北移趋势;④作物系数与气候因子紧密相关,其中气温的影响最为显著,相对湿度和降水次之,风速最不显著。【结论】作物系数存在显著上升趋势,与气候因子关系紧密,需要关注作物需水量的变化。