Temperature variations during grain filling obtained in growth tunnel experiments and its influence on protein content,polymer build-up and gluten viscoelastic properties in wheat

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of temperature during grain filling on gluten quality characteristics at a lower to moderate temperature range. Experiments with two wheat varieties grown in field covered by polypropylene tunnels during grain filling were performed in two seasons. Mean day temperature differences achieved within the tunnel were approximately 2–2.5 °C from the open to the closed end. There were significant effects of temperature on grain maturity time, thousand grain weight and protein content. The resistance to stretching of the gluten doughs increased with the increasing day temperatures. This was reflected in the proportion of unextractable polymeric proteins (UPP). The results suggest that increases in temperature within this temperature range affect the polymerization of polymeric proteins, giving higher molecular weights, and hence increased Rmax and stronger gluten. The two varieties differed in their response to temperature. In addition, there were seasonal variations in gluten functionality that may be associated with fluctuations in day temperatures between the seasons.     

The influence of temperature extremes on some quality and starch characteristics in bread,biscuit and durum wheat

Environmental conditions during grain-fill can affect the duration of protein accumulation and starch deposition, and thus play an important role in grain yield and flour quality of wheat. Two bread-, one durum- and one biscuit wheat were exposed to extreme low (−5.5 °C for 3 h) and high (32 °C/15 °C day/night for three days) temperatures during grain filling under controlled conditions for two consecutive seasons. Flour protein content was increased significantly in one bread wheat, Kariega, under heat stress. Cold stress significantly reduced SDS sedimentation in both bread wheats. Kernel weight and diameter were significantly decreased at both stress treatments for the two bread wheats. Kernel characteristics of the biscuit wheat were thermo stable. Kernel hardness was reduced in the durum wheat for the heat treatment. Durum wheat had consistently low SDS sedimentation values and the bread wheat high values. Across the two seasons, the starch content in one bread wheat was significantly reduced by both high and low temperatures, as is reflected in the reduction of weight and diameter of these kernels. In the durum wheat, only heat caused a significant reduction in starch content, which is again reflected in the reduction of kernel weight and diameter.     

灌浆期不同阶段高温胁迫对春小麦籽粒生长的影响

灌浆期短暂高温胁迫严重影响小麦产量。为了明确灌浆期不同阶段短暂高温胁迫对春小麦籽粒生长的影响,以强筋春小麦品种龙麦26和龙麦30为试材,在人工气候室(25℃/15℃)精确控温和人工温室形成绝对高温胁迫的条件下,分析了灌浆期不同阶段5d短暂高温胁迫对粒重的影响。结果表明,在灌浆期不同阶段短暂高温胁迫处理中,两个小麦品种均表现为:前期高温胁迫对粒重影响最大,达极显著水平(P0.01);随着高温胁迫处理时期的后移,粒重降低幅度逐渐减小;后期(花后25d)高温胁迫对粒重影响不显著。灌浆期缩短是导致粒重降低的主要原因。     

水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分和品质的影响

为了给强筋小麦高产优质高效栽培提供理论依据,以高产强筋小麦品种济麦20为材料,研究了施氮量和灌溉量对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分和品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量由120 kg*ha-1(N1)增加至240 kg*ha-1(N2),籽粒蛋白质含量、清蛋白和球蛋白含量增加,(醇溶蛋白+麦谷蛋白含量)/(清蛋白+球蛋白含量)比值(谷醇/清球比值)降低,面团稳定时间缩短.同一施氮量条件下,由不灌水(W0)到灌2水(W1),籽粒蛋白质含量增加,谷醇/清球比值降低,面团稳定时间缩短;由灌2水(W1)到灌3水(W2)和5水(W3),籽粒蛋白质含量降低,蛋白质组分中清蛋白和球蛋白含量升高,醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量降低,谷醇/清球比值降低,面团稳定时间亦缩短.以上结果表明,在本试验条件下,增加施氮量和灌水量导致面团稳定时间缩短,原因是清蛋白和球蛋白占总蛋白含量的比例,即谷醇/清球比值降低.     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其与面粉品质的关系

为了探究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其相对比例的变化对小麦籽粒品质的影响,在两个不同的小麦品质生态区,选用大面积推广的40个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分在基因型与环境间的变异,以及蛋白质组分与面粉品质的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量在基因型间差异显著,而在环境间各组分含量的变异是一种非比例的增减,导致了籽粒蛋白质质量在环境间的显著差异。徐州点生态环境利于谷蛋白的合成,谷醇比显著大于南京点。在蛋白质各组分的关系中,清蛋白含量的增加降低了谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,球蛋白含量的增加则降低了谷醇比,从而降低了沉淀值。蛋白质各组分含量及比例与面粉品质密切相关,是理想的品质微量评价指标。在高蛋白品种中,当谷醇比为1.3左右时,面粉面包烘烤品质较好。     

Physicochemical control of durum wheat grain filling and glutenin polymer assembly under different temperature regimes

Durum wheat is grown in the Mediterranean area where drought and high temperature frequently prevail and impact grain texture, composition and yield. The purpose of this work was to examine the effect of high temperature on grain development and final composition according to the timing of exposure. High temperature (up to 27.5 °C) was applied either during the linear grain filling or drying phases or during whole grain development. The dynamics of grain dry mass, water, glutenin polymers, and protein bodies during grain development were determined. Irrespective of high temperature timing, the arrest of grain filling was observed at 45.9% grain moisture content. At that point, starch granules included in endosperm cells reached their physical packing limit, limiting further deposits. HT applied before physiological maturity shortened the duration of grain filling and resulted in a significant increase in grain protein concentration and in the proportion of vitreous grain. Late formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-insoluble glutenin polymers below 32% grain moisture content was also favored. The ability of wheat storage protein to form a viscoelastic matrix embedding starch granules at the beginning of grain desiccation is proposed to be mandatory for gaining vitreous grains and a high proportion of SDS-insoluble glutenin polymers.     

Effect of drought and elevated temperature on grain zinc and iron concentrations in CIMMYT spring wheat

Abiotic stress caused by increasing temperature and drought is a major limiting factor for wheat productivity around the world. Wheat plays an important role in feeding the world, but climate change threatens its future harvest and nutritional quality. In this study, grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations of 54 wheat varieties, including CIMMYT derived historic and modern wheat varieties grown in six different environmental conditions, were analyzed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of water and heat stress on the nutritional value of wheat grains with a main emphasis on grain protein content, Zn and Fe concentrations. Significant effects of environment on protein content and grain micronutrients concentration were observed. The protein and Zn concentrations increased in the water and heat stressed environments, whereas Zn and Fe yield per unit area was higher in non-stress conditions. The results suggest that genetic gains in the yield potential of CIMMYT derived wheat varieties have tended to reduce grain Zn, in some instances; however, environmental variability might influence the extent to which this effect manifests itself.     

灌浆前期高温对小麦籽粒氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为探讨花后高温胁迫对小麦籽粒氮代谢及蛋白质合成的影响机制,以黄淮地区高产小麦品种郑麦366为材料,利用人工气候室模拟花后高温的方式,在盆栽条件下研究了灌浆前期短暂高温对小麦强势粒和弱势粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性的影响.结果表明,灌浆前期高温显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,降低了籽粒蛋白质积累量和氮代谢关键酶GPT、GOT活性,其中强势粒GPT活性受高温胁迫的影响较大.小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与GPT和GOT活性均呈负相关,但相关性在不同时期间、强势粒与弱势粒间有差异,强势粒GPT活性与蛋白质含量的关系更密切.     

施镁对花后高温胁迫下小麦干物质积累转运和籽粒灌浆的影响

为明确镁对小麦花后高温胁迫的缓解效应,采用人工气候室模拟增温的方法,研究了灌浆期高温胁迫(昼/夜32/22℃)下施镁(0、10和20kg·hm~(-2))对小麦花后干物质积累转运的影响及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。结果表明,灌浆期高温胁迫显著降低了小麦籽粒的灌浆速率、粒重和产量,施用镁肥提高了小麦籽粒灌浆速率和产量。高温胁迫降低了小麦花后干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、转运率和收获指数,施镁对花后干物质积累和转运量及收获指数有显著正效应。高温胁迫下施镁提高了植株干物质积累量及在籽粒中的分配比例,从而提高了灌浆速率和粒重。孕穗期施镁能有效缓解花后高温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害,有助于籽粒灌浆和产量的形成。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

水分胁迫对盆栽冬小麦产量和部分品质性状的影响

为了寻求实现冬小麦优质高产的适宜水分指标,采用盆栽方式通过在小麦生育关键期(拔节期、灌浆期)设计不同的水分胁迫处理,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦产量和部分品质性状的影响.结果表明,灌浆期重度干旱可明显提高小麦部分品质指标,蛋白质、氨基酸含量分别较对照增加37.3%、37.6%;拔节期水分胁迫对有效穗数、穗粒数及产量影响大,而对千粒重影响最敏感的时期是灌浆期;灌浆期土壤相对含水量控制在65%～75%之间可使小麦节水高产,控制在45%～55%之间可实现节水、高产、优质三者的协调统一.     

不同小麦品种对灌浆期高温的响应差异

为探究小麦对花后高温的生理响应,以黄淮海地区的16个小麦品种为材料,测定灌浆期高温对小麦旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响,分析千粒重和产量的变化,并比较品种灌浆后期抗高温能力的差异。结果表明,高温处理7d后小麦旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量和SOD活性均高于田间自然生长小麦(对照),而MDA含量则低于对照;高温处理15d后小麦旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量、MDA含量和SOD活性较对照明显升高,而可溶性糖含量则下降。高温处理后各品种千粒重和产量均降低,豫麦49-198和郑麦366产量显著降低。相关分析、主成分分析、隶属函数法和聚类分析结果表明,济麦22和石麦19灌浆期耐热性均较高;旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量和籽粒千粒重3项指标可作为小麦耐热性评价指标。     

Environmental modification of hard red winter wheat flour protein composition

The intrinsic processing quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is modified significantly by cultural conditions and climate. In an attempt to understand the biochemical basis of such variation, environmental modification of flour protein content and composition was measured. Thirty hard red winter wheat cultivars and experimental lines were grown at 17 Nebraska environments during 1990 and 1991. Environmental conditions, including grain filling duration, temperature and relative humidity during grain filling, were monitored. Grain yield and test weight also were determined as environmental indicators. Significant linear correlations between flour protein content, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, were observed only with the duration of grain filling. Protein quality, as measured by SDS sedimentation volumes and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, was highly influenced by the frequency of high temperatures during grain filling and by the relative humidity. Observed ranges in genotypic responses (variance) at locations also were altered by environmental factors. Optimal protein quality, as determined by SDS sedimentation volumes, was observed with exposure to less than 90 h of temperature greater than 32°C during grain filling. Protein quality declined with exposure to a greater number of hours of elevated temperature.     

灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦灌浆特性和品质的影响

为了解小麦灌浆和品质对高温的响应,同时为小麦耐热育种筛选种质资源,选取我国北方麦区和黄淮麦区13个推广品种(系)于2013-2014年度种植在石家庄,以自然生长为对照,研究了塑料棚热胁迫处理下小麦籽粒灌浆和品质的基因型差异.结果表明,中麦895、CA0816、衡4444、京冬8号和石麦15的产量和千粒重在自然生长和热处理环境中均较高,抗热性好;在自然生长和热处理环境间中麦875的产量差异不大,但千粒重均较高,抗热性较好;衡08观29、衡观35和石优17的产量和千粒重在自然生长环境下较高,但在热处理下均较低,抗热性较差.与自然生长环境相比,热处理下小麦籽粒硬度增加,其他指标变化规律不一致,石优17的吸水率、湿面筋含量和硬度差异显著,衡08观29的蛋白质含量、延展性和湿面筋含量差异显著;灌浆高峰期自然生长下灌浆速率为1.5～1.8g· d-1,热处理下灌浆速率为1.3～1.6g·d-1.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

The influence of different nitrogen treatments on the size distribution of protein fractions in hard and soft wheat

The relative quantity of specific proteins, protein subunits, as well as amount and size-distribution of polymeric proteins in wheat kernels may vary due to environmental conditions. In this study, the effect of different nitrogen treatments on polymeric and monomeric proteins in wheat was determined. Two soft white biscuit wheat cultivars, a cracker wheat and a hard red bread wheat were planted under irrigation in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two successive years at six different nitrogen treatments. SE-HPLC was used to determine the amount of monomeric and polymeric proteins, and various quality characteristics were measured after harvesting. The large and small SDS-extractable polymeric proteins were not influenced by different N levels. There was a strong cultivar influence, where some cultivars had a larger reaction to N treatments than others. The later application (at flag leaf stage) of nitrogen did not increase the protein fractions. The total amount of N given seemed to have a greater influence on the protein fractions than the timing of the fertilizer application. The lowest N treatment consistently gave the lowest flour protein content value. There was a strong correlation between flour protein content and large monomeric proteins.     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

不同温光型专用小麦品种花后旗叶生理与籽粒淀粉积累特性

为探索不同温光型专用小麦籽粒淀粉的积累规律及其与植株生长状况的关系,在大田条件下,以2类温光型和3种筋型的小麦品种为材料,研究花后旗叶的生理特性和籽粒淀粉及组分积累情况。结果表明,旗叶中叶绿素含量在灌浆前期(0~21d)维持较高,后期迅速下降,但2个弱筋型品种下降速度缓慢;半冬性品种旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量均大于弱春性品种,而丙二醛(MDA)含量小于弱春性品种,差异均达极显著水平(P0.01)。不同筋型籽粒淀粉组分和总淀粉的积累动态以弱筋型品种最具优势,其直链淀粉含量均在花后14d进入快速增长期,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量在花后28d仍在持续增加,最终以半冬性弱筋品种的籽粒产量和淀粉产量最高(P0.01)。灌浆前期(0~21d),叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量与直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量呈显著和极显著的相关性(P0.01,P0.05);灌浆后期(21~28d),与直链淀粉的相关性不显著,而叶绿素含量与支链淀粉含量的相关性增大。由此可见,旗叶维持较高的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量,较低的丙二醛含量在灌浆前期有利于直链淀粉的积累,后期有利于支链淀粉的积累。     

Variation in the Breadmaking Quality and Rheological Properties of Wheat in Relation to Sulphur Nutrition under Field Conditions

Seven field experiments were conducted at four sites in England in the 1994/95 and 1995/96 cropping seasons to investigate the effects of S application on the breadmaking quality of the premium hard winter wheat variety Hereward. Two N levels (180 and 230 kg/ha) were combined with three S levels (0, 20 and 100 kg/ha) in all experiments. Loaf volume was increased significantly by S in four out of the seven experiments, whereas increasing the N rate significantly increased loaf volume in only one experiment. Responses of breadmaking quality to S were more common than responses in terms of grain yield. Sulphur application did not affect grain protein concentration directly, but tended to increase gel protein weight in flour and the proportion of polymeric proteins. The elastic modulus of gel protein and dough resistance were decreased consistently by S, whereas dough extensibility was increased by S. Correlation and regression analyses showed that grain protein concentration was a poor indicator of loaf volume, whereas grain S status (S concentration and N:S ratio) was more influential. These results indicate that there is a current need to apply S fertiliser to wheat in many areas of England in order to maintain breadmaking quality.     

不同品质类型小麦籽粒游离氨基酸、蛋白质及其组分的动态变化

为了解小麦氮素营养代谢的动态变化规律,给优质专用小麦品种选育与应用提供科学依据,选用不同品质类型的四个小麦品种(系)济南17、PH82-2-2、PH97-4、PH97-5,在两种施氮水平和两种追肥时期下研究了籽粒游离氨基酸、蛋白质及其组分的动态变化.结果表明,籽粒发育初期游离氨基酸含量高,随籽粒发育其含量逐渐下降;蛋白质含量积累呈现"高-低-高"的变化趋势,品种之间差异显著,成熟期蛋白质含量高的品种一般有较高的游离氨基酸和蛋白质积累水平.不同品质类型小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量变化动态基本一致,灌浆初期清蛋白含量较高,随籽粒发育逐渐下降,灌浆中后期下降趋缓;球蛋白总体含量水平较低,随籽粒发育缓慢下降,灌浆末期略有上升.醇溶蛋白在籽粒发育前期积累较少,花后14 d快速积累;谷蛋白在花后7 d已有一定的积累,随后其含量逐渐上升,强筋高蛋白品种有较高的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白积累水平,在成熟籽粒蛋白质中谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白所占比例也高,弱筋低蛋白品种有相对较低的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白积累,醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白所占比例也低.