不同鲢密度对千岛湖沿岸池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响

为了进一步检验中营养条件下滤食性鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）的控藻效应,于2017年5-9月,在浙江省淳安县千岛湖邵家鱼种场选择8口大小、形状等各种条件基本一致的池塘,设置无鱼（CK）0 g/m3、低密度（LD）10 g/m3、中密度（MD）20 g/m3和高密度（HD）30 g/m3共计4个鲢处理组,放养的鲢体重为（61.03±3.70）g、体长为（14.21±0.27）cm,经每月3次浮游植物样品采集和观察,探究不同密度的鲢放养对浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,浮游植物优势种组成在不同处理组池塘间无显著差异。双因素方差分析表明,鲢密度和月份对浮游植物密度和生物量均有显著作用,月份而非鲢密度对其多样性产生显著影响,2个因素对浮游植物生物量有而对其密度和多样性指数无交互作用。3个有鲢处理组池塘藻类总密度和蓝藻密度均有较大幅度下降,它们的蓝藻密度、中高密度组池塘藻类总密度显著低于无鱼组;中、高密度组池塘蓝藻生物量、中密度组池塘藻类总密度均显著低于无鱼组和低密度组。实验结果表明,鲢对浮游植物的抑制作用具有密度效应,随鲢放养密度和水体藻类现存量的变化而变化,鲢中等密度放养能显著遏制浮游植物现存量,密度依赖的鲢滤食量对浮游植物的抑制作用明显大于营养短路和藻类小型化对浮游植物的促进效应。     

Viability of a Freshwater Mussel (Elliptio complanata) as a Biomechanical Filter for Aquaculture Ponds II: Effects on Aquaculture Pond Water Quality

Bivalves have been proven to be an inexpensive method for removing suspended solids, dissolved nutrients, and controlling algal growth through suspension feeding. The freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata, is one of the most abundant species in Delaware, and it is additionally favorable for this experiment because of its hardiness against environmental stress and its filtration efficiency. This study examines the possibility that biomechanical filters such as E. complanata can supplement existing chemical and mechanical filtration regiments in aquaculture pond management. Twelve earthen aquaculture ponds located at the Delaware State University were stocked at a density of 4,000 catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) per hectare. Four different concentrations (0, 75, 150, and 300) of E. complanata were placed in trays within the ponds with three replicates of each concentration. The trays were suspended 15 cm below the surface of the water for a period of five months. Fish were fed a 32% protein diet twice daily at a rate of 1% of their body weight. Water quality was analyzed weekly while fish and mussel growths were measured biweekly. Results from water quality parameters varied significantly and were not conclusive based on the data obtained in this study. Water quality did not improve within the mussel treatment ponds during the course of this study and was found to be significantly below that of control ponds for all of the water chemistry parameters measured, with the exception of ammonia. Catfish in the 150 mussel treatment ponds grew the fastest; the 75 mussel treatment provided the most growth in mussels; and the 300 mussel group maintained the highest mussel survivorship. Although there were differences between ponds, fish growth and survivorship were not significantly different between treatments. While our mussel densities may have not been sufficient, their placement within the water column may have added additional stress. Being removed from the sediment can result in a decreased clearance rate in a benthic species such as E. complanata. This study may not have been conclusive in proving that mussels can be used to maintain water quality in aquaculture ponds, but we did see positive growth and survivorship of mussels and fish that indicated that the mussels were thriving in the aquaculture pond setting. This study may show that aquaculture ponds provide a suitable habitat in which propagated mussels may be held until their release into native areas.     

Filtration of Green Algae and Cyanobacteria by Freshwater Mussels in the Partitioned Aquaculture System

Abstract.— The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was provided water containing green algae and cyanobacteria delivered from the Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) at eight flow rates to determine algal filtration rates as mg of particulate organic carbon (POC)/kg wet tissue weight per h. The dominant taxon in cyanobacterial waters was Microcystis while the dominant taxa in green algal waters were Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus . The cell counts of Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus were the only algal taxa that were significantly different between the incoming water and water filtered by mussels. Filtration rates of POC obtained from green algal water were significantly greater than from cyanobacteria-dominated waters at all flow rates. A significant increase in mean filtration rate was observed as flow rates increased. The filtration rate of green algae increased as POC concentration increased, peaking at 28 mg C/L. A maximum filtration rate was not observed with cyanobacterial waters.     

Convective Drying Kinetics and Physical Properties of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fillets

The aim of this work was to investigate drying kinetics of silver carp fillets at the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70°C for two air velocities (0.5 and 1.5 m/s) and to evaluate the effect of drying temperature on the physical properties of the products. From regression analysis of the experimental data, a Two-term model was found to adequately predict the drying process at all conditions tested. Effective moisture diffusivities (D_eff) ranged between 2.47?×?10^?10 m²/s and 5.98?×?10^?10m²/s and increased with temperature and air velocity. Rehydration ratio, hardness, and springiness were significantly affected by drying temperature. Color parameters, except b*, showed no dependence on temperature.     

密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼营养成分分析与评价

为全面了解密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼的营养特征,以密云水库秋季鲢鱼和鳙鱼为研究对象,对其肌肉的水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、矿物质元素含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成进行分析。研究结果表明,密云水库鲢鱼和鳙鱼肌肉蛋白质含量分别为(18.40±0.40)%和(18.60±0.57)%,粗脂肪含量为(0.60±0.10)%和(1.48±0.91)%,富含人体所需的钾、钠、钙、镁、磷等常量元素及铁、锰、锌、硒等微量元素;鲢鱼、鳙鱼肌肉中,18种常见氨基酸均被检出,其中谷氨酸含量高,必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的40.00%和40.16%,必需氨基酸指数分别为99.15和98.76;鲢鱼、鳙鱼肌肉中分别检出脂肪酸12种和19种,相对含量均表现为多不饱和脂肪酸>饱和脂肪酸>单不饱和脂肪酸,而多不饱和脂肪酸中均以二十二碳六烯酸相对含量最高,其次为二十碳五烯酸,两者之和分别达30.64%和23.79%。研究结果表明,密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼是良好的蛋白质来源,氨基酸组成合理,富含矿物质和有益脂肪酸,具有很好的营养价值和可食用性。     

鲢幼鱼非疲劳贴网及姿态转换行为研究

流速是影响鱼类生存与繁衍栖息的重要因子。为了了解鱼类在中等流速区的游泳行为,探究其对水流的适应特征,利用鱼类游泳能力测定装置,以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼[体重(9.82±3.81) g,体长(8.56±1.11) cm)]为对象,采用递增流速法,分析了游泳过程中的非疲劳贴网行为与姿态转换行为。结果表明,在22℃水温条件下,鲢幼鱼平均相对临界游泳速度(critical swimming speed,U_(crit))相比其体长(body length,BL)为(6.00±0.93)BL/s;其非疲劳贴网速度(no-fatigue impingement speed,U_(imp))与临界游泳速度呈线性正相关,U_(crit)=1.03 U_(imp)+1.26 (R~2=0.86,P0.01);姿态转换速度(gait transition speed,U_(tran))与临界游泳速度呈线性正相关,U_(tran)=0.59 U_(crit)+1.55 (R~2=0.43,P0.01);非疲劳贴网速度与姿态转换速度呈线性正相关,U_(tran)=0.51U_(imp)+2.72 (R~2=0.41,P0.001)。在中等流速范围内(2～4 BL/s),实验鱼摆尾频率(tail beat frequency, TBF)和单次摆尾周期前进距离(stride length, SL)均随流速增加而增大。首次出现非疲劳贴网的流速为4.62 BL/s,流速增至5.08 BL/s时出现姿态转换行为。发生姿态转换后,TBF开始下降,而SL随流速增加快速增大。研究显示,鲢幼鱼非疲劳贴网行为对游泳能力和姿态转换速度有显著影响,且非疲劳贴网行为与姿态转换行为之间也存在相互影响。研究结果可为自然环境中鱼类生态行为研究、鱼类资源保护及渔业管理提供参考。     

Study on the Change of Muscle Proteins During the Half-Dried Salt-Cured Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Processing

Changes in the muscle protein during processing of half-dried salt-cured silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was studied. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assay indicated that hydrolysis of the muscle proteins took place during processing, particularly at the drying stage. Further in vitro assay on the activities of Cathepsins B and L, which are related to the degradation of the myofibrillar proteins, indicated that Cathepsins B and L still had high activity at the last stage. Total soluble nitrogen (TSN) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) and then increased during the drying stage (p < 0.05), which may be caused by the degradation of the myofibrillar proteins and other insoluble proteins. Furthermore, the retained enzymatic activity of Cathepsins B and L may contribute to the proteolysis. Our research indicates that heat pump drying is a novel drying method that can produce the traditional flavor of dried aquatic products, and the formation of high-quality flavor may be due to the degradation of the myofibrillar proteins and water-soluble proteins.     

几种金属离子对鲢肝胰脏淀粉酶的影响

以鲢的肝胰脏为材料,取组织匀浆上清液作为酶液进行研究.结果表明:鲢肝胰脏淀粉酶的最适pH为6.8,最适温度为35℃,最适底物浓度为0.03%.进一步研究1、2价金属离子和重金属离子对鲢肝胰脏淀粉酶活力的影响,结果表明:1价金属离子K+、Na+对酶活力没有影响,2价金属离子Ba2+、Ca2+对酶活力具有抑制作用,重金属离子Cd2+、Hg2+对酶活力具有显著的抑制作用.     

温度对鲢耗氧率的影响

采用封闭流水式和开放静水式对不同温度条件下(4～32℃)鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cuvier et Valenciennes)成鱼和幼鱼耗氧率进行了研究。封闭流水式的结果表明:成鱼的耗氧量和耗氧率在32℃时最高,分别为80.51mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和94.71mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在8℃时最低,为17.20mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和20.24mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。幼鱼的耗氧量和耗氧率与成鱼有着同样的变化规律,在32℃时最高,分别为5.60mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和112.00mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);在4℃最低,为1.01mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和20.12mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。开放静水式测得的成鱼的耗氧率:在32℃时最高,达136.77mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在8℃时最低,为36.08mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);幼鱼的耗氧率在32℃时最高达到194.93mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在12℃时最低,为81.18mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。研究结果表明:鲢体重在45.30～1050g范围内时,随着体重的增加,耗氧量增加,耗氧率下降,温度对鲢成鱼和幼鱼的呼吸水平均有显著的影响。     

孟家段水库鲢、鳙的生长及提高鱼产量措施

孟家段水库渔获鲢鳙中，鲢年龄组成不合理，5～7龄鱼占其总尾数67%。鲢、鳙生长较慢。应加大放养规格至13～14cm，降低放养量至每年2.5万kg，鲢鳙比例调整为3:7，加大对凶猛的捕捞力度。     

Production and Evaluation of Mexican-Style Chorizo Sausage Using Invasive Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Meat

In the United States, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is classified as an invasive fish with no commercial value. The main objective of this study was to develop a Mexican-style fish chorizo sausage with silver carp meat. Four formulations (1) containing vinegar (Wet); (2) Wet plus canola oil (O) and cassava starch/soy protein isolate extenders (E); (3) dry seasoning with no vinegar (Dry); and 4) Dry plus OE were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics (proximate composition, pH value, color, cook loss, and textural hardness) and sensory acceptability using 9-point hedonic and just-about-right scales. The addition of OE did not increase (P > 0.05) physicochemical characteristics nor (P > 0.05) sensory acceptance of the chorizo. In contrast, use of DS increased (P > 0.05) the sensory acceptability. However, panelists indicated a “saltiness” perception in all four formulations. A fifth formulation was processed using DS without salt addition. Sensory acceptability increased for this new formulation (scores between 7, like moderately, and 8, like very much). In conclusion, it is possible to formulate a Mexican-style fish chorizo sausage using silver carp meat with DS and no salt. Fish chorizo has good physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance, demonstrating a good alternative use for this otherwise underutilized invasive fish species.     

不同温度下重复疲劳运动对鲢幼鱼游泳能力及代谢率的影响

在自行设计的鱼类游泳能力测定装置中,采用流速递增法,测定了不同温度(10、15、20、25℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼2次疲劳运动过程中临界游泳速度和耗氧率的变化,探究重复疲劳运动对鲢幼鱼游泳能力和活动代谢率的影响。结果表明,在10~25℃温度范围内,鲢幼鱼临界游泳速度随温度升高而呈线性增加(U_(crit,1)=3.52+0.14T,R~2=0.98,P0.05;U_(crit,2)=3.33+0.09T,R~2=0.97,P0.05),重复运动后的临界游泳速度明显小于第1次。运动最大耗氧量(MMR)和标准代谢率(SMR)均随温度升高而增加,且第1次测试的耗氧率显著高于第2次;运动后过量耗氧率(Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption,EPOC)随着温度升高而增加,与温度相关性显著(P=0.024);第2次测试疲劳后EPOC较第1次低,疲劳运动对EPOC影响不显著(P=0.36);表明适宜温度范围内,温度对游泳能力和活动代谢具有促进作用,疲劳运动对鱼类游泳能力和活动代谢不利,有一定的抑制作用。     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道消化酶种类和活性的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法研究了鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼亲鱼消化道消化酶的种类;用比色法及滴定法分别测其消化酶相对活性。结果表明：鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼4种鱼消化道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性与食性有明显的相关性。其中,蛋白酶活性依次为鲤〉鲢〉鳙〉草鱼;淀粉酶活性依次为草鱼〉鲤〉鳙〉鲢。脂肪酶活性与食性的关系不明显。四种鱼消化酶的表达与消化道的组织结构特征相一致,消化道前2／5部位（G1、G2）的消化酶活性最高,是无胃鱼消化道的主要消化场所。消化道中央部位（G3）的消化酶活性次之,能将未消化完全的食糜进一步消化,而消化道后段（G4、G5）消化酶活性最低。可见,消化酶活性及消化功能呈递减形式,食物在消化道中随着消化、吸收,逐渐排出体外。本研究为鲤、鲢、草鱼、鳙4种鱼的营养生理学、高效饲料配比的研制及种质资源的科学管理提供理论依据。     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道消化酶种类和活性的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法研究了鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼亲鱼消化道消化酶的种类;用比色法及滴定法分别测其消化酶相对活性。结果表明：鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼4种鱼消化道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性与食性有明显的相关性。其中,蛋白酶活性依次为鲤〉鲢〉鳙〉草鱼;淀粉酶活性依次为草鱼〉鲤〉鳙〉鲢。脂肪酶活性与食性的关系不明显。四种鱼消化酶的表达与消化...     

雌核发育鲢鱼苗性转化试验

报道了采用投喂甲基睾丸酮药饵的方法对雌核发育鲢鱼苗进行性转化的初步结果。用高、中、低三种剂量的甲基睾丸酮对雌核发育鲢鱼苗的性分化进行诱导，研究不同剂量下雌核发育鲢鱼苗的存活率及对其性腺分化的影响。通过饲养观察和切片证实，鲢鱼苗摄食剂量为30μg/g的甲基睾丸酮药饵，存活率最高，且有性转化的可能。     

酯酶和乳酸脱氢酶在人工雌核发育鲢近交F1不同组织中的表达

采用聚丙烯酰胺水平平板电泳法研究了人工雌核发育鲢近交F1Ⅰ系、Ⅱ系、野生鲢、养殖鲢和雄鲤的肝、肾、心、眼和肌肉5种组织的酯酶(EST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)。比较发现:(1)雌核发育鲢近交F1Ⅰ系、Ⅱ系和野生鲢的同工酶谱基本一致,雄鲤明显区别于鲢;(2)从酯酶图谱可发现,雌核发育近交鲢F1Ⅱ系的群体内有多态现象,肝、肾、肌肉的多态位点比例分别为0·6000、0·3333、0·5000,遗传杂合度分别为0·7485、0·6622、0·1139;(3)肝脏的乳酸脱氢酶中出现C带,且C带表现出多态性;(4)没有发现能区别鲢各群体的遗传标记。     

Study on Gel Properties of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and White Croaker (Argyrosomus argentatus) Blended Surimi at Different Setting Conditions

Gel properties of blends of surimi from silver carp and white croaker set for a range of times and at different temperatures were evaluated for breaking force, breaking distance, and whiteness. Total protein content was 12% in all samples, and the concentration of white croaker surimi protein in the blends was designed at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The blended surimi had greater gel strength than either of the two types of surimi alone. Breaking force and breaking distance after setting were also significantly higher than that of the blended surimi cooked directly without setting. The blended surimi exhibited less modori than either of the two types of surimi alone heated to 50°C. The whiteness values of the blended surimi were significantly higher than that of white croaker alone. These results indicate there are advantages to be gained in utilizing surimi from freshwater silver carp in blends with surimi from marine captured white croaker which is becoming limited in supply.     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.     

Effect of temperature and phytoplankton concentration of Partitioned Aquaculture System water on freshwater mussel filtration

The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was provided green algal‐dominated water from a Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) over a range of water temperatures (6.1–32.4 °C) and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations (<1–32.2 mg C L^?1) to determine filtration rates as mg POC kg^?1 wet tissue weight h^?1. The lowest filtration rates were observed at lowest temperatures and POC concentrations while the highest rates were at intermediate temperatures and the highest POC levels. The predicted filtration rate (PFR) in response to water temperature and POC concentrations was as follows: ln PFR=1.4352+0.1192 POC+0.1399 T?0.0001 T³. Within the experimental conditions, PFRs at any POC concentration increased with increased water temperature to a peak at 22 °C and then decreased. The maximum PFR occurred at 22 °C and 32 mg C L^?1 and the minimum PFR at 7 °C and 1 mg C L^?1. A model to describe the mussel filtration rate responses to PAS water conditions involves both water temperature and POC concentration.     

Use of Hydrolysates from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Head as Peptone for Vibrio anguillarum and Optimization Using Response Surface Method (RSM)

The objective of this study was to produce fish peptone (FP) from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) heads by Alcalase® hydrolysis in order to use for growing Vibrio anguillarum instead of the standard peptones applied in the commercial media. An optimization of the FP to be used as culture media was also carried out using the response surface method (RSM). According to the results, the degree of hydrolysis and protein percentage after 24 h was 37.68 mg/mL and 20.74%, respectively. The adjustment of the quadratic model with the experimental data was satisfactory. The analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination value (0.930). The results of fish protein hydrolysates also showed that fish by-products modified by enzymatic procedures can be used as low cost nitrogen sources for bacterial growth.