基于广角摄影技术的柑橘树冠层叶面积指数检测系统

提出一种基于广角摄像技术的柑橘树叶面积指数快速、简易检测方法。将广角摄像镜头拍摄的柑橘树图像导入计算机,进行灰度化、图像增强、滤波处理与二值化处理,计算出柑橘树冠层的孔隙率,据此推导柑橘树冠层叶面积指数。试验以扫描法检测结果作为真实值,并以加拿大WinSCANOPY型冠层分析仪与本系统作检测效果对比,结果表明在同等试验条件下,利用WinSCANOPY型冠层分析仪检测柑橘树叶面积指数的相对误差变化范围为-30.39%~43.53%,相对误差绝对值的平均值为18.90%,本系统检测的相对误差变化范围为-27.26%~37.06%,相对误差绝对值的平均值为19.91%,满足柑橘树冠层LAI检测试验要求。     

远红外蔬菜脱水工艺的试验研究

采用远红外加热技术对蔬菜进行脱水干燥,具有热辐射率高、干燥速度快、传热效率高、能耗低、产品质量好等优点。为此,在远红外蔬菜脱水试验台上,进行了大量试验,深入地探讨了蔬菜在干燥过程中,加热温度、干燥时间、料层厚度、辐射距离等各参数对干燥效果的影响规律。     

远红外辅助热泵干燥装置性能试验

以湿毛巾为研究对象,在自行研制的远红外辅助热泵干燥装置上进行了干燥系统的性能测试。比较了热泵(HP)干燥和加热功率为500、1 000和2 000 W的远红外(FIR)辅助热泵干燥条件下,干燥室进、出口空气温度和相对湿度,以及干燥对象不同部位的温度在干燥过程中的变化情况。与单一热泵干燥相比,不同功率远红外辅助热泵干燥的除湿能力提高8.1%～22.2%。结果表明远红外辅助热泵干燥可以有效缩短干燥时间,提高干燥效率。     

恒温浴缸加水机制研究

为了确定在没有辅助加热系统浴缸中加热水策略,文章通过对浴缸系统进行热力学分析,建立了浴缸关于时空双因素温度场模型;根据浴缸内部各空间点传热特点,将浴缸注入热水加热过程简化为点热源加热介质问题。利用能量守恒原理,根据傅立叶变换矢量法得出浴缸温度场的分布情况,求得注水点温度最高,边缘温度最低。然后基于浴缸温度场,在忽略人为影响因素条件下建立初级单目标优化模型,确定浴缸水体维持在39~40℃范围内注水流量最小值,结果表明当注水管流量为0.0028m2/s时可以达到预期目的。     

种子干热处理装备设计与试验

针对目前没有干热处理专用装备,用普通烘箱对种子干热处理时温度准确性差、均匀性低、灭菌不彻底等问题,采用均匀加热、热风循环、智能控制技术,研发种子干热处理装备,主要由箱体、托盘车、加热系统和控制系统等组成。通过优化结构,使得气流和温度分布均匀,保证种子均匀受热。控制系统可按不同种子的干热温度—时间曲线自动处理,通过PID精准调节加热功率,实现温度波动小,均匀度高,湿度可控,可设置16段温度、存储10种处理工艺。测试结果表明,温度控制精度高,恒温时温度波动小,升温和降温时反应快、超调量小,在100 ℃时温度均匀度为1.34 ℃,温度波动度为0.15 ℃,可彻底灭菌并能保持种子活性,满足种子干热处理的需求。     

果蔬热处理传热过程的数值模拟及验证

为了研究果蔬采后热处理过程的传热机理,建立了柱状与球状果蔬热处理的普适传热模型,对模型进行了数值模拟及试验验证。结果表明：所建模型能够准确预测多种边界条件下柱状与球状果蔬热处理时的组织温度变化及动态响应,柱状及球状果蔬的模型预测值与实测值的平均相对误差及均方根误差均低于5%。热水浸泡法与热空气法的对比试验表明：达到相同的热处理效果,伊丽莎白香瓜热水浸泡法的处理时间仅为热空气法的35%～50%;热水浸泡法中香瓜果实的表面换热系数为190～250 W/(m2·℃),而在热空气法中仅为10～30 W/(m2·℃     

冷藏运输厢内流场和温度场协同控制

基于杨梅多孔介质特征推导热传导平衡方程,在冷藏车厢物理模型中分析了流场的流动特性,得到了车厢内各横、纵截面的流场和温度场的分布状况。采用协同控制车门右侧顶部隔热气帘风机,使其风向垂直于等温线方向间歇性定速运行,实车温度数据采集显示横截面最高温度由3.8℃降至1.67℃,在沿长度方向截面3层中温度标准差最大值为0.387。结果表明,仅调节冷风机转速无法有效改善温度均匀分布,根据等温线梯度方向和流线切线夹角开启隔热气帘风机协同调节风向,能够有效改善温度场均匀性分布程度。     

基于AVR单片机的害虫耐热性试验装置设计

掌握农产品目标害虫的耐热性对于确定热处理杀虫方法中热处理温度和时间非常重要,为此设计了一套加热杀虫过程中控制加热速度和加热温度的试验装置。以AVR Atmega16单片机为控制器,Pt100为温度传感器,采用脉宽调制原理设计了害虫耐热性试验装置的温度检测和控制电路;利用单片机C语言设计了下位机控制程序,利用VB语言设计了上位机监控软件(包含数据输出功能)。系统测试结果表明,10～70℃范围内的温度检测精度为0.2℃,温度控制精度为0.1℃,加热速度可在0～15℃/min范围内任意设定。     

柑橘树与枇杷树蒸腾规律比较研究

以湖北省宜昌市经济作物柑橘树和枇杷树为研究对象,使用SF-DL2茎流计对柑橘树和枇杷树蒸腾速率变化规律进行了观测。通过观测比较了柑橘树与枇杷树蒸腾速率的差异,并对柑橘树和枇杷树的蒸腾速率与其同期的气象因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明:①柑橘树与枇杷树蒸腾速率均为多峰曲线,昼夜蒸腾强度差异较大;柑橘树蒸腾速率变化曲线较平缓且峰值范围较窄,枇杷树蒸腾速率变化曲线较陡且峰值范围较宽;相同条件下,枇杷树蒸腾速率曲线增长速度要大于柑橘树,同时其日平均蒸腾量也比柑橘树大44.33%(376.95 g)。②两种植株蒸腾启动时间基本相同,中午均会出现不同程度的午休现象,相比柑橘树,枇杷树午休现象更明显。③柑橘树和枇杷树蒸腾速率均与太阳净辐射、大气温度、土壤温度成正比,而与环境湿度成反比;对于柑橘树,环境湿度为最大影响因子,相关系数为0.79,大气温度对其影响最小,相关系数仅为0.65;而相比于柑橘树,太阳净辐射为限制枇杷树蒸腾速率最大的因素,相关系数为0.77,相对来说土壤温度的影响最小,与蒸腾速率的相关系数仅为0.46。     

电加热沥青罐功率影响因素分析

为合理匹配加热功率,提高加热效率,本文分析了电加热式沥青罐传热过程,建立了单个沥青罐和沥青罐区加热功率和加热效率模型,研究了沥青初始温度、保温材料和加热工艺对加热功率的影响规律。结果表明:沥青初始温度每增加1℃,沥青罐功率减少2.84kW;岩棉的保温效果较好,且纤维类保温材料存在"最佳密度",可使加热效率达到最佳。该研究对减少电能损耗和电加热式沥青罐结构设计具有重要参考价值。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。